D618 - Exam 1

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pharyngeal arch 1

Meckel's cartilage

water

component of extracellular matrix of cartilage that is responsible for its strength and resiliency

buccopharyngeal membrane

composed of ectodermal and endodermal tissue

lamellae

concentric tubes

development of TMJ

condylar cartilage forms: -band is reduced to dense strip of mesenchyme

costal cartilage

connecting ribs to sternum

endoderm

liver

cleavage stages

movement through the fallopian tubes - 4 days

mesoderm

muscles

bone movement

muscles attach by tendons and use bones as levers to move the body

development of tongue

muscles form occipital mytomes also contribute

branchial arch 2

muscles of facial expression

branchial arch 1

muscles of mastication

ingrowth of mesoderm

muscles of tongue

pharyngeal arch 1

mylohyoid

epiphysis

name for the ends of long bones

34 day old embryo

nasal pit surrounded by lateral and medial nasal processes

27 day old embryo

nasal placode is about to develop and odontogenic epithelium can be identified

face at 5 weeks

nasal placodes form and recess to become pits (nostrils)

ontogeny

recapitulates phylogeny

pharyngeal arch 6

recurrent laryngeal branch

frontal prominence

red

treacher collins

reduced number of neural crest cells

periosteum

two sublayers: -outer fibrous layer -inner (deep) cellular osteogenic layer

skeletal unit

two types: -microskeletal -macroskeletal

functional matrix

two types: -periosteal -capsular

1st groove and pouch

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

1st groove and pouch

tympanic or mastoid antrum

pharyngeal arch 5

ultimobranchial body

development of the TMJ

undifferentiated mesenchyme between: -developing ramus of mandible -developing squamous tympanic bone

70%

unilateral cleft lips will also have cleft palate

fetal stage

until birth

reichert's

upper part of the body and lesser horns of the hyoid bone

endoderm

urinary bladder

servosystem theory

uses cybernetics to describe the growth of the craniofacial complex

palatal fusion failure

usually four incisors form in premaxilla and canine in secondary palate

hemifacial microsomia

usually unilateral

cleft palate

uvula only american indians > orientals > whites > blacks

midline cleft

variation in amount of fusion

treacher collins

varying facial bone underdevelopment: -small jaw -downsloping eyes -some cleft palate -often small ears -usually hearing impairment

intramembranous ossification 3.

vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum

3rd groove and pouch

ventral component: -thymus

neural crest cells

ventral migration from distinct rhombomeres

irregular bone

vertebra

bone protection

vertebrae - spinal cord

face at 7 weeks

vertical growth occurs

genomic paradigm

viewed craniofacial growth as primarily genetically predetermined and immutable

larynx

voice box

bone and cartilage formation

week 20: endochondral bone replaces cartilage

mandible

week 6: mesenchyme condensation

mandible

week 6: on lateral aspect of cartilage

mandible

week 7: intramembranous ossification

sutural theory

weinmann and sicher in the 40s

cleft lip

when bilateral = 85% have CP

cleft lip

when unilateral = 70% have CP

treacher collins

TCOF1 gene

pharyngeal arch 1

anterior belly of digastric

pharyngeal arch 2

buccinator

pharyngeal arch 3

common carotid

cleft palate

female > male

cartilage in the adult skeleton

"articular" - covering the ends of most bones and movable joints

cartilage in the adult skeleton

"costal" - connecting ribs to sternum

cleavage stages

"sticky" sugar-like molecules of embryo adhere to sugar-like molecules of uterus

mesoderm

*dentin, pulp, and cementum technically neural crest cells which are of ectodermal origin but require signaling from surrounding mesenchyme to differentiate

mineral crystals

-primarily calcium phosphate -lie in and around the collagen fibrils in extracellular matrix -contribute to bone hardness

types of loose connective tissue

-areolar -adipose -reticular

cartilage formation

-axial skeleton -base of cranium -appendages

cartilage composition

-chondrocytes -abundant extracellular matrix ---fibers ---jelly-like ground substance of complex sugar molecules ---60-80% water ---no nerves or vessels

treacher collins

-coloboma of lower lid -cilia absent medial to coloboma -abnormal hair growth on cheek -malformed ear -micrognathism -hypoplastic zygomatic arches -ptosis of upper eyelid

types of bone

-compact -spongy (cancellous)

anatomy of bones

-compact bone -spongy bone -blood vessels -medullary cavity -membranes ---periosteum ---endosteum

types of connective tissue

-connective tissue proper -cartilage -bone -blood

types of measurements

-craniometry -anthropometry -cephalometric radiology

types of tissue

-epithelial -connective -muscle -nervous

types of cartilage

-hyaline -fibrocartilage -elastic

formation of tongue

-inholding of ectodermal tissue -ingrowth of mesoderm

classification of bones

-long bones -short bones -flat bones -irregular bones -sesmoid bones (short bones include these)

types of dense connective tissue

-regular -irregular -elastic

factors regulating bone growth

-vit D -parathyroid hormone -calcitonin -growth hormone -thyroid hormone -sex hormones

endochondral ossification

1. formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model

three synchondroses of the cranial base

1. intersphenoid (birth) 2. spheno-ethmoidal (6 years) 3. spheno-occipital (12-15 years)

palatal shelves

1. oriented in a downward direction with tongue in between them

intramembranous ossification

1. ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

secondary (growth) cartilages

1. the condylar cartilage, which is most important 12 weeks, endochondral ossification

cleft lip/palate

1/1000

meckel's cartilage

10 weeks: rudimentary mandible is formed

cleft lip

10% bilateral

intramembranous ossification

2. bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane

endochondral ossification

2. cavitation of the hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model

secondary (growth) cartilages

2. the coronoid cartilage 4 months, disappears before birth

palatal shelves

2. the tongue drops out from in between the __________________ allowing them to rotate up and together to eventually fuse with the nasal septum

human chromosomes

23 pairs: 22 autosome pairs 1 sex pair

cleft lip/palate

3 stages of ortho: -prior to alveolar graft -mixed dentition -late adolescence (orthognathic surgery)

endochondral ossification

3. invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation

intramembranous ossification

3. woven bone and periosteum form

facial muscle formation

4 pairs of somites contribute to skin dermis and some orofacial muscles

pharyngeal arches

4 weeks along with the frontonasal process

neural tube formation

4 weeks anteriorly and continues posteriorly

endochondral ossification

4. appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5

intramembranous ossification

4. bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears

endochondral ossification

4. formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues

cleft lip/palate

40-60% have associated anomalies

endochondral ossification

5. ossification of the epiphyses

endochondral ossification

5. when completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

formation of the secondary palate

7 weeks - tongue withdrawn

facial muscle formation

8-10 weeks

cleft lip

90% unilateral

cleft lip/palate

CLP 2M:1F

branchial arch 3

CN IX - glossopharyngeal

pharyngeal arch 3

CN IX - glossopharyngeal

branchial arch 1

CN V - trigeminal

pharyngeal arch 1

CN V - trigeminal

branchial arch 2

CN VII - facial

pharyngeal arch 2

CN VII - facial

branchial arch 4

CN X - vagus

pharyngeal arch 4-6

CN X - vagus

cleft lip/palate

CP 1.5M:1F

endoderm

GI tract and associated glands

nasal septum theory

James Scott, 50s

primary nerves

V, VII, IX, X, XII

functional matrix hypothesis

a new way of looking at craniofacial growth which became known as the functional paradigm

intramembranous ossification 3.

accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels, which form a random network - the result is a network (instead of lamellae) of trabeculae

mechanism of action of mandibular growth in the servosystem theory

activation of jaw protrusion muscle act directly on the cartilage of the mandibular condyle and indirectly through vascular supply to the TMJ -add appropriate hormones -stimulates condylar growth

capsular matrix

affects macroskeletal units

periosteal matrix

affects microskeletal units

fertilization

after division, all cells have the same genetic material

servosystem theory

alexandre petrovic, 70s

functional matrix

all the soft tissues and spaces that perform a given function

infolding of ectodermal tissue

allow mobility

infolding of epithelium

allows tongue mobility

compact bone

alternating direction of collagen fibers increases resistance to twisting forces

cleft lip/palate

american indiana > japanese > chinese > whites > blacks

hyaline cartilage

amorphous but firm matrix

CN V

anterior 2/3 of tongue

CN VII

anterior 2/3 of tongue

servosystem theory

anterior growth of the midface results in a slight occlusal deviation between the maxillary and mandibular dentition

pharyngeal arch 1

anterior ligament of malleus

nerve formation in cranial area

anterior portion of neural tube enlarges and bends and forms the brain

endochondral ossification

anterior portion of occipital

palatal fusion

anterior portion of palate develops from fusion of maxillary processes and medial nasal processes

mesoderm migration

anteriorly and laterally between ectoderm and endoderm except at the future area of the mouth (prochordal plate) and the anus (cloacal membrane)

cartilage formation

appears throughout body about 4-5 weeks

genes

areas within the chromosome

cartilage in the adult skeleton

articular discs such as meniscus in knee joint

pharyngeal arch 4-6

arytenoid

spina bifida

associated with genetics and folate (B9) deficiency

pharyngeal arch 2

auricularis

development of tongue pharyngeal arch 3

base of tongue

remodeling theory

based on Brash's research

nasal septum theory

based on the work of anatomists

sutural theory

based on the work of anatomists

85%

bilateral cleft lips will also have cleft palate

ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

biogenetic law theorizes that the stages an animal embryo undergoes during development are a chronological replay of that species past evolutionary forms

nasal pit

black hole

hematopoietic stem cell

blood cells and macrophages come from...

branchial arch 3

blood vessels -common carotid -internal carotid

long bone

blood vessels - nutrient arteries and veins through nutrient foramen

mandibular process

blue

osteoblasts

bone depositing cells

bone blood cell formation

bone marrow - red makes blood, yellow stores fat

remodeling theory

bone only grows appositionally at surfaces

osteoclasts

bone resorbing cells

osteogenesis

bone tissue first appears during the 8th week (embryo)

mesoderm

bone, cartilage, blood

reichert's

bony process

skeletal unit

bony structures that support the functional matrix and are thus necessary or permissive for that function

cranial growth

brain grows causing frontonasal process to curve downward

spinal cord closing

brain starts to close

ingrowth of mesoderm

bring XII nerve - glossopharyngeal

endochondral ossification

calcification in the center of the diaphysis

bone mineral storage

calcium and phosphorus

remodeling theory

calvarial growth occurs via deposition of bone on the ectocranial surface of the cranial vault and resorption of bone endocranially

genes

can be: -dominant (AA) -recessive (aa) -heterozygous (Aa)

multiple sperm

can penetrate egg shell

short bones

carpal bones

chondrocyte

cartilage comes from...

neural crest cells

cartilage of pharyngeal arches

4th cartilage arch

cartilages of the larynx

hyaline cartilage

cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

cartilage in the adult skeleton

cartilaginous rings holding open the air tubes of the respiratory system (trachea and bronchi)

tetracycline

causes dental staining

meiosis

cells that are formed are NOT the same as each other

meiosis

cells that are formed do NOT have same DNA as parent

chemical composition of bones

cells, matrix of collagen fibers, and ground substance (organic: 35%)

acrosome

chemical reaction causes removal and sperm is able to penetrate egg

mesenchyme

chondroblasts come from...

hyaline cartilage

chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae

hyaline cartilage

chondrocytes appear spherical

chondroblast

chondrocytes come from...

interstitial growth

chondrocytes within the matrix divide by mitosis and produce additional matrix that causes internal expansion of cartilage

meiosis

chromosomes do strange things: -become rings with deletions -deletions of part of a chromosome -mixup within each chromosome -refuse to let their partner leave -mutations

intramembranous ossification

clavicles

fibers in cartilage

collagen and elastin

hyaline cartilage

collagen fibers form an imperceptible network

hyaline cartilage

collagen is the only fiber

sutural theory

connective tissue and cartilaginous joints of the craniofacial skeleton are the principal locations at which intrinsic, genetically regulated, primary growth of bones takes place

periosteum

connective tissue membrane

nasal and primary palate

connective tissue moves between areas of fusion and bind fused area

fibrocyte

connective tissue proper comes from...

pharyngeal arch 4-6

constrictors of pharynx

neural crest cells

contribute to embryonic connective tissue of face (pulp, dentin, cementum)

migration of neural crest cells

controlled by homeobox genes mediating facial and cranial patterning

homeobox genes

coordinate the development of complex craniofacial structures

pharyngeal arch 4-6

corniculate

periosteal matrix

corresponds to the immediate local environment, typically muscles, blood vessels, and nerves

long bone

covered with articular (joint) cartilage

articular cartilage

covering the ends of most bones and movable joints

periosteum

covers entire outer surface of bone except at epiphyses

hyaline cartilage

covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities

endosteum

covers the internal bone surfaces

nerve formation in cranial area

cranial nerves grow from neural tube and into the face

neural tube formation

crest cells break off from neural fold area

pharyngeal arch 4-6

cricoid

pharyngeal arch 4-6

cricothyroid

pharyngeal arch 4-6

cuneiform

hemifacial microsomia

currently thought to be caused by early loss of neural cells

calcitonin

decreases blood calcium

spina bifida

degrees of severity

Brash

demonstrated that bone only grows appositionally at its surfaces and not interstitially through mitotic activity

periosteum outer fibrous layer

dense irregular connective tissue

incus

derived from meckel's cartilage

malleus

derived from meckel's cartilage

intramembranous ossification

dermal ossicification

cleavage stages

development of nonpermeable membrane around egg

opitz syndrome

developmental delays

fibrocartilage

discs of knee joint

cleavage stages

division of cells into multicelled morula then blastocyst 70-100 cells

3rd groove and pouch

dorsal component: -inferior parathyroid gland

chromosomes

each pair = one maternal + one paternal

pharyngeal grooves

ear canal

neural tube formation

ectodermal cells multiply and folding occurs

cleft lip/palate

familial tendency

cleavage stages

embryo adheres to surface of uterus

1-2 weeks after fertilization

embryo may not be as susceptible as from week 2-12

functional matrix hypothesis

emphasized the plasticity of development and growth of the craniofacial skeleton

homeobox genes

encode important transcription factors that specify cell fate and identify the embryonic patter along the primary and secondary axes

20th week

endochondral bone has replaced cartilage

cleft lip/palate

environmental risk factors: -maternal smoking (inconsistent) -maternal drinking -maternal epilepsy -benzodiazepines -corticosteroids -organic solvents/pesticides

ectoderm

epidermis, hair, nails

cartilage in the adult skeleton

epiglottis - flap keeping food out of the lungs

elastic cartilage

epiglottis, larynx, and outer ear

children

epiphyseal growth plate (disc of hyaline cartilage that grows to lengthen the bone)

endochondral ossification

epiphyseal growth plates close at the end of adolescence -diaphysis and epiphysis fuse -no more bone lengthening

long bone

epiphyseal line in adults

long bone

epiphyses at the ends

ectoderm

epithelium of sinuses, oral and nasal cavities, intraoral glands

face

essentially formed by 7th week

endochondral ossification

ethmoid

pneumatized bones

ethmoid

1st groove and pouch

external auditory meatus

cartilage in the adult skeleton

external ear

pharyngeal arch 2

facial expression: -buccinator -auricularis -frontalis -platysma -orbicularis oris -orbicularis oculi

opitz syndrome

failure of brain growth to bring eyes closer

cleft lip/palate

failure of medial nasal process and maxillary process to fuse unilaterally/bilaterally

midline cleft

failure of medial nasal processes to fuse

face at 6 weeks

failure to fuse causes cleft lip

embryonic stage

fertilization and about 4-8 weeks postfertilization

cleavage stages

fertilization of the egg by the sperm and the union of the nuclei

one sperm

fertilizes the egg

mesenchyme

fibroblasts come from...

appositional growth

fibroblasts of the cellular layer of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts that produce matrix and become chondrocytes when embedded in matrix

fibroblast

fibrocytes come from...

meiosis

first division: DNA replicated and diploid cells produced

epiglottis

flap keeping food out of the lungs

hyaline cartilage

flexible and resilient

nasal and primary palate

floor of nostril fuses front to back

mechanism of action of mandibular growth in the servosystem theory

focused on hormone related cartilage growth of the mandibular condyle

servosystem theory

focused on the nature of cartilage growth in the craniofacial complex, particularly the secondary cartilage of the mandibular condyle

spina bifida

folate (B9) deficiency

rostral fold

folding of the embryo

pharyngeal arch 2

foramen cecum

somites

form muscle sheets of mesoderm between GI tube and neural tube

osteogenesis

formation of bone

neural tube

formed from neural fold (ectoderm)

heart

forms about the same time that the face is forming

maxillary process

forms both sides of upper lip

medial nasal process

forms central portion of nose and philtrum

hyaline cartilage

forms costal cartilages of the ribs

intramembranous ossification

forms directly from mesenchyme (not modeled first in cartilage)

heart

forms in area near head

infolding of ectodermal tissue

forms lingual sulcus

mandibular process

forms lower lip and chin

hyaline cartilage

forms most of the embryonic skeleton

lateral nasal process

forms side of nose

development of tongue

from 1, 2, and 3 pharyngeal arches

osteogenesis

from osteoblasts

membranous bone

frontal

pharyngeal arch 2

frontalis

bones

function: -support -movement -protection -mineral storage -blood cell formation and energy storage

melvin moss

functional matrix hypothesis on ________'s work

38 day old embryo

fusion of various facial processes is complete

homeobox genes

genes are responsible for the genetic initiation, regulation, and coordination of craniofacial growth and development

pharyngeal arch 3

greater horn and lower portion of body of hyoid bone

maxillary process

green

microskeletal units

growth in size and shape is associated with transformation from an embryonic cell type to an osteoblast-osteocyte associated with periosteal deposition

sutural theory

growth of the cranial vault is caused by the intrinsic pattern of expansive proliferative growth by sutural connective tissue that forces the bones of the vault away from each other

functional matrix theory

growth of the face occurs as a response to functional needs and is mediated by the soft tissue in which the jaws are embedded

remodeling theory

growth of the jaws is characterized by deposition of bone at the posterior surfaces of the maxilla and mandible Hunterian growth

remodeling theory

growth of the jaws takes place principally via deposition of bone on the posterior surface of the maxillary complex and mandibular ramus

sutural theory

growth of the midface takes place via intrinsically determined sutural expansion of the circummaxillary suture system, which forces the midface downward and forward

nasal septum theory

growth of the nasal septal cartilage pushes the midface downward and forward relative to the anterior cranial base

sex hormones

growth spurt at adolescence and closure of epiphyses

development of tongue pharyngeal arch 2

gustatory innervation by CN VII

haploid cells

has half the number of chromosomes and one sex chromosome

hyaline cartilage

has resilient cushioning properties

flat bone

have bone marrow but no marrow cavity

compact bone

haversian canals

one sperm

head will swell and become a distinct nucleus

22 day old embryo

head with beginning of forebrain

mesenchyme

hematopoietic stem cells come from...

functional matrix hypothesis

heredity and genes initiate the process of development but do NOT play a continuing role in the growth of the craniofacial skeleton

elastic cartilage

highly bendable

midline cleft

holoprosencephaly

long bone

humerus

pharyngeal arch 2

hyoid

cleft lip/palate

if both parents affected = 25-38% of children will have CL/CP

fertilization - 4 weeks postfertilization

if disturbances are severe, embryo is lost

cleft lip/palate

if parent is affected = 2-18% of children will have CL/CP

sutural theory

importance of cartilaginous structures and skeletal joints in the development and postnatal growth of bones

spina bifida

incomplete closure of neural tube

treacher collins

incomplete formation of facial bones

remodeling theory

increase in the size of the cranial vault occurs by adding bone via periosteal deposition on the outer, ectocranial surface and resorption of bone on the inner, endocranial surface of the vault

sutural theory

increase in the size of the cranial vault takes place via primary growth of bone at the sutures, which forces the bones of the vault away from each other

embryo

increase in weight is exponential until birth

parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium some of this comes out of bone

vitamin D

increases calcium from gut

pharyngeal arch 1

incus

pharyngeal arch 3

inferior parathyroid

skeleton

initially mostly cartilage

hormonal factors

initiator of mandibular growth in the servosystem

occlusal deviation due to anterior growth of the midface

initiator of mandibular growth in the servosystem theory

development of tongue more caudal area

innervation by CN XII

development of tongue

innervation from V, VII, IX, X and XII

pharyngeal arch 3

internal carotid

cartilage in the adult skeleton

intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage

intervertebral discs

meckel's cartilage

intramembranous ossification

development of tongue more caudal area

intrinsic muscles

pharyngeal arch 4-6

intrinsic muscles of larynx

fibrocartilage

knee menisci and annulus fibrous of intervertebral discs

opitz syndrome

lack of nasal development

hyaline cartilage

lacuna - cavity in matrix holding chondrocyte

compact bone

lamellae: concentric tubes

pharyngeal arch 4-6

laryngeal cartilages

lateral plate mesoderm

laryngeals

cartilage in the adult skeleton

larynx - voice box

face at 6 weeks

lateral brain growth brings eyes closer together

development of tongue pharyngeal arch 1

lateral lingual swellings

facial formation

lateral nasal process fused to maxillary process

pharyngeal arch 1

lateral pterygoid

tissue differentiation

layers of ectoderm and endoderm form

cranial growht

leg buds starting to protrude

embryo

length increases before weight

pharyngeal arch 2

less horn and upper portion of body of hyoid bone

pharyngeal arch 4-6

levator palatine

sutures and cartilages

locations of centers of bone growth at which the inherited pattern of craniofacial from and facial type was expressed

connective tissue proper

loose and dense connective tissue come from...

one sperm

loses its tail

3rd cartilage arch

lower part of the body and greater horns of the hyoid bone

endoderm

lungs

elastic cartilage

maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

red bone marrow

makes blood

cleft lip/palate

male > female

ectoderm

mammary and cutaneous glands

1st cartilage arch

mandible

membranous bone

mandible

pharyngeal arch 1

mandible malieus

pharyngeal arch 1

mandibular (maxillary and mandibular processes)

pharyngeal arch 1

mandibular arch grows toward midline and fuses

sutural theory

mandibular growth takes place via intrinsically determined growth of the cartilage of the mandibular condyle, which pushes the mandible downward and forward

pharyngeal arch 1

mastication: -temporal -masseter -medial pterygoid -lateral pterygoid

fibrocartilage

matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage

elastic cartilage

matrix with elastic as well as collagen fibers

membranous bone

maxilla

pharyngeal arch 1

maxilla

branchial arch 1

maxilla and mandible

face at 6 weeks

maxillary and medial nasal processes fuse to form lip

pharyngeal arch 1

maxillary process forms from mandibular arch

1st cartilage arch

meckel's

face at 5 weeks

medial and lateral nasal processes form

facial formation

medial nasal process fusing to maxillary process

nasal and primary palate

medial nasal processes and maxillary processes fuse externally

facial formation

medial nasal processes fusing to each other

pharyngeal arch 1

medial pterygoid

development of the tongue

mesenchyme proliferates and swellings grow

somatomeres

mesoderm units in head and neck region that turn into muscles

hemifacial microsomia

midline structures (palate) not affected as much as distal structures

chemical composition of bones

mineral crystals (inorganic: 65%)

endochondral ossification

modeled in hyaline cartilage then replaced by bone tissue

endochondral ossification

modeled in hyaline cartilage, gradually replaced by bone

growth hormone

modulate bone growth

thyroid hormone

modulate bone growth

cleft lip/palate

more common on left side

cartilage

more prevalent in the embryo than in an adult

intramembranous ossification

most skull bones except a few at the base

CN XII

motor

nasal septum theory

nasal septum is most active and important for craniofacial skeletal growth late prenatally and early postnatally, through approximately 3-4 years of age in humans

functional matrix hypothesis

neither bone nor cartilage determines growth; the control lies in the adjacent soft tissues

spinal cord closing

nerve cells are apparent

ectoderm

nervous system

22 day old embryo

neural tube closing over torso - skin on outside

meckel's cartilage

no contribution to bone development

cleft lip

no extraordinary orthodontic needs

cartilage in the adult skeleton

nose

early chordates

notochord and gill slits

fertilization

nucleus of sperm and nucleus of egg move toward each other, touch, and unite

compact bone

nutrients diffuse from vessels in central canal

2nd, 3rd, and 4th grooves

obliterated by overgrowth of the second arch forming a cervical sinus

palatal fusion

occurs from front to back

periosteum inner (deep) cellular osteogenic layer

on the compact bone containing osteoprogenitor cells

spina bifida

one form is hydrocephalus

calcitonin

opposes parathyroid hormone

medial nasal process

orange

medial nasal process

orange - inside

lateral nasal process

orange - outside

pharyngeal arch 2

orbicularis oculi

pharyngeal arch 2

orbicularis oris

acrosome

organelle protecting head of sperm

acrosome

organelle responsible for allowing the sperm to penetrate the egg and cause fertilization

capsular matrix

organs and spaces that occupy a broader anatomical complex such as the brain, globes of the eyes, nasopharynx, and oropharynx

osteocyte

osseous (bone) comes from...

intramembranous ossification 2.

osteoblasts being to secrete osteoid, which is mineralized within a few days

mesenchyme

osteoblasts come from...

endochondral ossification

osteoblasts in periosteum lay down a collar of bone around the diaphysis

compact bone

osteocytes

osteoblast

osteocytes come from...

endosteum

osteogenic

compact bone

osteons: pillars

ultimobranchial body

outpocketing of the fourth pharyngeal pouch that fuses with the thyroid diverticulum

ovulation

ovarian follicale bursts -> egg is released -> fallopian tubes "catch" egg and propel it forward -> egg enveloped in nutrient cells

somites

paired blocks of mesoderm just lateral to the notochord of a vertebrate embryo

somites

paired segments of tissue next to the neural tube

endoderm

pancreas

membranous bone

parietal

paraxial mesoderm

parietal

flat bone

parietal bone

pharyngeal arch 1

part of temporal bone

branchial arch 1

parts of ear

branchial arch 1

parts of teeth

branchial arch 3

parts of the hyoid

sesamoid bone

patella

servosystem theory

perception of the occlusal deviation by proprioceptors triggers the protruder muscles of the mandible to become more active to reposition the mandible anteriorly

Sharpey's fibers

perforating fibers that secure periosteum to bone

endochondral ossification

perichondrium is invaded by vessels and becomes periosteum

remodeling theory

periosteal bone remodeling being under strong local influences by the functional environment, and not under intrinsic, hereditary controll

development of the tongue

pharyngeal arches meet in midline beneath the stomodeum

1st groove and pouch

pharyngotympani tube (eustachian)

meckel's cartilage

physically close

neural crest cells

pigment cells

osteon

pillars

pharyngeal arch 2

platysma

treacher collins

possible increases apoptosis

CN IX

posterior 1/3 of tongue

branchial arch 2

posterior belly of digastric

pharyngeal arch 2

posterior belly of digastric

membranous bone

posterior portion of occipital

monocytes

precursor cells of osteoclasts

pre-osteoclasts

precursor cells of osteoclasts

pharyngeal arch 1

premaxilla

fertilization - 4 weeks postfertilization

primarily cellular proliferation and migration

4-8 weeks postfertilization

primarily differentiation of all major external and internal structures morphodifferentiation

fetal stage

primarily growth and maturation

capsular matrix

primary growth results in a stimulus for secondary growth of the sutures and synchondroses, leading to overall enlargement of the neurocranium

calcium phosphate

primary inorganic material in bone

endochondral ossification

primary ossification centers

22 day old embryo

primitive heart

stomatodeum

primitive oral cavity

midline cleft

probably failure of brain to form properly

palatal fusion

process required: -growth of tissue required -fusion and breakdown of epithelium -ingrowth of connective tissue & capillaries -bone development

fibroblasts

progenitor cells for connective tissue

apoptosis

programmed cell death

cartilage in the adult skeleton

pubic symphysis

fibrocartilage

pubic symphysis

homeobox genes

regulation of normal and abnormal craniofacial growth and development is dependent on a cascade of overlapping activity from these

2nd cartilage arch

reichert's: -bony process -stylohyoid ligament -upper part of the body and lesser horns of the hyoid bone

calcium and phosphorus

released as ions into blood as needed

bone

replaces cartilage during growth and development

fibrocartilage

resists compression and tension

hyaline cartilage

resists compressive stress

water in cartilage

responsible for the resilience

gametes

result of meiosis

nasal septum theory

results in a separation of the midfacial suture system, which then fills in via secondary, compensatory sutural bone growth

lack of infolding of ectodermal tissue

results in forms of ankyloses of tongue

John Hunter and others

revealed the nature of bone growth in general

bone protection

rib cage - thoracic organs

fibrocartilage

row of thick collagen fibers alternating with rows of chondrocytes (in matrix)

meiosis

second division: DNA not replicated and haploid cells produced

pharyngeal grooves

second pouch overgrows the other grooves to form the external covering of the neck

endochondral ossification

secondary ossification in the epiphyses

periosteum

secured to bone by perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers)

intramembranous ossification 1.

selected centrally located mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center

CN V

sensory

CN IX

sensory and taste

neural crest cells

sensory ganglia

development of tongue pharyngeal arch 3

sensory innervation of mucosa by CN IX

development of tongue pharyngeal arch 4

sensory innervation of mucosa by CN X

ectoderm

sensory portion of eye, ear, nose

buccopharyngeal membrane

separates the stomatodeum (primitive mouth) and the foregut

implantation of blastocoele

separation into inner embryonic cell mass and outer covering

intramembranous ossification

sesmoid bones

cleft lip

severity: -notched lip -into nostril -through various portions of palate

cleft palate

severity: -primary -secondary -soft palate only -uvula only -submucous

meiosis

sex cells (gametes) production

tubular diaphysis

shaft of long bone

elastic cartilage

similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix

susceptibility

since body portions form at different times, it's temporal

bone protection

skull - brain

chemical composition of bones

small amount of water

functional matrix theory

soft tissues grow, and both both and cartilage react to this control mechanism

fertilization - 4 weeks postfertilization

some differentiation

endochondral ossification

sphenoid

pharyngeal arch 1

sphenomandibular ligament

cranial growth

spine closes

intramembranous ossification 4.

spongy bone (diploe), consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow

diploe

spongy bone in flat bone

endochondral ossification

stage 4 is just before birth

endochondral ossification

stage 5 is the process of long bone growth during childhood and adolescence

endochondral ossification

stages 1-3 during fetal week 9 through the 9th month

branchial arch 2

stapedial artery

pharyngeal arch 2

stapedial artery

pharyngeal arch 2

stapedius

pharyngeal arch 2

stapes

development of the tongue

starts about 4 weeks in utero

osteoprogenitor cells

stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts

face at 4 weeks

stomodeum to GI tract opens

yellow bone marrow

stores fat

pharyngeal arch 2

stylohyoid

pharyngeal arch 2

stylohyoid ligament

reichert's

stylohyoid ligament

pharyngeal arch 2

styloid process

pharyngeal arch 3

stylopharyngeus

macroskeletal units

such as neurocranium and maxillo-mandibular complex, translational growth of associated skeletal structures

pharyngeal arch 4

superior laryngeal branch

pharyngeal arch 4

superior parathyroid

functional matrix hypothesis

supported consideration of the use of dentofacial orthopedic techniques to correct a developing malocclusion or facial deformity

hyaline cartilage

supports and reinforces

elastic cartilage

supports the external ear (pinna), epiglottis

facial growth

surface remodeling of a bone in the opposite direction to that in which it is being translated by growth of adjacent structures creates a situation analogous to a wall being rebuilt to move it backward at the same time the platform on which it is mounted is being moved forward

remodeling theory

sutures and cartilages play no role in the growth of the craniofacial complex

nasal septum theory

sutures play little or no direct role in the growth of the craniofacial skeleton but are secondary/compensatory sites of bone formation and growth

neural crest cells

sympathetic neurons

servosystem theory

the growth of the mandibular condyle is highly adaptive and responsive to both extrinsic systemic factors and local biomechanical and functional factors

development of tongue pharyngeal arch 1

tactile innvervation by CN V of mucosa

CN VII

taste

membranous bone

temporal

pharyngeal arch 1

temporal

fibrocartilage

tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

pharyngeal arch 1

tensor palatine

pharyngeal arch 1

tensor tympani

hemifacial microsomia

the farther the cells have to migrate, the more the damage is seen

36 day old embryo

the fusion of various facial processes

servosystem theory

the hormonally regulated growth of the midface and anterior cranial base provides a constantly changing reference input via the occlusion

servosystem theory

the muscle activity and the protrusion in the presence of appropriate hormonal factors stimulate growth at the mandibular condyle

servosystem theory

the rate-limited effect of this midfacial growth on the growth of the mandible

endochondral ossification

the rest of the skeleton

development of tongue pharyngeal arch 1

tuberculum impar

long bone

tubular diaphysis or shaft

face at 6 weeks

two medial nasal processes form intermaxillary portion of lip (philtrum)

meiosis

two sets of cell division

secondary (growth) cartilages

the symphyseal cartilage

fibrocartilage

thick collagen fibers predominate

pharyngeal arch 4

thymus

pharyngeal arch 4-6

thyroid

alizarin red

timing of dental mineralization

goal of early orthodontists

to place teeth in the most harmonious position possible for a given facial type, thus compensating for an unchangeable facial form

ossification

to turn into bone

ectoderm

tooth enamel

intramembranous ossification 4.

trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, forming a woven bone collar that is later replaced with mature lamellar bone

rhombomeres

transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube

intramembranous ossification 2.

trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes

implantation of blastocoele

trophoblast layer produces enzymes to break down uterine wall - day 6

odontogenic epithelium

white bars

egg

x chromosome

sperm

x or y chromosome

lateral nasal process

yellow

tissue differentiation

yolk sac forms and provides food source until capillaries form

pharyngeal arch 1

zygomatic bone

day 6

zygote attach to the uterine wall


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