Cultural Anthroppology

"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society" is Tylor's definition of

culture

When an injured person blames their accident on a curse directed at them, they are using which type of ethno-etiology?

Personalistic

While Western biomedicine is based on science and rigorous testing, it is also true that

all of the answer choices are correct.

The term primitive is a term that implies all of the following EXCEPT

an objective and neutral approach to newly encountered peoples.

In her book, Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family, Jean Briggs argues that

anger and strong negative emotions are not expressed among families that live together in small iglus amid harsh environmental conditions.

Any efforts to classify human populations into racial categories should best be understood as

arbitrary and subjective.

The pressure on members of ethnic and immigrant minority groups to abandon their native customs, traditions, languages, and identities quickly and adopt those of mainstream society is the pressure of

assimilation.

The study of human origins, evolution, and variation is known as

biological anthropology.

The approach that considers health to be the absence of disease or dysfunction, and that disease can be identified as one of the following: a pathogen, malfunction of the body's processes, or a physiological disorder is the

biomedical approach

Zoonotic diseases are diseases that

can be passed between humans and animals.

Western biomedicine tends to conceive of the body as a kind of biological machine. When parts of the machine are damaged, defective, or out of balance, the preferred therapeutic responses are most often

chemical or surgical interventions

Traditional Chinese Medicine understands the body to contain a life force that, when blocked, causes illness. This force is called

chi (qi).

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing group goals and personal relationships.

collectivism

The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is referred to as

colonialism.

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing assertiveness and achievement.

competeitive

Digital communication has had all of the following effects, EXCEPT

confusing students in terms of which register to use when speaking to people in their communities.

The idea that one's cultural upbringing and social environment, rather than one's biology, primarily determine behavior is an idea called

cultural determinism

The idea that we should seek to understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their culture rather than our own is called

cultural relativism

The principle that a culture must be understood on its own terms rather than compared to an outsider's standard is called

cultural relativism

Today, anthropologists recognize all of the following EXCEPT

culture change has led to the loss of an authentic way of life for peoples around the world.

In cultural anthropology, the term "belief" refers to

not a set of texts governing a society. or religious ideals only.

In many cases, a person's consumption patterns (otherwise known as "taste") are actually a reflection of

the social class in which they were raised.

Descriptive linguistics is a subfield that studies

the structures of language

While most of the human population is lactose intolerant, some people can naturally digest milk and dairy products. This lactose persistence in some people is a result of

their ancestors' history of dairy farming.

Which of the following immigrant groups were targeted in the 19th and early 20th century as inferior to "whites" (the U.S.'s mainstream Anglo Protestant society)?

All of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following social supports leads to the development of athletes who excel in a particular sport?

All of the answer choices are correct

Who was Zhang Qian?

All of the answer choices are correct

What are some of the problems that have resulted for quinoa farmers of Bolivia now that quinoa is a valued commodity in the global market?

All of the answer choices are correct.

The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics stresses which of the following ethical responsibilities?

All of the answer choices are correct

What causes language variation?

All of the answer choices are correct

Skin color in humans is represented in geography by a cline, or clinal pattern. The skin color cline means that

a certain skin color may be more common in one region than another, but the variation is gradual and continuous.

A minimal unit of meaning in a language, that may be bound or unbound, is

a morpheme.

The fact that not only people of East Asian ancestry have an epicanthic eye fold, but also people from Central Asia, parts of Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, some Native American groups, and the Khoi San of southern Africa, is an example of

a nonconcordant trait that is mistakenly associated with one "racial" group.

Language universals are

a set of characteristics of all human languages that are the same or similar.

Code-switching is a speech act in which

a speaker uses several language varieties in a particular interaction.

Sometimes an anthropologist does research on a particular group in order to lend their expertise to help fight for justice and equality for that group. In your text, this approach to research is called

activist anthropology

On the intercultural development continuum, (blank) describes a person who bridges across differences by shifting cultural perspectives and behavior.

adapation

All of the following are true about human paralanguage, EXCEPT

all gestures share the same meaning across cultures, such as the "A-OK" hand sign.

The general idea of Chomsky's Universal Grammar is that

all normally developing human infants have an innate ability to acquire the language(s) used around them.

Anthropologist Bob Myers argues that

all of the answer choices are correct.

Globalization within a consumerist economy enables individuals

all of the answer choices are correct.

Personalistic ethno-etiologies view disease as the result of

all of the answer choices are correct.

Brazilians rely on an unofficial system of "types" (tipos) to identify differences among people. The tipos are based on

slight but noticeable differences in physical appearance.

According to Lingenfelter, which sport is analogous to a social structure with a high group and high grid orientation?

soccer

A Japanese person of Buraku descent (Burakumin) can be distinguished from non-Buraku Japanese by

social stigma based on ancestry

Among people who self-identify as "white," one aspect of their lives has the greatest impact on their experience of society and the advantages conferred. This important feature is

socio-economic status (social class).

Which of the following is NOT a major subfield of anthropology in the United States?

sociopolitical anthropology

The idea that a U.S. bride would wear a white dress to her wedding, but a Chinese bride would wear red, relies on the __________ meaning of colors in different cultures.

symbolic

The combination of different beliefs - even those that seem contradictory - into a new, harmonious whole is called

syncretism.

The idea that children will gradually lose the ability to acquire language naturally without effort is called

the Critical Age Range Hypothesis.

Contemporary globalization is said to have begun, at least in terms of economics, as coinciding with

the end of WWII and Bretton Woods Conference, which led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank.

Several groups of people, including the Chukchi of Eastern Siberia and Inuit of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, have darker skin than other people living at similar latitudes. This is due to

the high Vitamin D content of the diets of these groups.

Benjamin Whorf's research into the Hopi language led to

the idea of linguistic relativity.

Linguistic anthropologists Sapir and Whorf's main argument was that

the language one speaks plays a critical role in how one thinks about the world.

The theory of functionalism, as used by Malinowski, understood that cultural traditions developed as a result of

the need to regulate specific human needs, such as food, safety, reproduction, and livelihood.

The greatest genetic diversity is between

"blacks" and other "blacks" on the same continent.

"The intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa" is the definition of

. globalization.

The world's eight richest humans now control as much wealth as the bottom __________ of the entire world's population.

50%

During the height of the European colonial period, European nations ruled more than ________ of the world.

85%

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing expressive communication and sharing feelings.

Affective

How can we best understand the use of the term "dialect?"

A dialect is a variation of a language, usually distributed across geographic regions, that is considered lower in social and political prestige to another "standard" variety.

What is armchair anthropology?

An approach that uses the stories and experiences of others to measure other cultures from one's own (superior) vantage point

Although there is overlap, how does ethnicity (membership in an ethnic group) differ from race?

An ethnic group claims a distinct identity based on cultural characteristics and a shared heritage, while race defines groups based on arbitrary physical traits.

An etic perspective would include which of the following?

Analyzing a cultural practice by examining how it fits into the recent economic practices of a region

What do paleoanthropologists study?

Ancient human relatives

In recent years, anthropologists have expressed concern about the authoritative voice in their publications. Which of the following statements best reflects their concern?

Anthropologists feel it is important to share the authoritative voice of their publication with the words and perspectives of their informants.

Which subfield of anthropology aims to solve specific practical problems in collaboration with governmental, non-profit, and community organizations?

Applied anthropology

How does a fable become a tradition within a culture?

By being retold and accepted by others in the community

Which early natural scientist divided the human species into four "races": Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, and Africanus?

Carolus Linnaeus

Although fair trade practices are appealing to conscious consumers, why do some farmers get left behind by fair trade?

Certain well-situated farmers with more social or cultural capital will have more access to the benefits of fair trade than poorer farmers.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between cultural relativism and ethnocentrism?

Cultural relativism emphasizes understanding from an insider's view, and ethnocentrism judges other cultures from an outsider's view.

Globalization has had all of the following effects EXCEPT

Dialects spoken by people in small communities are gaining in popularity.

Henry Morgan's argument that all societies "progress" through the same stages of development (savagery, barbarism, civilization) is an example of what type of thinking?

Ethnocentric

One of the main differences between the anthropology that developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries in North America and Europe was that

European anthropology focused more on social institutions (such as family or political organizations), and how they interact with culture.

Which of the following anthropologists is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern North American anthropology, with its focus on fieldwork and cultural relativism?

Franz Boas

After studying Hopi language, linguistic anthropologists Sapir and Whorf concluded that

Hopi speakers understand time in a fundamentally different way than English speakers.

It has been argued that "black" athletes are naturally gifted runners and jumpers due to benefits passed down from their enslaved ancestors. What does the evidence say about this claim?

If we look at other sports, such as the high jump, one can see that "white" athletes from U.S. and Western Europe dominate; it is clearly cultural and social supports that create excellence in groups of people, not genetics.

Understanding the different ways in which social groups have been socialized to handle conflict and adjusting one's behavior accordingly is a good example of (blank).

Intercultural Competence

All of the following are accurate statements about African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), EXCEPT

It is a substandard variation of English that does not meet the criteria for Language Universals.

How do anthropologists understand the concept of The Other?

It is a term that describes people whose customs, beliefs, or behaviors are different from one's own; an outsider or stranger.

What is ethnocentrism?

It is the belief that one's own culture is better than others.

Which of the following does NOT describe culture?

It is the genetic range of a society or subgroup.

What was the result of the privatization of water in the Bolivian city of Cochabamba, as mandated by the World Bank and IMF loans?

It was disastrous, due to rapid population growth and a scarcity of water.

What aspects of culture did Bob, the coffee shop patron, identify in his definition of culture?

Language and changing cultural values

At the turn of the 20th century, the landowning elite began to lose control in Latin America when

Latin American peasants migrated from the countryside into the cities and European immigrants arrived

What was the major criticism of the early 20th century "three-race" theory that divided the world's peoples into the categories of Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid?

Many peoples of the world were omitted from the racial groups with no clear way of including them in one group or another.

On the intercultural development continuum, (blank) describes a person who deemphasizes differences by highlighting similarities between cultures without trying to understand the deeper differences that exist.

Minimization

To which of the following does ethnography NOT refer?

Novels written by cultural anthropologists

How did the "Age of Enlightenment" plant seeds for many academic disciplines, including anthropology?

Ordinary people could learn the "truth" through observation and experience.

What term is used to refer to the immersive, long-term research that cultural anthropologists undertake?

Participant-observation fieldwork

What major contributor(s) to human disease became problematic once agricultural communities became densely populated?

Problems disposing of waste and difficulty accessing clean water

Suitable field sites for conducting ethnography include

all of the answer choices are correct.

The oralist approach to the education of Deaf and hard-of-hearing people

all of the answer choices are correct.

Why do the authors of this chapter decide to talk to a patron of a coffee shop?

The authors are interested to know how non-anthropologists define culture.

Based on evidence from anthropological studies, which of the following results is most likely to come from the introduction of modern goods into traditional communities?

The community incorporates new things into their pre-existing practices without completely trading old ideas for new ones.

What does the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis propose?

The language you speak allows you to think about some things and not others.

Instead of studying social groups that differ from their own, to where are cultural anthropologists increasingly turning their focus?

Their own societies and subgroups within them

Undertaking a period of fieldwork in cultural anthropology typically requires

all of the answer choices are correct.

How does the Afro-Brazilian religion, Candombl, show religious syncretism?

Traditional gods of Candomblé, the orixás, are combined with Catholic divine beings, such as saints.

How was the U.S.' economic strategy in Latin America different from Great Britain's?

U.S. companies went to Latin America to directly control the means of production, whereas Great Britain had imported goods from Latin America.

(blank) is a country that tends toward a low group and low grid orientation.

US

. The study of the experiences of people who live in cities and the relationships of city life to broader social, political, and economic contexts, is called

Urban Anthropology.

Author Peggy McIntosh (1988) talks about the unearned benefits and advantages associated with being a "white" person in the United States. The term that she coined in her essay to refer to this set of advantages is

White privilege.

The fact that patients in China who experience depression complain of different symptoms than patients who experience depression in the United States illustrates that

culture shapes a person's experience of their illness.

The four-fields approach in the anthropology of the United States includes

culture, biology, language, and archaeology.

Allowing one's field research to refine and guide the research question or problem is an approach called

dedeuctive

On the intercultural development continuum, (blank) describes a person who misses differences in cultures by avoiding or showing disinterest to other cultures.

denial

Ethnographers tend to write two kinds of field notes:

descriptive field notes and personal observations.

In medical anthropology, __________ is a medical condition that can be objectively identified, while __________ is the subjective or personal experience of feeling unwell.

disease, illness

The ________ perspective focuses on how people perceive and categorize their own culture and experiences.

emic

When an ill person describes the origin of their suffering as coming from a fright or shock, they are using which type of ethno-etiology?

emotionalistic

In anthropology, the process of learning culture as it is transmitted by others is called

enculturation

Cultural explanations about the underlying causes of health problems is referred to in medical anthropology as

ethno-etiology.

The tendency to view one's own culture as more important and correct than any other culture is called

ethnocentrism

The idea that one's own group is better than any other is called

ethnocentrism.

The in-depth study of everyday practices and lives of a people is referred to as

ethnography

What is the term for the process of participant-observation fieldwork in cultural anthropology?

ethnography

The comparative study of cultural ideas about wellness, illness, and healing is called

ethnomedicine.

Cultural relativism is a philosophical claim that there is no objective reality or truth.

false

Intercultural researchers have shown that there is one best way for dealing with conflict.

false

A study focusing on the extraction of water from land in Fiji by a North American company that sells the water and gains its profits in the U.S. is best situated primarily within the

financescape

The theory of structural-functionalism, as used by Radcliffe-Brown, believed that social structures

functioned to maintain social stability over time.

In Globalization studies, the fact that McDonalds offers local favorites in its branches across the world, such as a McAloo Tikki potato patty in India, is an example of

glocalization.

The adaptation of global ideas into locally palatable forms is referred to as

glocalization.

According to Lingenfelter, which sport is analogous to a social structure with a low group and low grid orientation?

golf

Mary Douglas (1970) classified competing values along two primary orientations. Which are they?

group and grid

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing indirect communication such as tone and context.

high context

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing planning and predictability.

high uncertainty avoidance

A cultural anthropologist studying the meaning of marriage in a small village in India might consider local gender norms, existing family networks, laws regarding marriage, religious rules, and economic factors. This is an example of

holism

In English, we say: "I love you." In Spanish, there are many ways of conveying different types of love, such as te quiero, te amo, and te adoro. These differences are an example of

how language may influence our views of the world.

The rapid changes in human lifestyles from small foraging groups to crowded, technologically-advanced societies shows that

human lifestyles are biocultural, or products of interactions between biology and culture.

A socially constructed racial classification system in which a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less (or least) privileged group is called

hypodescent.

A study focusing on the spread of religious doctrine by missionaries would be interested primarily in the

ideoscape.

In order to study the similarities and differences among living societies and cultural groups, what must cultural anthropologists do?

immersive fieldwork

One of the unintended health consequences of the rise of antibiotic use in low-income (developing) nations is that

impoverished children, whose lives are saved by antibiotics in infancy, succumb later in childhood to malnutrition, dehydration, or other ailments.

One of the differences between the U.S. and Brazilian systems of "racial" classification is that

in Brazil, an increase or decrease in social status may change people's perception of an individual's "type" (tipo), while in the U.S. a change in social status does not influence the perception of race.

The term "vernacular" is used to identify

non-standard or stigmatized forms of a language, also may be called a "dialect."

Clifford Geertz' term, "thick description," refers to the ethnographer's focus on

not -emic perspectives. -using descriptive language to write about cultural practices.

After one man traveled to the US from Liberia with the Ebola virus in 2014, many Americans debated whether full travel bans should be instituted to and from countries with confirmed cases of Ebola. This is not only an example of how globalization can potentially create a public health disaster, but also highlights which social aspect of intensified globalization?

not Scientific advancements in public health

Obesity is considered to be a "disease of civilization," meaning

it did not exist in early human populations.

According to the course text, anorexia is referred to as a culture-bound syndrome because

it is an illness recognized only within a specific culture (or in areas that have been influenced by that culture).

The authors mention many reasons for telling stories within a society. They identify all of the following reasons EXCEPT

keeping members glued to storytelling devices, such as televisions

The term for all forms of human body language is

kinesics.

The Wampanoag project, led by Jessie Little Doe, is creating new native speakers of the Wampanoag language. This type of project is called

language revitalization

The abandonment of a language in favor of a new one is called

language shift

Clifford Geertz, a post-modern anthropologist, stressed the importance of

language, as a means of transmitting symbolic knowledge in public contexts.

Margaret Mead's book, Coming of Age in Samoa (1925), was an important contribution to the nature-nurture debate, arguing that teenagers experience less stress in Samoa than in the United States. Her fieldwork provided evidence that

learned cultural roles are more important than biology in most types of behavior.

The vocabulary of a language is called a

lexicon

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing explicit communication through words.

low context

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing equality and shared decision-making.

low power distance

The discipline that investigates human health and health care systems in comparative perspective, considering a wide-range of bio-cultural dynamics that affect the well-being of human populations is referred to as

medical anthropology.

Deborah Tannen, linguistics professor at Georgetown University, argues that men and women have different speaking styles. Her research found that

men tend to use styles that show status and competitiveness, while women tend to use styles that are cooperative and assert equality.

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing punctuality, doing one thing at a time, and separating work and personal life spheres.

monochronic

The approach in which disease is thought to be the result of natural forces such as cold, heat, wind, dampness, and above all, by an upset in the balance of the basic body elements is a

naturalistic ethno-etiology.

The hypothesis of linguistic relativity promotes the idea that

one's cultural environment and language are so interrelated that the way a person speaks may influence the way they see the world.

"Going native" means that an anthropologist

participates more fully in local life than an observer, potentially becoming romantically involved with Native people

The idea of the "ethnoscape" focuses on __________ that flow(s) across borders.

people

The minimal unit of sound that can make a difference in meaning, but that does not carry meaning itself (such as /b/ in "bit" or /p/ in "pit") is

phoneme

Bronislaw Malinowski is best known in anthropology for

pioneering fieldwork methods, including participant observation.

A response to treatment that occurs because the person receiving the treatment believes it will work, not because the treatment itself is effective, is referred to as a

placebo effect

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing caring for many obligations, comfortability with interruptions, and combining work and personal life spheres.

polychronic

Salvage ethnography was an approach that emphasized

preserving and collecting "authentic" and traditional ways of life that were disappearing.

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are two structures that

process language in the human brain.

In Brazil, people who are interacting typically do so standing close to one another, often touching one another. This aspect of paralanguage is referred to as

proxemics.

When anthropologists say "race is not real," what they mean more accurately is that

race is not an accurate way to describe any biological differences in the human species, but ideas about race are real in social and cultural ways.

The process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories is referred to as

racial formation

A sense of trust and a comfortable working relationship in which the informant and the ethnographer are at ease with each other is referred to as having

rapport

The intensification of globalization has led many to use others as scapegoats, in an attempt to reassert their own values and way of life. These efforts are often referred to as __________ by social scientists.

re-entrenchment

Nineteenth century anthropologists identified three stages of "cultural evolution," which were called (in this order of development)

savagery, barbarism, and civilization.

The field of linguistics that focuses on the study of the meanings of words and other morphemes, as well as how the meanings of phrases derive from them is called

semantics.

In Patterns of Culture (1934), Ruth Benedict wrote about how culture shapes a region's personality traits.

true

In this course, intercultural competence is understood as a developmental process perceiving cultural similarities and differences and then adjusting our behavior in culturally appropriate ways.

true

Mary Douglas (1970) suggested that people in a society tend to avoid social harm or risk by functioning according to the values and structures of that society.

true

Cultural relativism argues that we should seek to

understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their culture rather than our own.

North American anthropologists stress the importance of holism, or

understanding people as whole organisms, including their biology, in order to understand their behavior.

According to Lingenfelter, which sport is analogous to a social structure with a high group and low grid orientation?

volleyball

The common English phrases "I won the argument" and "I had a fight with my boyfriend last night" are examples of the conceptual metaphor in American culture that argument is

war

All of the following are examples of symbolic ethnicity EXCEPT

weekly visits to a Buddhist temple.

Widely known as the founder of American anthropology, Franz Boas insisted that

while cultures differ, they are not superior to nor inferior than one another.