CWF Oceanography Ch. 1, 2,3,4

Approximately how many active hotspots have been active within the last 10 million years?

100

When was the term "oceanography" first coined?

1870s

In which year was manganese nodules discovered during the voyage of HMS challenger?

1872

Oolites are less than ________ millimeters in size.

2

The Mesosaurus lived about ________ million years ago.

250

Nearly ________ planets have been discovered outside our solar system.

4,000

The Earth is approximately _________

4.6 billion years old

Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago.

40,000

What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 0 degrees and a longitude 60 degrees east?

50%-80% by weight

What is the approximate age of the Detroit Seamount?

80 million years old

What is the temperature range for a white smoker?

86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Abyssal hill

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Abyssal plains

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary?

Andes Mountains

Which volcanic rock is named after the Andes Mountains in South America?

Andesite

Which ocean is the smallest and shallowest?

Arctic

Which ocean is similar in size and average depth to the Indian Ocean?

Atlantic Ocean

Which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated?

Basalt

Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period

Cambrian

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Deep focus earthquake

________ is when two plates are moving apart, such as the mid-ocean ridge.

Divergent

Rocks like the ones shown in the photo most likely formed at which of the following tectonic settings?

Divergent plate boundary

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic divergent plate boundary?

East pacific rise

Which of the following Vikings is credited with discovering Greenland?

Erik Thorvaldson

What is the general shape of a tablemount?

Flat

Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges?

Fracture Zone

Which of the following is not an accessory metal present in manganese nodules?

Gold

Of the Hawaiian Island Chain, which island is the youngest in age?

Hawaii

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called:

Hydrogenous

Rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Hydrogenous Sediment

Which group of rocks is affected by Earth's magnetic field?

Igneous

Based on the Theory of Plate Tectonics, you would expect to find ________ heat flow at the mid-ocean ridge and ________ heat flow at subduction zones when compared to other parts of the crust. decreased; increasedincreased; decreasedincreased; increaseddecreased; decreased

Increased; decreased

What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites?

It was blown away by the solar wind

Which of the following Wilson cycle stages would the East African rift valleys be considered?

Juvenile

Magnetic dip is directly related to ________ on the Earth.

Latitude

Which of the following represents Earth's plates that are involved in plate tectonic motion?

Lithosphere

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Mariana Trench

Which of the following is an example of a fracture zone?

Mendocino Fracture

In terms of heat flow from the Earth's interior, which area would have increased heat flow?

Mid-ocean ridges

Which epoch is not part of Paleogene?

Miocene

Is a linear sea floor feature that has the following properties a transform fault, a fracture zone, or neither? It is seismically inactive, it occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction.

Neither

s a linear sea floor feature that has the following properties a transform fault, a fracture zone, or neither? It is seismically active, it occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction.

Neither

Convergent active margins are associated with which type of boundary?

Oceanic-continental convergent

The Aleutian Islands are an example of ________ plate boundary.

Oceanic-oceanic convergent

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of ________ plate boundary.

Oceanic-oceanic divergent

Neritic (nearshore) deposits cover about how much of the ocean floor?

One-quarter

In which period did the first fishes appear?

Ordovician

Which is the largest tectonic plate?

Pacific

The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the:

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the metallic minerals in and around black smokers?

Precipitation

China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources?

Rare-earth minerals

Which of the following techniques is used to determine the ocean data shown on the map?

Satellite-derived gravity

What's another name for an abyssal hill?

Seaknolls

Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called:

Seamounts

Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift?

Shape of continental margins

Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents.

Shape; position

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Siliceous ooze

________ is generated by the pull of the weight of a plate as it sinks underneath an overlying plate.

Slab pull

The first recorded attempt to measure the ocean's depth was conducted using which of the following techniques?

Sounding

Which ocean is actually a part of three other oceans?

Southern Ocean

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor?

Suspension settling

Which ocean was considered by 14th century Europeans to be one of the seven seas?

The Indian Ocean

How did the moon form?

The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.

Which ocean is the single largest geographic feature on Earth?

The Pacific Ocean

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Pacific Ring of Fire is home to the majority of Earth's active volcanoes and large earthquakes BECAUSE of the prevalence of divergent plate boundaries along the Pacific Rim.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining:

The magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor.

Which of the following is the most convincing piece of evidence set forth to support the concept of sea floor spreading?

The ocean pattern of alternating reversals of Earth's magnetic field.

Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the continental shelves of passive margins?

The shallowest slope below sea level

What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically active, occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the opposite direction?

Transform fault

Which tectonic process happens as a result of transform plate boundaries?

Transform faulting

Submarine canyons which are narrow but deep submarine valleys that are ________-shaped in profile view.

V

Who sailed from Europe around the tip of Africa to India and established a new trade route?

Vasco de Gama

Most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by:

Vikings of Scandinavia

Worldwide, scientists estimate that there are about 125,000 known seamounts, many of which originated at ________ centers.

Volcanic

Warm water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form:

White smokers

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by:

a glacier

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called:

abyssal hills or seaknolls.

The Peru Chile Trench is an example of ________ plate boundary.

an oceanic-continental convergent

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms were primitive ________.

bacteria

Examine the 5 words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among them. Choose the one that does not fit the pattern

belief

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest known life forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ______ years ago.

billion

Evidence suggests that the sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 _______ years ago.

billion

Satellites use microwave beams to measure sea level to an accuracy of four ________.

centimeters

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with:

deep-sea trenches

A tablemount is another name for a(n) ________.

guyot

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:

in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

Abyssal clay contains ________.

iron

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by:

latitude

________ are events and phenomena that we can detect with our senses.

observations

Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________.

outgassing

Most of Earth's water was derived from ________.

outgassing

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called:

paleogeology

With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are:

perpendicular to the ridge axis.

Deep ocean trenches are associated with:

subduction zones

Relatively few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean due to:

the presence of convergent active margins

Based on chemical composition, Earth consists of ________ layers

three

All true oceanic islands are ________ in origin.

volcanic

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________.

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

Worldwide, about ________ storms grow to named tropical cyclones status each year.

100

Sea surface salinity is greatest at which of the following latitudes?

25 degrees

The major deserts of the world occur in which of the following regions?

30 degrees

Storms are most common in which of the following regions?

30 to 60 degrees

The mid-ocean ridge forms Earth's longest mountain chain, extending across approximately ________ miles of deep-ocean basin.

46,000

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Coriolis force is a true force BECAUSE it accelerates a moving body or air and influences its speed.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the boiling point?

Condensation point

Which one of the following is not considered a "salt" or evaporate mineral?

Dolomite

What is the formula for carbonic acid?

H2CO2

Which of the following surface seawater salinity conditions would you predict for the following location: Latitude: 20°N Longitude: 180°W

High surface seawater salinity due to evaporation

The doldrums refer to the same region as the:

Inter Tropical Convergence Zone

What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 0 degrees and a longitude of 160 degrees west?

Less than 50% by weight

The largest unexplored potential for metallic minerals in offshore sand deposits may exist along the west coast of ________.

South America

Which of the following parcels of air would have the lowest density?

Warm moist air

Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination?

Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

Which of the following properties of pure water is different depending on the amount of water present?

color

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

continent

The air in the center of the eye of the hurricane is ________ air moving ________.

cool dry; downward

Low-pressure regions in the northern hemisphere rotate:

counterclockwise

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Hawaiian Islands are safe from tropical cyclones BECAUSE they are islands near the center of a large ocean.

he assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?

high heat capacity

Manganese nodules are an example of:

hydrogenous sediments

A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 150 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.

one

Examine the five words and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

pH

The covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the ________.

sharing of electrons between the atoms

All the following are examples of hydrogenous sediment except

stromatolites.

Which of the following climatic regions exists at the following location: Latitude: 30°S Longitude: 80°E?

subtropical

Which of the following climatic regions exists at the following location: Latitude: 40°S Longitude: 20°W?

subtropical

Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater?

sulfate

Which of the following climatic regions exists at the following location: Latitude: 60°N Longitude: 20°W?

temperate

The two factors that are most important in determining the density of air are:

temperature and water vapor content.

A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 170 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.

two

All the following are true of the movement of Earth's atmosphere except :

warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface.

Which of the following is not considered a fossil fuel?

water

The majority of the world's tropical cyclones are formed in the waters north of the equator in the ________ Ocean.

western Pacific

Manganese nodules grow about ________ per million years.

5 millimeters

The trade winds occur in which of the following regions?

5 to 30 degrees

New satellite data suggest that the Earth's magnetic field is losing strength at a rate of about ________ per decade.

5%

What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 20 degrees north and a longitude of 20 degrees west?

50%-80% by weight

What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 40 degrees south and a longitude 140 degrees east?

50%-80% by weight

In any given sample of ocean water worldwide, the chloride ion accounts for ________ of the total proportion of dissolved solids.

55.04%

A boundary or belt characterized by cold, dry winds generally from the east, occurs in which of the following regions?

60 to 90 degrees

The polar easterlies occur in which of the following regions?

60 to 90 degrees

What is a neutral pH?

7

Where can stromatolites be found?

Australia

Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?

Earthquake-generated heat from friction

The polar easterly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere?

From northeast to southwest

The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere?

From southwest to northeast

Shale is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Lithogenous Sediment

Which of the following surface seawater salinity conditions would you predict for the following location: Latitude: 60°N Longitude: 20°W

Low surface seawater salinity due to precipitation

Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?

Methane

How many holes have been drilled into the sea floor using a drill ship to collect cores for scientific study?

More than 2000

What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments?

More than fifty percent

Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value?

Petroleum

A boundary or belt characterized by cold deserts occurs in which of the following regions?

Poles (90 degrees)

Polar high pressure occurs in which of the following regions?

Poles (90 degrees)

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Pycnocline

Which of the following sediments are biogenous?

Radiolarian, diatom, & calcareous ooze

Abyssal clay is sometimes referred to as ________.

Red clay

The low pH layer in the ocean is due to which of the following processes?

Respiration

Dissolved ions enter the ocean through which of these processes?

River discharge

Which of the following best defines heat capacity?

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Water is the ideal medium to have within our bodies BECAUSE it facilitates chemical reactions.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Different hemispheres on Earth are tilted more directly toward or away from the Sun during Earth's yearly orbit BECAUSE Earth revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit that varies from a perfect circle.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Oil does not dissolve in water BECAUSE water molecules interact with other water molecules and other polar molecules.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: A 1-unit change in pH represents a 100-fold change in hydrogen ion concentration BECAUSE pH is not a linear scale.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The higher one goes in the atmosphere, the warmer it gets BECAUSE the higher one goes in the atmosphere the closer you are to the Sun.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions?

The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample.

Which of the following best defines condensation point?

The highest temperature at which a gas changes to a liquid

The basic building blocks of all matter are called ________.

atoms

In the troposphere, air temperatures generally:

decrease with increasing altitude above Earth's surface.

The density curve for high latitudes shows ________ density at the surface and ________ density at depth.

decreased, increased

As the salinity of seawater increases, its:

density increases.

Which of the following is one way to increase seawater salinity?

evaporation

A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 260 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.

five

Rapidly changing salinity with depth is called the ________.

halocline

Human consumption of which of the following components of seawater helps prevent goiter?

iodine

What type of bonding does table salt have?

ionic

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:

less than 30% biogenous material.

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:

lithogenous.

Which of the following is responsible for 90% of the deaths associated with hurricanes?

storm surge