Cytology Lvl 3

A. requires an input of ATP.

Active transport A. requires an input of ATP. B. is involved in diffusion. C. occurs in osmosis and facilitated transport. D. All of the choices are correct.

D) nitrogenous bases.

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine are: A) phosphate groups. B) amino acids. C) the four helical strands of DNA. D) nitrogenous bases.

B. a proton (H+) pump.

All life forms currently have a basic cell membrane so we presume that the earliest forms of life had this "fence" isolating the internal organization from the external chaos. It is likely that the primordial environment was acidic. In such a case, the cell membrane would have to include A. a sodium (Na+) pump. B. a proton (H+) pump. C. mitochondria underneath in order to provide energy for active transport. D. an acid-proof cell wall. E. a totally nonpermeable membrane.

True

An extracellular matrix helps some cells to adhere to neighboring cells. True False

A) alleles at a given locus that are different from one another.

An individual who is heterozygous for a gene has: A) alleles at a given locus that are different from one another. B) alleles at a given locus that are the same. C) alleles at different loci that are the same. D) a recessive gene on chromosomal pairs.

A) monosomies and trisomies.

Chromosomal nondisjunction results in: A) monosomies and trisomies. B) chromosomal translocation. C) broken chromosomes. D) normal cell division

C) chromosomal breakage.

Clastogens are agents that cause: A) chromosomal duplications. B) single gene mutations. C) chromosomal breakage. D) sex chromosome aneuploidies.

1

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide would be found within the 1) mitochondria. 2) ribosomes. 3) peroxisomes. 4) lysosomes. 5) endoplasmic reticulum.

A) growth.

Cytokines are chemicals transmitted within and between cells to control and regulate cell: A) growth. B) metabolism. C) enzyme function. D) secretion.

True

Fluidity of a membrane increases as the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids goes up. True False

E. hypotonic, a contractile vacuole

Freshwater protozoans react to a/an _____ environment by removing water through _____. A. hypertonic, turgor pressure B. hypotonic, turgor pressure C. isotonic, a contractile vacuole D. hypertonic, a contractile vacuole E. hypotonic, a contractile vacuole

D. all of the choices are involved in tissue transplantation

Having similar ____________ would allow tissues and organs to be transplanted easily. A. cell recognition proteins B. major histocompatibility complex proteins C. carbohydrate chains in the cell membrane D. all of the choices are involved in tissue transplantation

B. Water will move into the cell from the surrounding solution.

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, which will occur? A. Salts will move into the cell from the surrounding solution. B. Water will move into the cell from the surrounding solution. C. Salts will move out of the cell into the surrounding solution. D. Water will move out of the cell into the surrounding solution. E. None of the choices will occur.

D. The plant's cells would lose water and plasmolysis would occur.

If a living plant were moved from a freshwater aquarium to a saltwater aquarium, which of the following would occur? A. Nothing. The plant would be fine in either aquarium. B. The plant's cells would take on ions. C. The plant's cells would take on water and will lyse. D. The plant's cells would lose water and plasmolysis would occur.

C. isotonic

In a cell where there is no net movement of water, the amount leaving the cell and entering the cell is the same. In what type of environment is this cell found? A. hypertonic B. hypotonic C. isotonic D. none of the above

E. phosphate heads are oriented toward the exterior of the cell or toward the cytoplasm.

In a phospholipid bilayer, the A. phosphate groups are hydrophobic. B. fatty acid tails are ionized. C. fatty acid tails are hydrophilic. D. proteins are located only between the two layers. E. phosphate heads are oriented toward the exterior of the cell or toward the cytoplasm.

D. All of the choices are plausible.

In speculating upon the origin of early cells and the cell membrane, which of the following statements is/are NOT plausible? A. Due to similarities in basic structure, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, vesicles, and other "cytomembranes" may have arisen as invaginations of the cell membrane. B. As long as a phospholipid-production mechanism is present, these molecules would naturally arrange themselves in two layers with the hydrophobic tails on the inside away from water. C. It would be nearly impossible to have a cell without a cell membrane. D. All of the choices are plausible. E. None of the choices are plausible.

A) cytosine.

In the DNA helix, guanine pairs with: A) cytosine. B) thymine. C) uracil. D) adenine.

False

In the cells that line the lumen of the small intestine, gap junctions keep materials from the digestive tract from slipping between the cells and entering the tissues. True False

True

In the sodium-potassium pump, sodium is transported out of the cell and potassium is transported into the cell as ATP is broken by a membrane protein. True False

C) chromosomal defects in offspring.

The most serious problem associated with the inversion of genetic material is: A) severe mental retardation in the affected individual. B) physical disabilities. C) chromosomal defects in offspring. D) infertility.

B. Aquaporin

The newly discovered membrane channel protein that accounts for why water can cross a membrane more quickly than expected is: A. ATP synthetase B. Aquaporin C. The sodium-potassium pump D. Integrin

B) nucleolus.

The nuclear structure that contains most of the cellular DNA is called the: A) cytoplasm. B) nucleolus. C) matrix. D) histone.

C) phenotype.

The outward manifestation of a disease, often influenced by both genes and the environment, is called the disease: A) genotype. B) allele. C) phenotype. D) dominance.

B) S.

The phase during the cell cycle in which DNA synthesis occurs is called: A) G1. B) S. C) interphase. D) prophase.

D) G2.

The phase during the cell cycle in which RNA and protein synthesis occurs is called: A) G0. B) S. C) M. D) G2.

C) M.

The phase during the cell cycle in which mitosis occurs is called: A) G0. B) S. C) M. D) G1.

B) transcription.

The process by which RNA is formed from DNA for protein synthesis is called: A) translation. B) transcription. C) mitosis. D) meiosis.

True

The process by which a white blood cell or an amoeba engulfs bacteria is called phagocytosis. True False

D. endocytosis.

The process by which cholesterol is transported into the cell by binding of LDL to its receptor and the internalization of the receptor-LDL complex is A. facilitated transport. B. active transport. C. cotransport. D. endocytosis. E. exocytosis.

A) mitosis.

The process of nuclear division in cell reproduction is known as: A) mitosis. B) cytokinesis. C) G phase. D) interphase.

C) codon.

The triplet of base pairs necessary to code for a specific amino acid is called a: A) protein. B) nucleotide. C) codon. D) chromosome.

B) aneuploidy.

Trisomy is a form of: A) polyploidy. B) aneuploidy. C) monosomy. D) autosomal dominant inheritance.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Whether a molecule can cross the plasma membrane depends upon A. the size of the molecule. B. the shape of the molecule. C. the chemical properties of the molecule. D. the charge of the molecule. E. All of the choices are correct.

3

Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? 1) muscle cell 2) nerve cell 3) phagocytic white blood cell 4) leaf cell of a plant 5) bacterial cell

E. movement of a substance against its concentration through the release of energy from ATP

Which is the best definition of active transport? A. movement of molecules from an area of their higher concentration to an area of their lower concentration B. movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration C. movement of molecules from an area of their lower concentration to an area of their higher concentration D. movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of lower water concentration to an area of higher water concentration E. movement of a substance against its concentration through the release of energy from ATP

B. The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

Which is the best definition of osmosis? A. The movement of molecules from an area of their higher concentration to an area of their lower concentration. B. The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. C. The movement of molecules from an area of their lower concentration to an area of their higher concentration. D. The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of lower water concentration to an area of higher water concentration. E. The movement of a substance against its concentration gradient through the release of energy from ATP.

A) Turner syndrome

Which of the following aneuploidy disorders is found only in females? A) Turner syndrome B) Down syndrome C) Klinefelter syndrome D) None of the above

B) Cystic fibrosis

Which of the following genetic diseases is transmitted through autosomal recessive inheritance? A) Duchenne muscular dystrophy B) Cystic fibrosis C) Hemophilia D) Huntington disease

D) Huntington disease

Which of the following genetic diseases manifests with progressive dementia in middle to later adulthood? A) Duchenne muscular dystrophy B) Cystic fibrosis C) Achondroplasia D) Huntington disease

B) Cri du chat syndrome

Which of the following genetic disorders results in severe mental retardation caused by a deletion of part of a chromosome? A) Huntington disease B) Cri du chat syndrome C) Prader-Willi syndrome D) Cystic fibrosis

B. plasmodesmata

Which of the following is NOT associated with animal cells? A. an extracellular matrix B. plasmodesmata C. gap junctions D. adhesion junctions (desmosomes) E. tight junctions

1

1 meter = _____ centimeters. 1) 100 2) 1,000,000,000 3) 1,000 4) 1,000,000,000,000 5) 1,000,000

D) Both parents could be carriers.

A couple has two offspring; one child has an autosomal recessive disease trait and one is normal. What conclusions can you make about the parents? A) One parent must have the autosomal recessive disease. B) Both parents must have the autosomal recessive disease. C) One parent is a carrier for the autosomal recessive gene and the other parent is normal. D) Both parents could be carriers.

C) 50%

A couple is planning to have children. The father is affected by an autosomal dominant disease, but the mother does not have the disease gene. If the father is a heterozygote, what is the chance that their first child will be affected by the autosomal dominant disease? A) 100% B) 75% C) 50% D) 25%

C) an ordered photographic display of a set of chromosomes from a single cell.

A karyotype is: A) a method for identifying single gene disorders. B) the sequence of DNA in a gene. C) an ordered photographic display of a set of chromosomes from a single cell. D) a sequence of RNA that codes for a particular protein.

D. All of the choices are correct.

A major chemical that regulates the fluidity of animal cell membranes by stiffening the membrane at higher temperatures and preventing the membrane from freezing at lower temperature is: A. cholesterol. B. lipid in nature. C. a steroid. D. All of the choices are correct.

D) XXY

A person with Klinefelter syndrome has which of the following genetic abnormalities? A) Trisomy 13 B) Trisomy 21 C) X D) XXY

C) regulation of cell division.

A primary function of the cell nucleus is: A) production of ATP. B) production of enzymes for cellular processes. C) regulation of cell division. D) control of cell-to-cell recognition.

B) an euploid cell.

A somatic cell that contains a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called: A) an aneuploid cell. B) an euploid cell. C) a trisomic cell. D) a mosaic cell.

D) Two daughter cells have been formed.

At the end of telophase, which of the following events has occurred? A) Cell growth has been completed. B) DNA strands have been separated. C) Centromeres have split and chromatids have been pulled apart. D) Two daughter cells have been formed.

4

Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme secreted by pancreatic cells. What is its most likely pathway? 1) ER→Golgi→nucleus 2) Golgi→ER→lysosome 3) nucleus→ER→Golgi 4) ER→Golgi→vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane 5) ER→lysosomes→vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

B) the genetic code for all parts of the body.

DNA contains: A) the enzymes necessary for cell division. B) the genetic code for all parts of the body. C) a genetic blueprint for making proteins only. D) proteins for structural elements in the cell.

B) cystic fibrosis.

Diseases that have been described as having multifactorial traits include all of the following except: A) breast cancer. B) cystic fibrosis. C) hypertension. D) heart disease.

D) 21

Down syndrome occurs with a trisomy of which chromosome? A) 6 B) 8 C) 14 D) 21

D) None of the above

Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome all manifest with which of the following problems? A) Severe mental retardation B) Congenital heart defects C) Sterility D) None of the above

E. All of the choices are correct.

Eukaryotic cells are substantially larger than bacterial cells and average over 20 times more volume-per-surface-area than bacterial cells. How can the eukaryotic cell membrane provide this higher rate of exchange of materials? A. Plasma membrane folds increase the surface area. B. Carrier proteins speed the rate at which a solute crosses the plasma membrane in the direction of decreasing concentration. C. Mitochondria are concentrated near membranes to provide energy for active transport of molecules or ions. D. Large molecules are engulfed by vesicle formation. E. All of the choices are correct.

A) genes and environmental factors.

Multifactorial inheritance describes the transmission of traits or diseases that are determined by: A) genes and environmental factors. B) multiple mutations occurring in the same family. C) cloning. D) inheritance of multiple diseases from the same parent.

D) DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Mutations can result in abnormal: A) DNA. B) RNA. C) proteins. D) DNA, RNA, and proteins.

D) expressivity.

Neurofibromatosis can vary in disease: A) genotype. B) penetrance. C) age of onset. D) expressivity.

B. cells contain water vacuoles that are full of water.

Plants show turgor pressure when A. cells are losing water from their water vacuoles. B. cells contain water vacuoles that are full of water. C. water is being used up in photosynthesis. D. water is being evaporated from the leaves.

C) DNA unzipping and complimentary base pairing

Prior to translation, which of the following steps must occur? A) Anticodon on tRNA matching its codon on mRNA B) Peptide binding of amino acid sequences C) DNA unzipping and complimentary base pairing D) Ribosome reading the termination sequence on mRNA

D. All of the choices are correct.

Proteins in a membrane are: A. peripheral if they are on the inside surface held in place by the cytoskeleton. B. integral if they are embedded in the membrane and protrude from both surfaces of the bilayer C. integral if they protrude from only one surface of the bilayer. D. All of the choices are correct.

A) protein synthesis.

RNA is used to direct: A) protein synthesis. B) cell division. C) energy production. D) DNA repair.

True

Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves the use of specific proteins in the cell membrane. True False

C. on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane.

Red blood cells come in many "blood types" including type A, type B, type AB, type O [lacking proteins A and B], Rh positive, and Rh negative [lacking Rh+] and many others. If blood is transfused, the recipient detects any new or "foreign" proteins. These blood type proteins are A. in the plasma where they have been secreted by the red blood cells. B. inside the red blood cell cytoplasm. C. on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane. D. evenly distributed throughout the cell contents and plasma. E. in the red blood cell nucleus.

D) meiosis.

Reproduction of the sperm and egg cells occurs through the process of: A) mitosis. B) cytokinesis. C) angiogenesis. D) meiosis.

D) no problems.

Silent substitutions usually cause: A) cell death. B) cell dysfunction. C) cancer. D) no problems.

E. Different glycolipids and glycoproteins are produced internally and moved into the plasma membrane.

Some parasites and disease agents regularly change their identity before our immune system can build up substantial antibodies. How could cells change their chemical identity on a regular basis? A. Rapid evolution produces mutations. B. A new phospholipid bilayer is generated to replace the old layer. C. Because the membrane is "set," the cell must reproduce and then the cell with the old membrane must die. D. Cells eliminate all surface proteins and present only a naked lipid bilayer. E. Different glycolipids and glycoproteins are produced internally and moved into the plasma membrane.

A) mother only.

Steven has Duchenne muscular dystrophy. He inherited this condition from his: A) mother only. B) father only. C) mother and father. D) mother or father.

A. facilitated transport.

Sugars and amino acids are carried into the cell by means of A. facilitated transport. B. diffusion C. endocytosis. D. exocytosis.

A) A, G, C, and U.

The base components of RNA are: A) A, G, C, and U. B) U, G, C, and T. C) A, G, C, and T. D) X and Y.

B) protein synthesis.

The chief function of ribosomes is to provide sites for: A) cell division. B) protein synthesis. C) lipid synthesis. D) glucose breakdown.

C) a monosomy.

The condition in which a single chromosome is missing in each cell is called: A) a haploid condition. B) an autosomy. C) a monosomy. D) Down syndrome.

B. fluid-mosaic

The current theory of the structure of the plasma membrane is best described by the ____ model. A. sandwich B. fluid-mosaic C. unit membrane D. electrochemical E. unipermeable

C) defective chloride transportation, causing abnormally thick mucus.

The gene defect on the long arm of chromosome 7 in cystic fibrosis results in: A) delayed development of the central nervous system. B) clotting abnormalities and prolonged bleeding. C) defective chloride transportation, causing abnormally thick mucus. D) abnormal bone growth.

C) identify the location of all the human genes.

The goal of the Human Genome Project was to: A) map all of the known genetic diseases. B) identify the structure of DNA. C) identify the location of all the human genes. D) identify the structure of DNA and the location of all human genes as well as map all known genetic diseases.

E. production of proteins used in construction of the cell wall.

The major functions of the plasma membrane do NOT include A. separation of the fluid environments inside and outside the cell. B. regulation of molecules and ions that pass into and out of the cell. C. recognition and communication between different cells and tissues. D. maintaining connections between adjacent cells. E. production of proteins used in construction of the cell wall.

A) X.

The most common genotype for Turner syndrome is: A) X. B) XX. C) XXX. D) XXXX.

A) increased maternal age.

The most important risk factor for Down syndrome is: A) increased maternal age. B) a family history of Down syndrome. C) fetal exposure to teratogens during pregnancy. D) previous multiple pregnancies.

C) On average, 25% of the children are affected by the autosomal recessive disease if both parents are carriers.

Which of the following is an accurate characteristic of an autosomal recessive pedigree? A) On average, 50% of the children will have the autosomal recessive disease if one parent has the disease. B) Males are affected more than females. C) On average, 25% of the children are affected by the autosomal recessive disease if both parents are carriers. D) There is a decreased risk of disease with consanguinity.

A) Disease is seen more often in males than females.

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of an X-linked recessive pedigree? A) Disease is seen more often in males than females. B) A pattern of skipped generations is rare. C) Males are gene carriers. D) Mothers usually transmit the disease to their daughters.

B) Freezing

Which of the following is not a term used to describe a process that results in abnormal chromosomal structure? A) Duplication B) Freezing C) Translocation D) Deletion

1

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? 1) mitochondrion 2) ribosome 3) nuclear envelope 4) chloroplast 5) ER

D. loss of water resulting in a decrease in turgor pressure.

Which of the following is the reason plants wilt on a hot summer day? A. to protect the leaves from full exposure to the sun B. an increase in turgor pressure C. heat weakens the plant cell walls D. loss of water resulting in a decrease in turgor pressure.

C. There is a greater amount of cellulose in secondary cell walls than in primary cell walls.

Which of the following is true with respect to plant cell walls? A. They contain n-acetylglutamic acid. B. They all have secondary cell walls to some extent. C. There is a greater amount of cellulose in secondary cell walls than in primary cell walls. D. Lignin is found in primary cell walls of plants.

C. channel proteins-block the activity of carrier proteins

Which of the following protein functions is not correctly associated with its correct integral protein? A. carrier proteins-facilitate passage of molecules through the membrane B. enzymatic proteins-catalyze a specific reaction C. channel proteins-block the activity of carrier proteins D. cell recognition proteins-recognize pathogens

C) Mutations are alterations in normal DNA sequence.

Which of the following statements about mutations is correct? A) Mutations always lead to genetic disease. B) Spontaneous mutations occur as a result of exposure to a mutagen. C) Mutations are alterations in normal DNA sequence. D) Mutations are always inherited.

D) Chromosomal

Which of the following types of genetic disorders is the most common cause of miscarriage? A) Autosomal dominant B) Autosomal recessive C) X-linked recessive D) Chromosomal

B. initiating the replication of the genetic material

Which phrase does NOT describe one of the functions of proteins of the plasma membrane? A. forming a channel through the membrane B. initiating the replication of the genetic material C. binding to a substance to carry it through the membrane D. acting as a receptor for substances external to the cell E. increasing the rate of a chemical reaction

3

Which statement correctly characterizes bound ribosomes? 1) Bound ribosomes are enclosed in their own membrane. 2) Bound and free ribosomes are structurally different. 3) Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins. 4) The most common location for bound ribosomes is the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. 5) All of the above.

E. Glycoproteins contain carbohydrate chains that are oriented toward the inner surface of the membrane.

Which statement is NOT true about the proteins in the plasma membrane? A. Proteins may be attached to the inner surface of the plasma membrane. B. The hydrophobic portion of a protein is embedded within the membrane. C. Some peripheral proteins are connected to cytoskeletal filaments. D. Integral proteins are responsible for membrane functions. E. Glycoproteins contain carbohydrate chains that are oriented toward the inner surface of the membrane.

D. Movement of proteins and phospholipids can occur sideways within the plane of the membrane.

Which statement is true about the plasma membrane? A. The proteins make up the matrix of the membrane. B. The model can be likened to a sandwich where phospholipids are like the bread and proteins are like the filling. C. The fluid nature of the membrane is regulated by flip-flopping of the phospholipids from one side of the membrane to the other. D. Movement of proteins and phospholipids can occur sideways within the plane of the membrane.

4

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? 1) chloroplast 2) wall made of cellulose 3) central vacuole 4) mitochondrion 5) centriole

2

Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system? 1) nuclear envelope 2) chloroplast 3) Golgi apparatus 4) plasma membrane 5) ER

5

Which structure-function pair is mismatched? 1) nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits 2) lysosome; intracellular digestion 3) ribosome; protein synthesis 4) Golgi; protein trafficking 5) microtubule; muscle contraction

A. Hypertonic

http://www.flickr.com/photos/60296733@N06/5520405472/ A 10% glucose solution is placed in the thistle tube. The thistle tube is placed in a beaker that contains a 5% glucose solution. The solution in the thistle tube is _______ to the solution in the beaker. A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Isotonic D. None of the above

C. the 10% solution will become less concentrated and the 5% solution will become more concentrated.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/60296733@N06/5520405472/ A 10% glucose solution is placed in the thistle tube. The thistle tube is placed in a beaker that contains a 5% glucose solution. There is a differentially permeable membrane across the broad end of the tube, which is permeable to water but not to the sugar glucose. As diffusion occurs: A. the 10% solution will become more concentrated and the 5% solution will become less concentrated B. both solutions will become more concentrated. C. the 10% solution will become less concentrated and the 5% solution will become more concentrated. D. both solutions will become less concentrated.

B. In the 5% solution

http://www.flickr.com/photos/60296733@N06/5520405472/ A 10% glucose solution is placed in the thistle tube. The thistle tube is placed in a beaker that contains a 5% glucose solution. Where is the highest concentration of water found? A. In the 10% solution B. In the 5% solution C. The concentration of water is the same in both solutions. D. None of the above

A. facilitated transport

http://www.flickr.com/photos/60296733@N06/5520405506/ Study the series of pictures at right to identify the process as: A. facilitated transport B. active transport C. passive transport D. osmosis