Cultural Psychology Final

Psychological disorders are

"behaviors that are rare and cause some kind of impairment, although there are many exceptions to the general pattern." (pg 563)

Kufungisisa

"thinking too much" which causes anxiety and somatic problems because of mental exhaustion.

Where did capitalism come from?

(Reformation encouraged the birthing of capitalism) Marx: it emerged from the surplus of capital that came from switching from an agricultural to industrial society. Luther: coined term "calling". This led to individual relationships with God and thus, individualism. Weber: people were to work hard as servants and to prove their elect status as having wealth and reinvesting it.

Primary control

(internal locus of control, influence, agency) comes from within. It is the person striving to have control.

Evidence of culture-bound status (Anorexia)

: Huge increase in rates of anorexia this century; primarily found in only some cultures

socioeconomic status /"SES" (Moral Intuition & Ethics) *Dead chicken...

-High SES participants much less likely to view behavior as a moral transgression -Over 80% of both low SES US and Brazilian participants viewed behavior as immoral *Differences in moral intuition &ethics based on SES rather than region

Obesity (explanations)

-Larger portion sizes -More sedentary lifestyle -Suburban lifestyle—more driving, less exercise

East Asian (Treatment for psychological disorders)

-Less likely to seek social support than European-Americans (concerns about how this will disrupt relationships with others) -rely on implicit social support -reminding themselves of the close relationships that they have -

New York City

-Make ppl more stress -People who go to, or live in, New York City are at an increased risk of dying from ischemic heart disease. Leaving New York City is associated with a decreased risk of this happening

Postconventional moral reasoning

-Make/keep promises -internal principles and individual rights considering logical aspects of ethical principles (what is right or wrong).

U.S. (medicine & culture)

-Metaphor for body is machine -more likely to do surgery (to fix malfunctioning parts) -Germs are a key threat to health = more antibiotics

Koro (culture-bound syndrome)

-Morbid anxiety about one's penis shrinking into one's body -Primarily found in South and East Asia -Unclear what aspects of culture have led to the emergence of koro. -Koro-like symptoms have been found in some individuals in American culture who have

low relational mobility

-Much more stable relationship networks -Characteristics that attract people are relatively less useful -can't choose ingroup members -enemies emerge from within

France (Medicine & culture)

-metaphor of the body "terrain" > emphasized sense of balance -French doctors prescribe more long rests and spa visits. -Dirt and germs can strengthen one's terrain; thus, there is less emphasis on daily bathing.

Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Morality

-most influential model of moral reasoning in the west -evolutionist perspective - 3 levels > further divided to 6 stages

Judaism (morality of thoughts) Old testament

-mostly about behaviors, little to say about beliefs -8 of 10 commandments concern behaviors

Obesity (Acquired Biological variability)

-obesity rates vary dramatically across countries -rates have been growing across many countries over past few decades -1.5% Chinese women -55% Samoan women

Americans (Culture and fairness)

-principle of equity (popular solution) -Principle of need (least popular)

Suicide

-rates vary dramtically around the world -Eastern Europe tends to have the highest rates -Muslim nations tend to have the lowest -Suicide rates also vary depending on one's age

Modern medicine

-relies on scientific method & is evidence-based -cultural variability in how doctors view health and physical ailments -Seen even in industrialized societies -Doctors trained within one's own culture, accompanied by its health-related cultural metaphors and beliefs

Egocentric spatial terms

-right left, in front of -recent development in human history -Chimpanzees fo not represent space in egocentric ways

Lack of control (from stress)

-those higher in SES > more control

Christianity (morality of thoughts) The New Testament

-thoughts as moral domains -One is not saved until one has appropriate beliefs

Western (Treatment for psychological disorders)

-traced to Freud -many believe can be treated by exploring memories & experiences -Modern therapies > emphasis on understanding the individual, self-discovery, and cognitive biases

Market Integration (culture & fairness)

-was operationalized as percentage of calories purchased in the market -The more experience one had in dealing with markets, the stronger their motivations for fairness

Average features (Universal attractiveness)

-with averagely proportioned features are more attractive than less prototypical faces -Avg. features less likely to have genetic abnormalities -We can process stimulus that is closer to a prototype easier -Easy processing > pleasant feeling > "attractive"

Koro

The fear that one's penis is shrinking into one's body, which causes great distress.

Gemeinschaft

They are small folk communities where interpersonal relationships play a big role. Obligations in ones relationships take on the weight of full morality.

Latah

When someone acts inappropriately after experiencing something frightening, and having no recollection of the outburst after.

Meritocracy

a social system that rewards people based on the principle of equity, which is more common in individualistic societies.

Saccades

extremely quick eye movements that shift people's gaze from one fixation point to another.

Americans (Chernoff Figures)

have negative attitudes about food -especially American women -attitudes affect how we eat food & how food effects

Ataques de nervios:

most common in Puerto Rico, where emotional events cause one to experience palpitations, numbness, and heat rising to head.

Infants (Lactase persistence)

naturally have the enzyme lactase present through childhood, allows for digestion of milk

Cardinal directions

north, east

propinquity effect

people are more likely to befriend and be fond of people with whom they interact often.

People can more accurately interpret facial expressions of

people they know more or know personally because they are familiar and have experience in interpreting their expressions. For example, men with more experience around gay men are more accurately able to predict a man's sexual orientations based on his facial expressions.

neurasthenia

poor appetite, headaches, insomnia, inability to concentrate *somatic symptoms -Neurasthenia was dropped from the DSM because symptoms were more physiological than psychological. -Chinese neurasthenia sufferers may actually qualify for depression, even if only 9% of them report feeling depressed mood

Hysteria

primarily diagnosed in women in the 1970s, in which fainting, insomnia, temporary blindness, loss of appetite, loss of sexual drive, sudden paralyses, and "tendency for trouble" could be present. It is no longer diagnosed and does not appear in the DSM-V.

Adults (Lactase persistence)

prior to the domestication of cattle, would lose this ability due to the absence of the enzyme

Dark skin (innate biological variability)

protects against folate depletion (naturally occurring folic acid)

Naive Dialecticism

the idea that contradictions is due to change, and therefore is not negative, but positive because change should be embraced.

Ideal affect

the kinds of feelings people desire

Orthodox

they are committed to the idea of transient authority, which is more powerful and knowledgeable than all of human experience. This authority (God) revealed the ultimate moral code through sacred texts.

ethic of autonomy

this ethic view morality in terms of individual freedom and rights ciolations

Protect fairness

this is an intuition that ensures that rights and resources are distributed in a fair way, which supports the ethic of autonomy. (moral institutions that guide people's moral reasoning)

lot of people in Western cultures do not consider other people

to be enemies.

Protestants

typically have a negative attitude towards laziness.

Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning are ARGUED to be

universal ??

Sleeping patterns and amount of sleep

varies greatly across cultures. It was believed long ago by some cultures that sleep should be separated into different sections. Now it is commonly believed that a solid 8 hours of sleep in a row is the healthiest.

Individualistic cultures are more likely to

want to stick out, and collectivistic cultures are more likely to want to fit in.

Self improvement orientation

wanting to work out your own weaknesses in order to become better. More common in East Asian and collectivist cultures.

Categorical perception

we tend to perceive stimuli in categorical terms--as belonging to separate and discrete categories, even though stimuli may gradually differ from each other along a continuum.

Fundamental attribution error

when dispositional attributions are assumed, and situational attributions are ignored, which causes the understanding of someone/something to be false.

Associative reasoning

when people try to understand a situation by considering the relationships between objects and/or events.

Rule based reasoning

when someone believes the world runs by a certain set of rules, and they utilize those rules to try to understand various situations.

discounting

when someone discounts the importance of the task in which they performed poorly on, so it appears there performance was pointless anyway.

Learned helplessness

when someone feels like they are not in control at all, so they don't try to make a difference. They recoil and simply feel helpless, anxious, and depressed.

External attribution

when you blame the result of your actions on outside influences. This is more common in individualistic societies.

internal attribution

when you take the credit for abilities and outcomes. This is also more common in individualitic societies.

Income correlated positively

with feelings of control.

Religion (culture & fairness)

—larger societies have religions that offer moral guidance -Belief in such religions is associated with people playing anonymous games more fairly

Universal Syndromes:

*highlight the biological bases of some psychopathologies -Still, prevalence and manifestations of these disorders may differ across cultures Depression: symptoms may vary across culture, but disorder is similar. Somatization is experiencing symptoms physically. Psychologization (affective?) is psychological symptoms. Neurasthenia: an exhaustion of the nervous system. Social Anxiety Disorder: fear of being social due to being afraid that one will act inappropriately. Taijin kyoufushou: the phobia of confronting others.

Skin color (innate biological variability)

- produced by about about 12 genes -changes in skin color resulted from migration out of Africa about 100k years ago - *example of geographical influences on variation in the human genome -Variations in color exist to facilitate the delicate balance required to maintain balance of some vital nutrients -Much evidence shows that UVR levels across the globe correlate strongly with skin color

France (obesity)

-1/5th obesity rate of U.S. -Higher blood cholesterol but less heart disease than U.S. .... -French each less calories a day than Americans

Amok (culture-bound syndrome)

-Acute outburst of unrestrained violent and homicidal attacks, preceded by brooding, followed by exhaustion and amnesia -Most common in Southeast Asia -May result from having no acceptable means to express frustration

Meta-analysis (Kohlberg's Theory of Morality) ...27 cultures asessed

-Adults at leve1 2 (all groups) -no group was the average adult at level 1 -Children at level 1 -Every urban Western sample had at least some adults at level 3 -No tribal societies had any adults at level 3

Joe Henrich tested economic games in small-scale societies

-American pattern of internalized norm for fairness was not seen elsewhere -Responses from small-scale societies were closer to economists' "rational" behavior

Anorexia

-Anorexia—an individual's refusal to maintain normal body weight due to preoccupation with their body -Some evidence of universality and of being culture bound

Conventional moral reasoning:

-Belong & be accepted -Obey rules & regulations -"actions are seen as morally wrong if they involve violating any rules or laws that the social order maintained..."Actions are moral if they maintain and facilitate social order.

Bulimia

-Bulimia—uncontrollable binge eating; individual then engages in behavior to prevent weight gain -Absent in most cultures of the world, making it a culture-bound syndrome (especially absent in cultures where food is not abundant)

Universal physical attractiveness

-Clear complexion -Bilateral symmetry -Average features

Four Elementary Forms of Relationships (Fiske 1991,1992)

-Communal sharing -Authority ranking -Equality matching -Market pricing

Eating & Obesity (Acquired Biological Variability)

-Cultural environment affects portion sizes and attitudes toward food -people eat what's in front of them, and in terms of "packages" or "portions," not "a container and a half of yogurt."

Western cultures (Ethics)

-Ethic of Autonomy

Ghanaians (Friends & enemies)

-Fewer friends than Americans -Many friends is foolish -"enemyship" is natural state of life

Stress (acquired biological variability & health)

-leads people to engage in unhealthy habits -weakens immune system -Some environments induce more stress

Schizophrenia

-One of the most debilitating mental disorders, and universally found around the world -There are relevant genetic factors, prenatal experiences, and neuroanatomical features Incidence rates are pretty similar across cultures patients in less-developed societies have greater rate of recovery than in more industrialized societies (Opposite of what is seen with other physical and mental pathologies) some suggest that b/c patients are more likely to remain members of a community than homeless (less developed societies) >collectivistic vs, individualistic

Hikikomori (culture bound syndrome)

-Patient drops out from the social word, barricading his- or herself up in a room for years. -Indicates the cause may be failure to succeed in a social world that has few options for those who don't fit in -Does not conform to criteria for any DSM-IV-R diagnoses -Approximately one child per classroom in junior high and high school is afflicted -Largely not existent in pre-WW II Japan, and uncommon in other cultures - a relatively recent phenomenon

Relative Deprivation & Health

-People fare better health when everyone is equally poor -Strong Association between GINI coefficient and nations life expectancy - -Japan least income inequality of any industrialized nation > longest life expectancy

Whitehall Study of British Civil Servants

-People higher in a hierarchy > lower risk of mortality over 10 year period -Laborers > 170% more likely to die - compared to top administrators

Love and marriage (western cultures)

-People often idealize their own relationships -Motivated to distort views of partner as means of reducing cognitive dissonance

Indians (culture and fairness)

-Principle of need (popular) -Principle of equity (least popular)

Clear complexion (Universal attractiveness)

-Skin signals health more than any other feature -Attracted to healthy mates -People have strong, aversive reactions to skin

Moral Judgement

-Some moral violations are universally considered serious -We acquire moral codes through socialization in our own cultures -Cultures differ on what domains qualify as being subject to moral evaluations

Moral Intuition

-Sometimes things just feel wrong -Some types of thoughts, behaviors or stimuli elicit disgust -Disgust strongly related to morality -People often perform cleansing rituals after a moral transgression

Socioeconomic status & Mortality/health

-The larger one's income, the longer one will live -SES is important predictor of health & mortality (but not only) -Link found industrialized & non-industrialized countries

U.S. (Obesity)

-U.S. yogurt containers are 80% larger -McDonald's serves 70% more fries in the United States per container

Shweder's Moral ethics

-Universal -Morality in different cultures guided by different ethical concerns: 1)Ethic of Autonomy 2)Ethic of Community 3)Ethic of Divinity

Motivations for Suicide vary across cultures

-West > substance abuse, depression -Japan > deal with one accepting responsibility and/or preserving honor

Increased risk for hypertension is not a genetic difference (Afrian-Americans)

-West Africans (from whom many African-Americans descended) do not have increased risk of hypertension compared to European-Americans. -Markers for hypertension also do not differ between African-Americans and West Africans. -Something about being African-American in the United States leads them to experience more stress

Subtypes of Schizophrenia vary

-West: Rate of paranoid schizophrenia as high as 75%; rate of catatonic schizophrenia 1-3% -India: Rate of paranoid schizophrenia as high as 15%; rate of catatonic schizophrenia 20%

Dictator game

-a game that demonstrates the tendency for people to split money or resources evenly, even if it won't help them gain an reward. -A "rational person" would not share anything if it didn't benefit them. (In U.S., this almost never happens) -Economists explain this nonrational behavior by proposing that people evolved to be concerned about their reputation ..led to large-scale cooperation & trust to develop -The theory is that people have an internal motivation for fairness that guides decisions. * WEIRD finding

Pre-conventional moral reasoning

-avoid punishment, seek gains -the reasoning in which people calculate how good or bad they would be for acting in a specific way, and use that to interpret morality.

Kohlberg's stages of moral development:

-cognitive abilities underlie moral reasoning. -Evolutionist model of morality -emphasizes justice and individual rights includes: Preconventional moral reasoning Conventional moral reasoning Postconventional

Arranged marriages

-common in cultures w/ extended family system -social pressures from an extended family system keep a relationship together. - often successful -Studies find that arranged marriages are at least as happy as love marriages (except for women in China and Japan) -end up as loving relationships, even if begin w/o love

Love marriages

-common in cultures w/ nuclear family structures -romantic love serves as the glue that maintains a relationship

Moral obligation

-cultures will differ on what they consider to be "moral obligations

Chinese (Depression)

-depression manifest through somatization rather than psychologization -May be due to concerns about stigma of having a mental disorder, leading to concealment

Ethnicity

-factor implicated in link b/w SES & health -In the U.S., African-Americans have higher mortality rates for 12 of 15 leading causes of death *Not just the result of differences in income -increased risk for hypertension

Depression

-found in every culture, prevalence varies across culture -According to the DSM-IV-R, MDD is diagnosed if one has at least 5 of 9 symptoms, including: Depressed mood; inability to feel pleasure; fatigue or loss of energy; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; suicidality, sleep problems, changes in weight -rates as high as 44% in US -In China, 1/5th of that observed in the West ... due to different manifestations of symptopms

Market pricing (form of relationship)

= a social structure that also emphasizes balance and reciprocity -Unlike equality matching, though, the equal exchange in a market pricing structure occurs on the same turn -Based on proportionality and ratio -An example of this is usually the buying and selling in the marketplace *more common in individualistic cultures

Communal Sharing (form of relationship)

= members of a group emphasize common identity -Everyone treated the same -Resources tend to be pooled for use by everyone -No one person "deserves" more of the resources more than others -An example is family

Authority ranking (form of relationship)

= people linearly ordered along hierarchical social dimension -Higher on the ranking = more privilege and prestige -Lower on the ranking = entitled to protection and care from those above -An example of this is the military

legitimately regulated

= people should be prevented from violating or not acting in a certain way

Equality matching (form of relationship)

= social structure based on balance and reciprocity -Record keeping is done to keep track of what is exchanged, and people are motivated to pay back what has been exchanged, in turns -A turn-based social structure -Not common in Western cultures, but quite common in cultures around the word -An example of this is exchanging Christmas cards *more in traditional subsistence societies

high relational mobility

=Lots of opportunities for people to seek new interactions -choose ingroup members -can avoid enemies

Relative Deprivation Theory

=People often experience feelings of deprivation -Affluent societies often have similarly hard-working people experiencing very different outcomes *Relative deprivation > resentment

Lactase persistence

=ability to digest lactose into simple sugars -culturally induced change in gene pool cow domestication has led to the development of a mutation that allows us to process milk

Romantic love

=an evolutionary adaptation to ensure that children had adequate resources and protection *universal but the idea of marriages being based on romantic love is not universal (arranged marriages)

Ethic of divinity

=emphasizes God's natural order of things -if something is caused to be degraded or impure, that would be immoral.

High SES

=favor ethic of autonomy

Low SES

=favor ethic of divity

taijin kyoufushou (TKS)

=fear of confronting others, concerns with physical faults (body odor, sweating etc) -culture bound (China, Japan, Korean)

Ethic of community is

=individual's interpersonal obligations within social order -concerned w/ whether someone showed lack of loyalty, failed to fulfill duties -the idea of social hierarchy. -Everyone has an important social role to play and they have an obligation to play it. -One is ethically obligated to uphold the duties of their role to one another.

Ethic of autonomy

=justice and individual rights/freedom -concerned w/ whether someone was harmed, - Morals are based on the individual, if you harm someone else that is wrong, but your choices are your own -Shweder argues Kohlberg's model really taps into "Ethic of Autonomy" bc Kohlberg's model emphasizes justice & individual rights

Micronesia

=suicide rate among young males -In the 1970s, scores of adolescent males killed themselves, often over trivial matters -Such suicidal behavior was restricted to certain islands and suburban regions of those islands -Some have suggested spike was due to Westernization of the island, leading to a loss of traditional roles for young men

distal cause

A cause that underlies or is remote from the more obvious direct cause of a departure from good health.

Acquired Variation:

Acquired variation comes from repetitive cultural experiences, such as the Moken children acquiring a more keen visual focus underwater compared to European children. Obesity is a good example of acquired variation. However there is a discrepancy with the typical relationship between culture and obesity in France, where the culture consumes lot of fats but the French are typically thinner and healthier. It is referred to as the French paradox. Height can also be an acquired variation if it is determined by diet and/or lifestyle.

symmetrical features

Another universally attractive trait

Body Mass Index (BMI)

BMI = weight in pounds X 703 ----------------- Height in inches2

Structures of relationships

Communal sharing: everyone treated the same, emphasis on common identity. Authority ranking: hierarchical, people are ranked by authority. Equality matching: people exchange and pay in equal, matching manners. Everything is "fair". Market pricing: emphasis on proportions and ratios. People,exchange equal values,of things, usually at once. Mostly in Western cultures.

Spiritualism and religion

Construing psychological disorders as a problem with one's spirituality or a relationship with god(s) that went awry.

Westerners (Friends & enemies)

Don't have enemies bc they avoid people they don't like

Strategies to obtain self-enhancement/feel better about oneself:

Downward social comparison compensatory self-enhancement discounting external attributions basking in reflected glory

Jonathan Haidt expanded Shweder's 3 ethics to 5 moral foundations

Ethic of Autonomy: -avoiding harm, protecting fairness Ethic of Community -Loyalty to ingroups, and a respect of hierarchy and authority Ethic of Divinity -achieving purity

Family-centered (treatment outside the West)

Families seen as a key source of guidance and play an important role in treatment.

Frigophobia

Frigophobia—morbid fear of catching cold Found largely in China People avoid cold air, eating cold food, dress with several layers

Collectivistic cultures:

Greater concern with having face, prevention orientation. Tend to have lower self esteem Find failures more memorable Have few self enhancement strategies More likely to do upward social comparison after a failure Focus on the specific task in which they failed Exaggerate the importance of a task Make external attributions for success Are more critical of own team/group

________________is less than most other species.

Human variability

Interpersonal obligations (Guy gets his stuff stole waiting for train example)

Indians consistently chose to uphold interpersonal obligations more than Americans regardless of the severity of the violations

Epidemiological paradox

Latinos tend to have a lower mortality rate in the US, despite often being of lower SES.

"Enemies among friends" from poem Ghanan (relational mobility)

Low relational mobility -people often have less freedom in deciding who they have relationships with -Social environment provides few opportunities to create new relationships -Significant relationships come from various ingroups, and such ingroups are not chosen —they exist by default

Westerners (Depression)

More attentive to emotions thna Chinese

Two Eastern Therapy Methods

Morita Therapy - emphasizes secondary control and accepting life's challenges Naikan Therapy - emphasizes the kindness of others and gratitude - asks what you have received, given, and what troubles and difficulties have you caused a person close to yo

Voodoo death

Most commonly found in Africa, in which people are certain they are under a curse, which causes great distress.

Origins of Holistic vs. Analytical Reasoning

Nisbett (2003): reasoning differences reflect habits of thought dating back to classical Greek and Confucian Chinese thought. -Analytic thought evident in Aristotle's view of objects possessing properties such as "gravity," and view of the world consisting of discrete unchanging objects operating by universal laws

Individualistic cultures (9):

Promotion orientation. Tend to have higher self-esteem. Find successes more memorable Have many self-enhancement strategies More likely to use upward and downward social comparison equally. Use unrelated domains to compensate for downfalls Discount importance of failed task Make more external attributions for failures Bask in glory of own team/group.

Evidence of universality (Anorexia)

Reports of self-starvation in numerous cultural contexts -Both Anorexia and Bulimia showing up in younger people

Average features (Australian, Eurasian, Japanese faces averaged together)

Researchers found that, when averaging Japanese faces with Australian faces together (creating Eurasian faces), these Eurasian faces were seen as more attractive than their component faces

Psychologization

Symptoms are psychological (eg. depressed mood) -more common in U.S.

Why is the view "Ive all I got" more serious in individualistic cultures?

There is more at stake, it is more necessary to view oneself positively.

Avoid harm

This is an intuition to avoid behaviors that cause harm to others, which is in support of the ethic of autonomy. (moral institutions that guide people's moral reasoning)

Amok

Violent outburst, sometimes including homicidal activities, then followed with brooding, exhaustion, and forgetfulness. Most common in southeast asian cultures.

Malgri

a belief common among australian aborigines that if one does not participate in proper rituals before entering a new territory, they will become very ill.

Susto

a condition in Latin America in which a frightening experience has caused their soul to become detached from their body.

Social anxiety disorder

a fear of acting in an inept and unacceptable manner, leading to negative social consequences Research has shown that East -Asians report more social anxiety symptoms than European-Americans -Evidence suggests that greater interdependence is associated with heightened social anxiety

Agonias:

a form of anxiety among the Portuguese.

Public goods game

a game used to determine motivations for fairness and cooperation by giving members of a team money, and rewarding the team for contributing the money to the group by multiplying it, however, an individual may fair better if their teammates contribute but they don't.

Basking in the reflected glory

a group to which we belong that has exhibited success or notoriety.

Self-serving bias

a method of achieving self-enhancement in which someone overstates their strengths (consciously or unconsciously) in order to make their self look better. *Characteristic that reveals motivation*

Liget

a passion and anger emotion that is similar to masculinity, according to some cultures. It correlates with drive and competition.

Socioeconomic status contributes greatly to

a person's lifespan.

Self-esteem

a person's view of their self. If someone has good self esteem, they generally view their self quite positively. *Characteristic that reveals motivation*

Predestination

a religious belief held by some protestant sects that claims that there is a selection of people who are predestined to go to heaven, and everyone else is not. One must have certainty about their belief as to whether they are in the elect to be treated as they were. The motivation to interpret things as signs that they were in the elect was prominent.

Idra, a European university student, has moved to another country indefinitely to start a new career. He is currently experiencing anxiety, helplessness, and homesickness. Based on research on acculturation curves, what do you expect to happen with Idra next? Select one: a. He will maintain these feelings if the host culture is homogenous. b. He will maintain these feelings if the host culture is extraverted. c. He will bounce back and adjust to the new culture if the host culture is homogenous. d. He will bounce back and adjust to the new culture if the host culture is extraverted.

a. He will maintain these feelings if the host culture is homogenous. Correct

The facial feedback hypothesis most closely approximates what theoretical perspective? Select one: a. James-Lange theory of emotions b. two-factor theory of emotions c. emotions are theoretical

a. James-Lange theory of emotions Correct

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa? Select one: a. The age at which people first develop the disorder has gotten younger over recent years for both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. b. The prevalence rates for both disorders are consistent across cultures. c. Bulimia nervosa is associated with ascetic medieval saints, while anorexia nervosa is not. d. Bulimia nervosa has consistent prevalence rates across cultures, while anorexia nervosa has culturally variable prevalence rates.

a. The age at which people first develop the disorder has gotten younger over recent years for both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Correct

According to the secularization theory, which of the following findings seem the likeliest? Select one: a. a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality b. 94 percent of Americans reporting belief in God(s) in some form c. a move toward a balance between Gesellschaft and Gemeinschaft groups d. meritocracy gaining appeal as a principle for fair distribution

a. a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality Correct

The fact that people from some cultures lack an enzyme to allow them to digest milk reflects that Select one: a. cultural practices can affect human evolution. b. cultural practices are shaped by the local geography. c. people from different cultures differ more in terms of their genes than they do in terms of their cultural practices. d. this inability is due to a proximal cause.

a. cultural practices can affect human evolution.

Depression is a condition that is Select one: a. found in every culture that has been explored. b. largely absent in China. c. a culture-bound disorder. d. found at similar rates in the population in all industrialized societies.

a. found in every culture that has been explored. Correct

Just for fun, Mary decided to tape the corners of her mouth so that she would appear to be smiling for the duration of that day. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following emotions is Mary most likely to experience as a result? Select one: a. happiness b. sadness c. anger d. disgust

a. happiness Correct

Research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the most desired kinds of emotional states among East Asians are Select one: a. low arousal positive states. b. feelings of group pride. c. feelings of interpersonal connection. d. future positive emotional states.

a. low arousal positive states. Correct

Koro is manifested by a Select one: a. male who feels extreme anxiety that his penis may be perceived as being extremely small. b. female who is deathly afraid of the cold and bundles herself up in as much clothing as possible. c. male who goes off on a rampage and kills anyone he sees, but remembers nothing from the episode. d. female patient who is deathly afraid that her nipples are shrinking into her body.

a. male who feels extreme anxiety that his penis may be perceived as being extremely small.

Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman's basic emotions? Select one: a. pride b. disgust c. surprise d. fear

a. pride Correct

Field independence:

ability to separate object from field.

Cultural competence

able to identify own cultural influences have knowledge of a client's cultural upbringing have flexibility and knowledge of when to generalize about the client's cultural influences, and when to individualize.

Light skin (innate biological variability)

allows for greater synthesis of vitamin D

Face

amount of social value others give you is you live up to the standards associated with your position." (pg 313). The higher your position, the greater amount of face available to you. Groups can have face too. Face is more easily lost than gained.

Anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which someone refuses to maintain a healthy weight, so they choose not to eat. "Holy Anorexia": fasting food for spiritual purposes to the point of emaciation.

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder most common in America women of college age, which includes binge eating and purging.

Seniority system

appeals to the principle of eqUALITY, which rewards time and age in ascending order manner, so there is no competition.

Ritualized displays

are culturally created facial expressions deemed as appropriate in a given culture.

The case of lactase persistence is an example of culture-gene coevolution because a) the genetic mutation for lactase persistence constitutes a form of transmitted culture. b) a cultural practice (dairy farming) led to the selection for a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) among dairy farming populations. c) of a genetic mutation (lactase persistence), despite there being no selection pressures, but it allows people to engage in a cultural practice (digest milk into adulthood). d) a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) led to the creation of a cultural practice (dairy farming).

b) a cultural practice (dairy farming) led to the selection for a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) among dairy farming populations. ???

Display rules are

cultural norms set for deciding what is appropriate to display as a facial expression in varying situations, and how intensely to express it.

Which of the following examples most accurately portrays research on cultural differences in communication style? Select one: a. Hamada and Matsumoto, who are both Japanese, communicate with each other only by complimenting each other and do not criticize each other. b. Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voice mail. c. Yamazaki, who is Japanese, much prefers to communicate with his friends by writing, more so than his American friend, Claudia. d. Eric, who is American, is more likely to speak in an indirect, roundabout way with his friends than is Itao, who is Japanese.

b. Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voice mail.

Comparisons of Asian Americans and Euro-Americans in their performance on Raven's progressive matrices reveals that Select one: a. Asian Americans tend to outperform Euro-Americans. b. Euro-Americans do worse on the task if they are reciting the alphabet. c. Euro-Americans consistently do better on the task if they are saying something than if they are silent. d. Asian Americans do better on the task if they are reciting the alphabet than if they are silent.

b. Euro-Americans do worse on the task if they are reciting the alphabet. Correct

A Catholic and a Protestant walk into a bar. Their names are Jon and Jack, respectively. They start discussing everything from social issues to psychological research. They agree that they have many similarities and differences. Based on the textbook's research on Catholics and Protestants, which of the following is likely similar or different between the two of them? Select one: a. Both Jon and Jack equally find overweight people to be lazy. b. Jack is much more individualistic than Jon. c. Jon has a high-status nonmanual occupation, while Jack does not. d. Jack is more accepting of overweight people than Jon.

b. Jack is much more individualistic than Jon. Correct

Which of the following statements best reflects research on cultural differences in sleep patterns among European-Canadians, Asian-Canadians, and the Japanese? Select one: a. Japanese people sleep more efficiently than European-Canadians. b. Japanese people sleep less than European-Canadians. c. European-Canadians report feeling more tired during the day than Japanese. d. Asian-Canadians sleep less than European-Canadians.

b. Japanese people sleep less than European-Canadians.

Quang Giáp is from a society where people tend to attribute the behaviors of others as being the result of external pressures. After living in the United States for many years, however, Quang Giáp often finds himself increasingly attributing the behaviors of others as being the result of internal factors. What is this an example of? Select one: a. cultural fit b. blending c. marginalization d. frame-switching

b. blending Correct

Research reveals that the French paradox (the tendency for French people to have low body fat percentages despite eating a diet high in fat) is due to the French Select one: a. consuming less red wine. b. consuming fewer calories. c. exercising more. d. avoiding high-fat foods.

b. consuming fewer calories. Correct

Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with a depressed mood and trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is Select one: a. less likely to report sleep complaints. b. less likely to report depressed mood. c. more likely to take antidepressants. d. more likely to become suicidal.

b. less likely to report depressed mood. Correct

Stereotype threat occurs because Select one: a. it is damaging to a person's self-esteem if others share negative stereotypes of his or her group. b. people are at risk for sometimes acting in ways consistent with stereotypes and thereby proving the stereotype and creating a self-fulfilling prophecy. c. all believe in the content of stereotypes, even if they will not consciously admit it. d. people apply stereotypes to groups that they do not like.

b. people are at risk for sometimes acting in ways consistent with stereotypes and thereby proving the stereotype and creating a self-fulfilling prophecy. Correct

Which of the following products or services does NOT capitalize on universal bases of attraction? Select one: a. makeup that covers skin blemishes b. photo-editing software that can mix different body shapes together c. creams that get rid of acne and pimples d. laser procedures that remove scars

b. photo-editing software that can mix different body shapes together Correct

Dr. House is a medical doctor in the United States. He is giving a seminar on health-related behaviors both to doctors from other countries and ordinary American citizens. Which group is most likely to agree with Dr. House? Select one: a. the doctors from other countries b. the ordinary American citizens c. Neither will agree with him. d. Both groups will equally agree with him.

b. the ordinary American citizens Correct

Several real estate agents have been convicted of several counts of real estate fraud. The most plausible reaction from American and Japanese news outlets is that Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to Select one: a. recommend strong punishment of the agents. b. view the real estate companies to be at fault. c. predict similar events will happen in the future. d. remove their assets from the companies involved.

b. view the real estate companies to be at fault. Correct

Work during the Protestant Reformation...

became a moral obligation rather than something necessary for subsistence. Protestants believed that people should take their work seriously, and that their work was spiritual tasks.

Prevention orientation

being cautious not to lose what you have (such as face).

Promotion orientation

being more highly concerned with advancing and gaining more (including social status).

Progressivists

believe in the importance of human judgement and that moral codes change as humans and society change. - progessive baptists higher in ethic of autonomy and lower in divinity then orthodox baptists -Similar for Hindu Indians

Progressive and orthodox religious groups are fundamentally different from each other in terms of how they reason about moral issues. True or false?

c) False—neither of them moralize thoughts. ???

In a low context culture

there is less cultural communication, therefore people need to be more specific when communicating.

One frozen yogurt parlor has ten flavors from which to choose (Parlor X), and another parlor has more than one hundred flavors (Parlor Z). You ask people to choose which one they want to patron. Which of the following is most indicative of people's preferences, given the research on choices as described in the textbook? Select one: a. Americans, like people from other Western cultures, would always prefer to go to Parlor Z. b. Europeans prefer Parlor Z more than Americans do. c. Although Americans may say that they prefer Parlor Z, they actually would have a more difficult time choosing a flavor from Parlor Z than from Parlor X. d. Americans would prefer it if their significant others choose for them.

c. Although Americans may say that they prefer Parlor Z, they actually would have a more difficult time choosing a flavor from Parlor Z than from Parlor X. Correct

According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends? Select one: a. Jaedong and Fox, who live in neighboring apartment units b. Betty and Bulma, who work in different departments of the same company c. Amy and Alyssa, who meet each other at the bus stop every day d. Malcolm and Maurice, two people who both drive the same model of car

c. Amy and Alyssa, who meet each other at the bus stop every day Correct

Yasmeen is an Indian professor and Jasmine is an American professor. They teach the same class at the same school by alternating the weeks when they lecture, and they also share the same office during office hours. Both teachers are in their shared office listening to students plead their cases to get some extra points for their essays. Under which of the following circumstances would Yasmeen be more willing to give extra points than would Jasmine? Select one or more: a. A. if the student's claim was "I deserve these few points because I worked really hard and spent a lot of sleepless nights doing practice questions" b. B. if the student's claim was "I think I should be given these few extra points because I am a better student than the grade indicates" c. C. if the student's claim was "I need these few extra points to get the position I'm looking for in this animation firm" d. D. if the student's claim was "I should get these few extra points because my friend Ryan got a few extra points as well"

c. C. if the student's claim was "I need these few extra points to get the position I'm looking for in this animation firm" Correct

Claudia and Hideki are math students. Claudia has a self-enhancement orientation, whereas Hideki has a self-improvement orientation. The best way to make them both continue to put in effort to learn math is to give Select one: a. both students a very difficult math test that is rigged to make them do poorly. b. both students a very easy math test that is rigged to make them do well. c. Claudia a very easy math test so she is rigged to do well, but give Hideki a very difficult math test so he is rigged to do poorly. d. Claudia a very difficult math test so she is rigged to do poorly, but give Hideki a very easy math test so he is rigged to do well.

c. Claudia a very easy math test so she is rigged to do well, but give Hideki a very difficult math test so he is rigged to do poorly. Correct

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is most accurate? Select one: a. There is very little variation in self-esteem across cultures. b. In interdependent cultures, interdependence is negatively related to self-esteem, whereas in independent cultures, interdependence is positively related to self-esteem. c. Independence is positively related to self-esteem. d. Interdependence is positively related to self-esteem.

c. Independence is positively related to self-esteem. Correct

Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. European-Americans have better outcomes for the leading causes of death than Hispanic-Americans, unless you control for socioeconomic status, and then Hispanic-Americans fare better. b. If you control for socioeconomic status, European-Americans and African Americans do not differ in their health outcomes. c. The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States. d. The best-supported evidence for the positive health outcomes for Hispanic-Americans is that only Hispanics who were healthy enough to make the long trip to the United States migrated there.

c. The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States. Correct

According to studies of immorality and thought, what will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife? Select one or more: a. The man deserves to be punished. b. The man has violated the ethic of divinity. c. The man has not violated a moral code as long as he does not act on his thoughts. d. The man has failed to achieve purity.

c. The man has not violated a moral code as long as he does not act on his thoughts. Correct

Which of the following regarding the research on political identity and morality is true? Select one: a. The more conservative one is, the more one is concerned about all five moral institutions. b. The more liberal one is, the more one is concerned about protecting fairness. c. The more liberal one is, the less one is concerned about loyalty to the in-group. d. Regardless of political identity, people are always more concerned about avoiding harm than they are about purity.

c. The more liberal one is, the less one is concerned about loyalty to the in-group. Correct

A certain country has been experiencing huge gains in its economy. Based on research covered in this textbook about economic effects, which of the following is the most likely consequence of these gains? Select one: a. More people in that country will be moving into the cities. b. Fewer people in that country will have the required daily caloric intake. c. The people in that country will get taller, on average. d. There will be more collectivism in that country.

c. The people in that country will get taller, on average.

Despite malgri, agonias, koro, and dhat all being described very differently, they all share one underlying similarity. True or False? Select one: a. True—they are all untreatable. b. False—they share no underlying similarities at all. c. True—they all share the element of anxiety. d. False—some result in death while others do not.

c. True—they all share the element of anxiety. Correct

Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana. Horatio has a strong argument for legalization, while Gil has a weak argument against it. Zhang, a Chinese student, is watching the debate. Compared to how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument, how will he perceive the arguments if they are both presented to him? Select one: a. Zhang would be less confident that either argument is true. b. Zhang would become more convinced that each argument is true. c. Zhang would become less convinced that Horatio's argument is true, but become more convinced that Gil's argument is true. d. Zhang would become more committed to his initial position, whatever it may be.

c. Zhang would become less convinced that Horatio's argument is true, but become more convinced that Gil's argument is true. Correct

1.Which one does not belong: a human, a giraffe, and a car? Select one: a. analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car b. analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human c. analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe d. analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car

c. analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe Correct

People from cultures that do not have words for numbers beyond two or three Select one: a. can still detect changes in the number of objects in the same way as those who have words for a complete number set. b. are unable to discriminate between different quantities. c. are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not for precise numbers. d. can still do basic counting, but not basic addition or subtraction.

c. are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not for precise numbers. Correct

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when he Select one: a. refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal. b. decides to give money to the poor because it is very exciting. c. chooses to do a good deed because he is likely to be recognized by doing so. d. donates money to AIDS research because he has AIDS.

c. chooses to do a good deed because he is likely to be recognized by doing so. Correct

Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with Select one: a. field dependence. b. family resemblance reasoning. c. dispositional attributions. d. high horizons in drawings.

c. dispositional attributions. Correct

The fact that the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches different parts of the world has led to the evolution of differences in skin color is an example of which of the following? Select one: a. acquired biological differences b. existential universal c. distal cause d. nonuniversal

c. distal cause

You and a friend run into each other on the street, and you see that he is carrying a fish that he has just caught. You would love to get that fish home and cook it to make your wife happy. You and your friend agree that the fish is equivalent to the corn you are carrying in your bag. The two of you then exchange the fish for the corn before heading off to your respective homes. What is this an example of? Select one: a. authority ranking b. communal sharing c. market pricing d. equality matching

c. market pricing Correct

Research on obesity rates and genetically based skin color illustrate different types of biological change because Select one: a. while genetically based skin color demonstrates culture-gene coevolution, obesity rates do not. b. while obesity rates demonstrate opposite effects of genes across cultures, genetically based skin color demonstrates the same effects of genes across cultures. c. obesity rates demonstrate an evoked cultural response; genetically based skin color does not. d. obesity rates show how distal causes can lead to biological changes, while genetically based skin color shows how proximal causes can lead to biological changes.

c. obesity rates demonstrate an evoked cultural response; genetically based skin color does not. Correct

Low relational mobility means

the culture (or person's perception of the culture) has poor opportunities for starting,and growing relationships. Existing relationships are stable and long term.

The findings from acculturation research are less coherent than many other topics largely because Select one: a. one cannot put people through an acculturation experiment—it is all correlational research. b. there are no validated acculturation measures. c. people's circumstances vary so much that it makes it difficult to identify common patterns. d. there is no consensual definition on what acculturation means.

c. people's circumstances vary so much that it makes it difficult to identify common patterns. Correct

Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time. Given her emotional situation, which of the following is she most likely to do to make herself feel better? Select one: a. seek professional help b. seek the help of her close friends c. remind herself of her connections with others d. introspect and solve the problems herself

c. remind herself of her connections with others Correct

Calling

came about in the Protestant Reformation and is the unique purpose God gives each of His children.Each person is equipped with the skills needed to accomplish their calling.

Facial expressions and body language

can be genetic. For example, blind judo wrestlers showed pride via body expressions were similar to those of someone who was not blind.

Field dependence

can not separate objects from field.

Downward social comparison

comparing your ability to someone who you know has a worse ability than you do.

Situational attributions:

considering the influence of the situation to understand someone/something.

Dispositional attributions

considering the underlying attributes and qualities of someone or something to understand it/them.

Acquired biological differences

cultural effects on one's biology, independent of genes

Romantic love, discussed within the context of monogamous human relationships in the textbook, exists because it was evolutionarily advantageous for our ancestors. True or false? Select one or more: a. D. False—someone experiencing romantic love was more likely to hunt more dangerous prey than someone not experiencing romantic love. b. C. True—romantic love led people to become more skilled hunters and gatherers, allowing for greater survivability. c. B. False—romantic love hindered an individual's ability to spread one's genetic material. d. A. True—more children from parents who experienced romantic love survived to pass on their genes, compared to parents without romantic love.

d. A. True—more children from parents who experienced romantic love survived to pass on their genes, compared to parents without romantic love. Correct

A group of East Asians and Americans have won a contest, and each person is allowed to pick a car from a selection of cars. All cars are of the same make, model, and year. The only thing that differs between them is that they can be one of two colors. Furthermore, there is an extremely unequal proportion between the two colors, making the minority color very unique. Given this scenario, which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. East Asians will choose their cars randomly. b. Americans will choose cars with the brightest colors. c. East Asians will choose unique-colored cars. d. Americans will choose minority-colored cars.

d. Americans will choose minority-colored cars. Correct

Lara is of low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry is of low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means $30,000 per year.) Which of the two will likely have a longer life expectancy? Select one: a. They should live approximately equally long. b. Whoever has more money within that low-SES bracket will live longer. c. Larry d. Lara

d. Lara

According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome? Select one: a. Vanness, who lives with his family in a developed society b. Jordan, who lives by himself in a developed society c. Malcolm, who has paranoid schizophrenia d. Latiri, who lives with her family in an undeveloped society

d. Latiri, who lives with her family in an undeveloped society

Which of the following is an example of the "epidemiological paradox"? Select one: a. Ideas usually stick around in areas of high density, but some ideas perpetuate even in areas of low density due to the lack of introduction of new ideas. b. Illnesses can be deadly for some populations, but are of no concern to other populations. c. Although some remedies work well to stop communicable diseases in some regions, they are powerless in other regions. d. Marisol, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico, has a lower socioeconomic status, but better health, than her friend who was born in the United States.

d. Marisol, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico, has a lower socioeconomic status, but better health, than her friend who was born in the United States. Correct

How is the Protestant Reformation relevant to the question of why Westerners self-enhance so much? Select one: a. The Christian doctrine that all of God's creations should be respected requires that people respect themselves and come to view themselves in unrealistically positive terms. b. Because God loves everybody, it follows that people should also love themselves. c. Catholicism emphasizes confession, which involves a recognition of one's faults. The shift to Protestantism led Protestants to avoid thinking about their faults. d. People are motivated to believe that they are predestined to go to heaven, and this leads them to interpret their behavior in an unrealistically positive light.

d. People are motivated to believe that they are predestined to go to heaven, and this leads them to interpret their behavior in an unrealistically positive light. Correct

Which of the following is an example of someone defining emotions using the James-Lange theory of emotions? Select one: a. Ryan thinks he is in love with Cheryl because she makes him happy every time he sees her. b. Ryan thinks he is happy because it is one of the basic emotions. c. Ryan thinks he feels sadness because his long-time pet had just passed away. d. Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool.

d. Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool. Correct

Your friend Basdeo would like to become more creative. Which of the following would you recommend to him? Select one: a. go observe another culture b. be more extraverted c. adopt an L-shape acculturation curve d. You would not recommend any of these choices.

d. You would not recommend any of these choices.

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—reflects Select one: a. feelings of sadness. b. a basic emotion. c. a reflexive emotional expression. d. a ritualized display.

d. a ritualized display. Correct

The postconventional level of moral development is most closely associated with what code of ethic? Select one: a. justice b. community c. divinity d. autonomy

d. autonomy Correct

Which of the following is reliably associated with reduced acculturative stress? Select one: a. extraversion b. an interdependent view of self c. an independent view of self d. cultural fitness

d. cultural fitness Correct

Mandia met a friend called Martina in university. Martina's boyfriend likes to go to bars to drink, and makes Martina go to bars with him. Mandia knows that Martina's boyfriend makes her go to bars, but still thinks that Martina goes because she likes to go to bars. The term that best describes Mandia's thoughts is Select one: a. situational attributions. b. naïve dialecticism. c. dispositional attributions. d. fundamental attribution error.

d. fundamental attribution error. (look this up)

People who are especially field dependent tend to be Select one: a. introverted. b. from Western cultures. c. hunters or herders. d. holistic thinkers.

d. holistic thinkers. Correct

Suicide rates Select one: a. vary across cultures as much as they do because definitions of suicide similarly vary. b. among adolescents is the highest in the world in Japan. c. in the United States are among the highest in the world. d. increase among the elderly in many cultures.

d. increase among the elderly in many cultures. Correct

Trust toward strangers Select one: a. is unusually low among Americans. b. steadily decreases across the life span in all cultures. c. is correlated with feelings of self-esteem. d. is weaker in collectivistic cultures.

d. is weaker in collectivistic cultures. Correct

Taijin kyofusho differs from social anxiety disorder in that Select one: a. it is a more debilitating condition than social anxiety disorder. b. social anxiety disorder is only found in the West, and taijin kyofusho is only found in East Asia. c. it is a psychotic condition, whereas social anxiety disorder is a neurotic condition. d. it involves some imagined physical symptoms that social anxiety disorder does not.

d. it involves some imagined physical symptoms that social anxiety disorder does not. Correct

Varun is a Fijian immigrant to Canada. After observing him over time, his friends felt like he was not really participating in Canadian culture, nor did he seem to have much to do with his Fijian roots. Which of the following best describes Varun? Select one: a. L-shaped curve b. adjustment c. separation strategy d. marginalization strategy

d. marginalization strategy Correct

The moral reasoning of people of orthodox religious sects tend to fit the best with Select one: a. the ethic of community. b. preconventional moral reasoning. c. the ethic of autonomy. d. the ethic of divinity.

d. the ethic of divinity. Correct

Voodoo death

death—person is convinced a curse has been placed on him/her, or s/he has broken a taboo Results in severe fear reaction, which may (has led) lead to death

Studies showed that Asians are typically better at

detecting changes in backgrounds than Americans because they exhibits saccades more, which are rapid eye movements.

when are people less likely to exhibit self serving bias?

in areas when concrete data can be obtained.

Innate Variation

includes Culture-gene co-evolution: culture and genes evolve based on one another, and that as the culture changes genomes, there are other genomes that then have pressure on them and evolve as well.

Frigophobia

intense fear of catching cold, most commonly found in China.

Subjective well being

is a feeling of how much one is satisfied with their life.

Complexion

is a universal physical trait that people find attractive, most likely because it can indicate good health, which is instinctual to be attracted to.

proximate cause

is an event sufficiently related to a legally recognizable injury

Ethnocentrism

is believing your own culture is better or more natural than someone else's culture. It is difficult to avoid because people are socialized to think in ways consistent with their own culture (pg 483).

Upward social comparison

is comparing one's own skill level to that of someone who is more skilled than you. This can make someone look worse.

Holistic thinking

is focused on relationships and how things interact. Objects are understood in how they relate to other things. This is more common in East Asian cultures. (pg. 349) The chinese showed evidence of holistic thinking first, they figured out the connection between the moon and tide, and magnetism before the Westerners did. INCLUDES: Field dependence, Situational attributions, Associative reasoning

Analytic thinking

is focusing on objects as independent things. It does not associate the object as being a part of its surrounding. This is more common in western cultures. (pg. 349) Includes: field dependence, dispositional attributions, fundamental attribution error, rule based reasoning.

Gesellschaft

is the German word for society. They treat relationships imaginary, instrumental, and a means to an end.Primary focus is on autonomous individuals who are bound to one another through social convention.

Secularization theory

is the idea that religion is on the decline and secular thought it on the uprise. (pg. 481)

compensatory self-enhancement

is when someone acknowledges and discounts their shortcoming or set back, and focuses more on a different skill that they do have, and often they exaggerate that skill to feel better.

Whorfian (linguistic theory) hypothesis

language determines how we think, we cannot think about much that we do not have words for.

Whorfian Hypothesis (weak version)

language influences thought - having access to certain words can influence thoughts to some degree

East Asians appear to ________ their self as much as Westerners do, however they are more critical evaluating their _______________.

like; competence

Indians are more likely than Americans to

make a decision based on considerations of others, versus what they prefer.

As a co-contributor, or possibly result of SES,

minority groups tend to have shorter lifespans as well.

Simpatico is

relationship style in Latin-America that is defined a deep friendship that is highly relational and has expressive displays of graciousness, hospitality, and personal harmony.

emotional universals

research on facial expressions reveals much consistency around the world in the ways that the basic emotions of fear, anger, happiness, sadness, surprise, and disgust.

Principle of need (Culture and fairness)

resources are directed towards those who need them most first.

Principle of eqUITY (culture and fairness)

resources are distributed based on an individual's contributions.

Principle of Equality

resources should be shared equally among members of a group

Innate biological differenced

result of selection pressures

Facial feedback hypothesis

says that people figure out their own feeling through the help of interpreting their own facial expressions.

The two arguments for explaining human biological variability are

selection: causes innate genome variation across cultures experiences: causing acquired variation in biology.

Independence/ individualism is positively correlated with

self esteem

Interdependent people (trust)

show more trust and dependence within their ingroups than independent people

Independent people (trust)

show more trust to strangers than interdependent people

Chernoff Figures

size of each facial feature is linked to people's responses. Positive attitudes toward food = larger and happier features "I am concerned about what I eat and how it will affect my appearance" "I have fond memories of family food occasions" "What emotion best describes you when you order food"

Hikikimori:

social withdrawal.Defined as 6 months in an asocial state.

The similarity attraction effect

states that people are attracted to other who are similar to their self. This is why people with a lot in common often become,fond of each other. They could belong to the same group, sport, religion, major, etc. *Not a universal (high in western cultures)

Somatization

symptoms are phsyiological (eg. loss of appetite) -more common in China

Culture-bound syndrome:

syndromes that are greatly affected by cultural influences, causing them to be different or less present in other cultures. includes: bulimia nervosa anorexia koro amok hysteria frigophobia susto voodoo death latah malgri kufungisisa agonias ataques de nervios

averaged features

tend to be especially attractive

Endowment effect

tendency for people to value objects more once they own them.This is because once someone owns something, they tend to see the object as connected to their self.

What Christian concept revealed people's belief for the individual self and need for achievement?

the Last Judgement

Dhat syndrome:

the belief held most commonly by south Asian young men that they are leaking semen, which causes them large amounts of psychological distress. (cultural disorder).

James Lange theory of emotion

the belief that emotions are physiological responses to stimuli. Our autonomic nervous system responds to stimuli in a way that would help us survive, and our emotions are bodily responses that indicate how we should respond. If our autonomic nervous system was removed (heart rate, muscle tensions, etc, our emotion would only be a dry mental state.

Two factor theory of emotions

the belief that interpretations of physiological signs indicate what feelings someone is experiencing. This theory was developed by Walter Cannon because he believed a simple nervous system could not fully express the complexity of emotions. The emphasis became on the psychological state of mind rather than physical response.

High relational mobility

the community has many opportunities for relationships to be built, and standing relationships are flexible

Mere exposure effect

the more we are exposed to a stimulus, the more we are attracted to it.

Be loyal to their in-groups

the motivation to be loyal to one's in group support the notion of ethic of community. (moral institutions that guide people's moral reasoning)

Achieve purity

the motivation to be pure and tendency to be disgusted at behaviors that are impure or sinful. (moral institutions that guide people's moral reasoning)

Self-enhancement

the motivation to view oneself positively *Characteristic that reveals motivation*

French paradox

the phenomena that occurs with the French with their diet being rich in fats, but they have healthier hearts and lower rates of obesity.

Antisocial punishment

the phenomena where a player punished another player even if it would not benefit them, most commonly for the purpose of revenge.

Altruistic punishment

the punishment for people who do not cooperate, in order to establish norms.

Respect hierarchy:

the tendency to admire superiors and that subordinated need to act in accordance with the wishes of authority figures. (moral institutions that guide people's moral reasoning)

Entity theory of the world

the world is fixed and beyond our control.

Incremental theory of the world

the world will respond to attempts to change it.

In high context culture

there is a lot of shared cultural knowledge culture because the people are highly involved with one another and share many cultural things. People understand one another better, typically.