Dames Anthro 112 Final

__________ may occur when one dominant group in a complex society imposes its cultural beliefs on subordinate ethnic groups. For example, the dominant ethnic group in the U.S. during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (the white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants) was able to impose its language, cultural beliefs, and practices on other minority groups in U.S. society. A. Correct Cultural hegemony B. Cultural chaos C. Multiculturalism D. Ethnic superiority E. Mores strife

A. Correct Cultural hegemony

When a scientist begins with a general theory from which testable hypotheses are developed, he or she is said to be using the __________ method. A. Correct deductive B. paradigm C. inductive D. hypothesis

A. Correct deductive

The Nacirema, according to "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema," live in: A. North America B. Mexico C. West Africa D. New Guinea E. Antarctica

A. North America

The earliest stone tools, which have been found in south and east Africa, are called __________ tools. A. Oldowan B. Acheulian C. Mousterian D. composite

A. Oldowan

One of Boas' principal criticisms of nineteenth century anthropologists was that: A. Their theories were based on "armchair anthropology" and not their own fieldwork. B. There was too much cultural relativism in their interpretations. C. They failed to assign adequate importance to biological effects on culture. D. All of the above

A. Their theories were based on "armchair anthropology" and not their own fieldwork.

The principal criticism of nineteenth-century theories of "unilineal evolution" is: A. They were ethnocentric, holding that Western society was superior to all others. B. They relied too heavily upon biblical teachings. C. They were based on inadequate knowledge of the fossil record. D. They neglected the civilizations of ancient China and India. E. All of the above

A. They were ethnocentric, holding that Western society was superior to all others.

Cross-cultural studies: A. allow anthropologists to make distinctions between behaviors that are culture specific and those that are universal make it possible for anthropologists to determine if a social trait is biologically inherited or culturally derived B. are not used anymore by anthropologists; this older methodology has been shown to produce false results due to time and geographic lag C. cannot be conducted today because there has been too much D. migration from one culture to another due to modern transportation E. None of the above

A. allow anthropologists to make distinctions between behaviors that are culture specific and those that are universal

An important component of social structure is status, or the recognized position that a person occupies within society. Societies recognize two kinds of status, one attached to a person from birth called_______status and the other based on a person's specific actions called______status. A. ascribed / achieved B. natal / gained C. birth / adult D. born / won

A. ascribed / achieved

Among the Yanomamö, the village headman leads: A. by example and persuasion rather than coercion B. with authority backed by loyal warriors C. through the exaction of tribute from subjugated villages D. via a bureaucratic elite comprised of his wives and kinsmen

A. by example and persuasion rather than coercion

__________ may occur when one dominant group in a complex society imposes its cultural beliefs on subordinate ethnic groups. For example, the dominant ethnic group in the U.S. during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (the white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants) was able to impose its language, cultural beliefs, and practices on other minority groups in U.S. society. A. cultural hegemony B. cultural chaos C. multiculturalism D. ethnic superiority

A. cultural hegemony

To combat the problem of ethnocentrism, twentieth-century anthropologists developed the concept of __________. A. cultural relativism B. cultural primacy C. cultural symbolism D. cultural hegemony

A. cultural relativism

To combat the problem of ethnocentrism, twentieth-century anthropologists developed the concept of __________. A. cultural relativism B. cultural primacy C. cultural symbolism D. cultural hegemony

A. cultural relativism

Functionalist anthropologists have suggested that incest taboos originated in order to: A. encourage alliances and cooperation between descent groups B. avoid the serious consequences of genetic interbreeding C. strengthen the role of patrilineal descent groups D. regulate and limit sexual behavior within small communities

A. encourage alliances and cooperation between descent groups

Dependency theory states that global economic inequality results from: A. exploitation of Third World countries by First World countries B. the persistence of traditionalism in preindustrial societies C. exclusion from international trade agreements D. lack of education, which prevents modernization

A. exploitation of Third World countries by First World countries

The view that society consists of institutions that serve vital purposes for its people is known as: A. functionalism B. structuralism C. servitude D. utilitarianism

A. functionalism

Conducting unstructured and structured interviews, talking with key informants, making naturalistic observations, engaging in participant observation, and collecting quantitative and qualitative data are all parts of a research design __________. A. in ethnographic fieldwork B. that attempts to uncover ecofacts that influence cultures C. of sociologists but not anthropologists D. to avoid getting culture shock

A. in ethnographic fieldwork

It has been suggested that the status of women in tribal societies: A. is related to how much they contribute to the subsistence activities of the group B. is correlated with the fact that they are the physically weaker sex and are easily exploited C. increases when they are menstruating D. is determined by age

A. is related to how much they contribute to the subsistence activities of the group

The transition from foraging to food production: A. leads to higher mortality rates, poorer sanitation, and decreased life expectancies B. is always accompanied by an immediate decrease in population density C. was accomplished in one area of the world, and then diffused to other areas D. caused mortality to decline, populations to increase in size, and life expectancy to increase

A. leads to higher mortality rates, poorer sanitation, and decreased life expectancies

The __________________ model of hominid evolution suggests that the gradual evolution of Homo erectus into modern human (Homo sapiens) populations took place in different regions of the Old World, not in one area of the world. A.multiregional B. replacement C. "Garden of Eden" D. "Eve Hypothesis"

A. multiregional

In many agricultural states, women were restricted to domestic activities while men were permitted to engage in public (outside) endeavors. Women were often not allowed to own property, engage in politics, or pursue educational goals. These restrictions were reflected in a number of cultural practices such as: A. purdah and foot binding B. caste system C. idiographic mediation D. dowry and bride wealth E. samurai and shogun

A. purdah and foot binding

Attempts by indigenous peoples to reinstitute traditional cultural values and beliefs are known as: A. revitalization movements B. cultural adaptations C. cultural revolutions D. enculturations

A. revitalization movements

A form of tribal political organization found, for example, among the Nuer and Bedouins, based on multiple descent groups (often patrilineages) that are interrelated and serve certain political functions is known as a: A. segmentary lineage system B. fragmented descent pattern C. maximal moiety system D. divided descent group configuration clan

A. segmentary lineage system

A form of tribal political organization found, for example, among the Nuer and Bedouins, based on multiple descent groups (often patrilineages) that are interrelated and serve certain political functions is known as a: A. segmentary lineage system B. fragmented descent pattern C. maximal moiety system D. divided descent group configuration E. clan

A. segmentary lineage system

Among many tribal societies, sorcery provides a way of explaining: A. severe illnesses and the spread of disease B. movements of the sun, moon, and planets C. the process of pregnancy and childbirth D. relationships between patrilineal descent groups

A. severe illnesses and the spread of disease

In tribal societies, disputes and conflicts are usually resolved by: A. skilled individuals who function as mediators or negotiators B. formal judgments passed by a tribal council C. aggressive and violent behavior, often resulting in death D. participation in games of chance

A. skilled individuals who function as mediators or negotiators

According to the author of your textbook, the major goal(s) of anthropology is/are: A. to understand diversities and similarities among human societies, both past and present B. to study differences between distinct races of mankind and discover why some are superior to others C. to rescue indigenous cultures from extinction D. to explain the relationships between the actions of an individual and the behavior of a group

A. to understand diversities and similarities among human societies, both past and present

According to White's theory of the evolution of sociocultural systems, the most highly evolved culture would be one: A. using nuclear energy to generate electricity B. dependent upon animals to pull plows C. with industries powered by coal and steam D. based on the use of human labor alone

A. using nuclear energy to generate electricity

One of the principal beliefs of the Ghost Dance movement was that: A. white people would go away B. indigenous people would go to battle against ghosts C. the world would come to an end D. Hawaii would be ruled again by traditional chiefdoms

A. white people would go away

Chiefdoms and agricultural states are classified as ________ because they provide little opportunity for social mobility. Industrial states, on the other hand, are considered ________ because social status can be achieved through individual effort. A. oppressive / free B. hierarchical / egalitarian C. closed societies / open societies D. caste cultures / kindred cultures E. sedentary societies / nomadic societies

D. closed societies / open societies

The process by which an individual learns how to behave within a particular society is known as: A. cognition B. cultural relativism C. cultural adaptation D. enculturation

D. enculturation

A system of symbols with standard meanings is a __________. A. society B. phonology C. syntax D. language E. semantic

D. language

Individuals who are born with variations or traits that make them better able to compete in the struggle for life are the ones that survive and pass on traits to their offspring. This process is called: A. random choice B. spontaneous preference C. organic change D. natural selection E. biotic metamorphosis

D. natural selection

As reported in "Being Indigenous in the 21st Century," after 30 years of advocacy by indigenous peoples, in 2008: A. the U.S. government made reparation payments for land taken from Native Americans. B. Native American contributions during World War II were recognized with Medals of Honor. C. tribal treaties from the nineteenth century were recognized by the U.S. government. D. the United Nations passed a declaration supporting their distinct human rights.

D. the United Nations passed a declaration supporting their distinct human rights.

As explained in "Shamanism," shamans and shamanisms are found A. primarily in Asia. B. mostly in Africa. C. only in South America and Siberia. D. virtually throughout the entire world.

D. virtually throughout the entire world.

Among the Azande of East Africa, crop failures were typically attributed to: A. menstruating women B. poor leadership C. celestial events D. witchcraft

D. witchcraft

According to dependency theory, self-sustained growth requires the consistent reinvestment of savings and capital into modern technology. True False

False

All human societies share the same basic values. True False

False

Mbuti Pygmies have adapted well to a lifestyle based on mining and farming. True False

False

By far, the major characteristic that identifies hominids as a distinct group is: A. tool use B. Correct bipedalism C. large brain size D. meat eating

B. Correct bipedalism

__________ is credited with providing us with the first, detailed definition of culture, "...that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." A. Leslie White B. E.B. Tylor C. Clifford Geertz D. Marvin Harris

B. E.B. Tylor

Monogamy is the primary form of marriage in most agricultural states. The probable reason this pattern is so prevalent is: A. Most agricultural states have laws against polygamous marriages of any kind because they disrupt the normal flow of the agricultural cycle. B. In agricultural societies, where land is a scarce commodity, peasants cannot afford the luxury of polygyny. C. Polygyny is impossible because there are fewer women than men in agricultural states. D. Most peasants can only afford to accumulate enough wealth for one dowry.

B. In agricultural societies, where land is a scarce commodity, peasants cannot afford the luxury of polygyny.

Even though all humans have approximately the same set of special senses for perceiving reality (eyes, ears, noses), not all of the sensations in the environment reach our consciousness in the same way since each language filters out different parts of reality. Each language provides the speaker with a built-in filter that heightens, dims, or eliminates certain perceptions, thus determining how we perceive reality. This thesis is called the: A. Chomsky Theory B. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis C. Filter Theory D. Sieve Theory E. Linguistic Strainer Hypothesis

B. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

According to the article "How Language Shapes Thought," which of the following is true? A. Thought influences language B. Thought and language influence each other. C. We do not yet know enough to draw any conclusions with respect to the relative influences of language and thought. D. All of the above E. None of the above

B. Thought and language influence each other.

As suggested in "The Berdache Tradition," a typical role for the berdache is that of A. a mystic B. a mediator C. an entertainer D. a healer E. all of the above

B. a mediator

The author of "Arranging a Marriage in India" speculates that the practice of arranged marriages has resulted in young Indian women A. resenting their parents' influence on their lives. B. becoming self-confident and charming since they did not have to worry about their popularity with the opposite sex. C. becoming shy and hesitant in social interactions. D. seeking to marry men from other cultures to avoid arranged marriages. E. All of the above

B. becoming self-confident and charming since they did not have to worry about their popularity with the opposite sex.

A few tribal societies practice what is called __________, in which relatives are traced through both maternal and paternal sides of the family simultaneously. A. unilineal descent B. bilateral descent C. patri-matri descent D. two lines of descent E. ambilineal descent

B. bilateral descent

The gorilla named "Koko" was able to: A. speak and communicate by using over 100 English words learn to program a computer using the computer language called FORTRAN B. communicate using about 170 signs from American Sign Language (ASL) C. write her own name and verbally communicate her needs to humans D. learn how to drive a car and fly an airplane

B. communicate using about 170 signs from American Sign Language (ASL)

Among the functions of bridewealth is: A. guaranteeing that a woman will be considered personal property B. compensation to her family for the loss of a woman's labor C. freeing the husband of any responsibilities to the bride's kin group D. paying for the costs of an elaborate wedding

B. compensation to her family for the loss of a woman's labor

The fossil "Lucy" is most similar to modern chimpanzees with respect to: A. the ability to walk upright B. cranial capacity C. amount of body hair D. body size

B. cranial capacity

Dependency theorists suggest that multinational corporations are just a new form of neocolonialism aimed at supplying the Western world with natural resources and cheap labor. These corporations, rather than helping the populace, actually intensify many of the problems of Third World countries by: A. making it possible to get cheap food and adequate housing B. creating benefits for a wealthy elite and a small middle class while allowing the vast majority of the population to remain in poverty C. establishing a strong lower class that eventually overthrows the ruling elite in the country D. showing the people all of the riches, modern conveniences, and lifestyles that the majority of the population cannot ever possess

B. creating benefits for a wealthy elite and a small middle class while allowing the vast majority of the population to remain in poverty

"Fission" and "fusion" in hunting and gathering societies refer to: A. hazards of contacts with the industrialized world B. cyclical change in population density relative to resources C. decision-making processes used by tribal leaders D. the dynamics of wild plant resources

B. cyclical change in population density relative to resources

The neo-evolutionists' perspective differed from the nineteenth-century evolutionists' ideas in a number of ways. The neo-evolutionists: A. assumed a unilineal direction for society from savagery to barbarism to civilization B. did not assume that sociocultural evolution toward complexity was always equated with progress C. were ethnocentric and racist in their approach to understanding cultural evolution and complexity D. assumed that civilization was the pinnacle of sociocultural development

B. did not assume that sociocultural evolution toward complexity was always equated with progress

Bridewealth occurs frequently in horticultural societies, whereas goods and wealth paid by the bride's family to the groom's family is most common in agricultural states. This type of marital exchange is known as the: A. quick fix B. dowry C. groomwealth D. rombat E. moiety

B. dowry

Marginal environments often sustain hunting and gathering societies where agricultural societies cannot exist because: A. the resource and energy demands of agricultural societies are low B. foraging societies have lower resource and energy requirements C. marginal environments have always sustained large populations of foragers D. most agricultural societies have become industrialized

B. foraging societies have lower resource and energy requirements

According to Malinowski, magic __________. A. has a basis in the existence of supernatural powers in all cultures B. functions to relieve the anxieties of individuals C. only works when it has the full participation of a given society E. has no useful purpose for thinking people

B. functions to relieve the anxieties of individuals

A society __________. A. is the same thing as a culture B. generally refers to a particular group of animals living and interacting within a definite territory C. is a grouping unique to humans D. is defined as a shared way of life that includes values, beliefs, and norms

B. generally refers to a particular group of animals living and interacting within a definite territory

The human capacity for culture is: A. learned after birth B. genetically programmed C. weaker than for instinctual behavior D. severly limited

B. genetically programmed

Scientific attempts to teach apes to speak human languages: A. have been extremely successful, especially with chimpanzees B. have not been made because of the differences in the vocal tract and location of the pharynx C. have shown that chimpanzees learn to speak Spanish easier than English D. have been so successful with chimpanzees and gorillas that researchers are now teaching orangutans to speak E. have made it possible for gorillas to communicate with chimpanzees

B. have not been made because of the differences in the vocal tract and location of the pharynx

Nineteenth century theories of "unilineal evolution" proposed that: A. modern humans were descended from ape-like creatures B. human existence is characterized by continuous progress towards civilization C. Egypt was the source of all civilizations the Bible was the best reference on the human past D. All of the above

B. human existence is characterized by continuous progress towards civilization

Fixed, complex, genetically based, unlearned behaviors are referred to as: A. phobias B. instincts C. habits D. cultures

B. instincts

One of the principal criticisms of the culture-and-personality school is that: A. there is no evidence for a biological link between culture and personality B. it tends to assume greater uniformity in personality than actually exists in society C. the investigation of personality should be done by psychologists, not anthropologists D. individual behavior is more important than the behavior of a whole society

B. it tends to assume greater uniformity in personality than actually exists in society

As noted in "Death Without Weeping," the high infant-mortality rate in Brazil A. is due to abusive fathers B. leads to changing patterns of maternal nurturing C. is related to climate conditions D. is consistent throughout the country

B. leads to changing patterns of maternal nurturing

In order for an item to be cultural, it must be __________. A. unchanging, fixed, or static B. learned and commonly shared among individuals C. independent of environmental influences D. dependent upon the environment of the society

B. learned and commonly shared among individuals

With respect to erotic behavior, berdaches A. generally take on the masculine role in their relationships with other men. B. may become the wife of a man. C. are always asexual. D. usually become the "wife" of a woman. E. None of the above

B. may become the wife of a man.

In the traditional society of the Mbuti pygmies of the Ituri rainforest, hunting is undertaken by: A. the older men of the village B. men, youths, women, and children C. boys who have undergone sacred puberty rites D. adult women of the hunting clans

B. men, youths, women, and children

One of the principal criticisms of dependency theory is that it: A. overestimates the dependency of First World nations on Third World labor B. neglects internal conditions of Third World countries that inhibit economic development C. implies that the Third World has benefited from relations with the First World D. supports the activities of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund

B. neglects internal conditions of Third World countries that inhibit economic development

As noted in "The Price of Progress," anthropological research of culture change and modernization has yielded the fact that economic_______progress: A. lowers population. B. often results in poverty. C. inevitably raises standards of living. D. has little real effect on the way people live.

B. often results in poverty.

According to "Why Can't People Feed Themselves?" the hunger problem in the world today is due to overpopulation. A. overpopulation. B. ongoing historical processes. C. poor use of land resources. D. communism.

B. ongoing historical processes.

A unit of sound that distinguishes meaning in a particular language is a __________. A. romback B. phoneme C. morpheme D. syntax E. semantic

B. phoneme

Nancy Scheper-Hughes ("Death Without Weeping") found mother love in Northeast Brazil A. provided unconditionally to all children. B. selectively provided to those children that showed a will to live. C. provided primarily to the children who were the weakest and most likely to die. D. to be non-existent.

B. selectively provided to those children that showed a will to live.

As recounted in "Being Indigenous in the 21st Century," the Stolen Generation report concerned aboriginal children of Australia who were forcibly removed from their families and A. adopted into white families. B. sent to boarding schools. C. resettled in Canada. D. incarcerated in juvenile-detention centers.

B. sent to boarding schools.

Cross-cultural studies of human sexual desire have revealed that: A. in all cultures, adults seek to engage in regular sexual activity B. sexual desire and sexual activity are strongly conditioned by cultural practices C. there are universal taboos against premarital sex D. human sexual desire is greatest among people who live in the tropics

B. sexual desire and sexual activity are strongly conditioned by cultural practices

The end of the Ghost Dance movement came about as a result of: A. the assassination of King Kamehameha B. the massacre of 200 Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota C. government repression of New Guinea tribesmen in the 1970s D. the Mexican Revolution and subsequent land reform

B. the massacre of 200 Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota

Interconnected hypotheses that offer general explanations for natural or social phenomena are called: A. paradigms B. theories C. deductive methods D. inductive facts

B. theories

As reported in "Who Needs Love! In Japan, Many Couples Don't"Japanese couples divorce infrequently because A. they are not allowed to marry under tradition until they have lived together for 10 years. B. they have low expectations for marriages and because there are cultural stigmas toward divorce. C. extramarital affairs are expected because of the former need to vary the gene pools of the populations of historically isolated villages D. the court fees are typically twice the annual incomes of the spouses. E. All of the above.

B. they have low expectations for marriages and because there are cultural stigmas toward divorce.

Unilineal descent groups are lineage groups that: A. trace their ancestry to both the father's and mother's ancestors B. trace their ancestry to either the father's or the mother's ancestors C. establish a new lineage by severing ties to any ancestors D. define themselves on the basis of relations through marriage

B. trace their ancestry to either the father's or the mother's ancestors

Noam Chomsky suggests humans are born with a brain prewired to enable us to acquire languages easily. This "prewiring" is referred to as __________. A. syntax B universal grammar C. infinite model D. functional template

B. universal grammar

The term "functionalism" in anthropology refers to the notion that: A. Ethnographers are competent observers of human culture. B. Some societies are "functional" while others are "dysfunctional." C. Cultural practices function to fulfill specific needs in a given society. D. Culture is transmitted through functions like rituals and ceremonies. E. All of the above

C. Cultural practices function to fulfill specific needs in a given society.

The first hominid to take advantage of the controlled usage of fire was: A. Homo sapiens B. Australopithecus afarensis C. Homo erectus D. Homo habilis

C. Homo erectus

Fossil and archaeological evidence suggests that the first hominids to practice intentional burial of their dead were: A. modern Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens B. Homo erectus C. Neanderthals D. Homo habilis

C. Neanderthals

Native American societies of the Northwest Coast such as the Bella Coola, Haida, and Tlingit are usually categorized as chiefdoms. However, they are atypical of chiefdom societies because: A. They cultivated taro, yams, and sweet potatoes. B. They were governed by tribal councils. C. Correct They were hunters and gatherers and did not practice agriculture. D. They had no urban centers.

C. They were hunters and gatherers and did not practice agriculture.

Norms are A. prohibitions against a particular kind of behavior B. values that are accepted by every human society C. a given society's rules for right and wrong behavior D. individuals who look like the majority of people

C. a given society's rules for right and wrong behavior

Symbols are different from signs, in that symbols __________. A. are directly associated with concrete physical items B. always have an obvious meaning C. are not associated with any direct concrete item D. can usually be interpreted by non-humans

C. are not associated with any direct concrete item

Research on the "childhood familiarity hypothesis" supports the notion that: A. unrelated children raised together make good marriage partners B. children who have grown up in the same household share sexual attractions C. children living in close association with one another develop mutual sexual aversion D. unrelated adolescents who live together are likely to become erotically involved

C. children living in close association with one another develop mutual sexual aversion

Research on the "childhood familiarity hypothesis" supports the notion that: A. unrelated children raised together make good marriage partners B. children who have grown up in the same household share sexual attractions C. children living in close association with one another develop mutual sexual aversion D. unrelated adolescents who live together are likely to become erotically involved

C. children living in close association with one another develop mutual sexual aversion

According to "When Brothers Share a Wife," polyandry in Tibet A. is considered detrimental to social structure. B. is based on the need for population growth. C. consists of brothers marrying the same woman. D. causes early death for many women. E. None of the above

C. consists of brothers marrying the same woman.

The world systems theory of Immanuel Wallerstein classifies all countries within the categories of: A. dominant, predominant, and submissive B. dependent, codependent, and independent C. core, peripheral, and semiperipheral D. imperialistic, neoimperialistic, and colonial

C. core, peripheral, and semiperipheral

According to modernization theorists, the primary impediments to economic development are: A. foreign investment and exchange B. poor nutrition and health care C. cultural values and traditionalism D. international relief agencies

C. cultural values and traditionalism

A way of life shared by a group of human beings - including their language, beliefs, and things they make and use - is referred to by anthropologists as their __________. A. religion B. heritage C. culture D. environment

C. culture

Ethnographic research can be very demanding, and often ethnologists experience psychological stress that results from adjusting to the realities of a society radically different from their own. This reaction is called: A. cultural relativism B. cultural psychosis C. culture shock D. psycho-cultural trauma

C. culture shock

Nuer subsistence, like that of many other pastoral peoples: A. is based primarily on the consumption of meat products B. is based solely on cattle and pigs C. depends heavily upon the blood and milk of their animals D. is largely based on crops and foraging, with herding only contributing a small portion to the diet

C. depends heavily upon the blood and milk of their animals

A decentralized form of political economy based on landed estates in which autonomous patrons who owned the land demanded tribute from their serfs (peasants) is called: A. tributism B. a peasant state C. feudalism D. an homage state E. a segmentary state

C. feudalism

The words "boy" and "girl" are: A. bound phonemes B. bound morphemes C. free morphemes D. bound phones E. free kinesics

C. free morphemes

Compared with hunting and gathering band-level societies, tribal societies are: A. smaller and more highly mobile across broad regions B. larger, but with poorly defined territories C. larger, more sedentary, and have fairly well defined territories D. smaller, less mobile, and have less political integration

C. larger, more sedentary, and have fairly well defined territories

The discovery of gold within Yanomamö territory has led to: A. economic prosperity for certain rainforest tribes B. increased government taxation of Indian communities C. massacres of Yanomamö men, women, and children D. better definitions of reservation boundaries

C. massacres of Yanomamö men, women, and children

As reported in "The Price of Progress," the correlation between dental health and economic progress seems to be that: A. undisturbed tribal populations tend to lose their teeth while young. B. dental caries are especially prominent among Eskimos eating traditional foods. C. modernization is accompanied by declines in dental health. D. introduction of new foods strengthens teeth.

C. modernization is accompanied by declines in dental health.

According to "Arranging a Marriage in India," the prevalence of arranged marriages in India has resulted in A. higher divorce rates than in the United States. B. divorce rates similar to the those in the United States. many young Indians traveling outside India in order to make their own marriage arrangements. C. much lower divorce rates than in the United States. D. None of the above

C. much lower divorce rates than in the United States.

Individuals who cultivate land for their basic subsistence while paying tribute to a ruling elite are called: A. slaves B. peons or ladle waifs C. peasants D. laborers E. journeymen

C. peasants

One of the chief advantages of slash-and-burn cultivation is that it: A. involves a huge labor force in converting forest to agricultural fields B. can be carried out indefinitely on a single plot of land C. produces food without complex technology D. is effective in virtually any environment

C. produces food without complex technology

Anthropologists use the term "pastoralists" to refer to peoples who: A. live in sedentary villages and rely principally on farming B. are highly mobile, gathering wild plant foods from forest clearings C. rely primarily on herd animals, such as caribou, cattle, sheep, or goats D. subsist by slash-and-burn cultivation of forest lands

C. rely primarily on herd animals, such as caribou, cattle, sheep, or goats

According to "Who Needs Love! In Japan, Many Couples Don't" the divorce rate in Japan A. is the highest in the industrialized world. B. is due to incompatible spouses. C. rises as love matches rise. D. is low because of harsh property settlement laws. E. All of the above.

C. rises as love matches rise.

There are a number of different ways one can learn things. Both humans and other animals learn by trial-and-error (what is called situational learning) and by social learning. The form of learning that is uniquely human and provides the basis for the capacity for culture is known as __________. A. moment learning B. critical learning C. symbolic learning D. crux learning

C. symbolic learning

An archaeologist who wanted to understand the lifestyle and social organization of Upper Paleolithic peoples would get the most useful information by studying: A. the habits of bears, elephants, and other animals they hunted B. ethnicity in modern European populations that are descended from them C. the characteristics of modern hunting and gathering peoples D. mechanical properties of stone used for making tools

C. the characteristics of modern hunting and gathering peoples

The primary cause of the recent decline in infant mortality on the Alto do Cruzeiro has been A. women's literacy. B. the new teachings of liberation theology C. the installation of water pipes that reach almost all of the homes in the shantytown with sufficient and clean water D. the introduction of the "morning after" pill which provides an easy means of birth spacing.

C. the installation of water pipes that reach almost all of the homes in the shantytown with sufficient and clean water

The central object of Mead's study, Coming of Age in Samoa (1928), was to determine whether or not: A. kinship patterns in Samoa could be attributed to diffusion from China B. the events of World War II had an effect on traditional family structure in Samoa C. the transition from adolescence into adulthood was stressful in all societies D. maturation rates of Samoan teenagers were directly related to race and heredity

C. the transition from adolescence into adulthood was stressful in all societies

According to "When Brothers Share a Wife," in a polyandrous marriage A. the wife always shows favor to the youngest brother. B. children can tell who their real father is and address him by a special title. C. there is only one set of heirs in a generation. D. if one brother decides to leave, the wife is returned to her own family. E. All of the above

C. there is only one set of heirs in a generation.

The principal theoretical objective of modern anthropology is: A. to document differences between ethnic groups B. to study the close relationship between genetics and culture C. to provide useful explanations of human society and behavior D. to formulate laws for predicting human behavior and thought E. All of the above

C. to provide useful explanations of human society and behavior

In "Eating Christmas in the Kalahari," author Richard Borshay Lee claims that it is a general custom among the !Kung Bushmen to insult the animal that a man has tracked down and killed and that he intends to share with the rest of the tribe because they A. Are genuinely amused by malicious jokes. B. Are genuinely dissatisfied and hope he will do better next time. C. want to enforce general humility and prevent that man from D. boasting and thinking of the tribe as his servants or inferiors. E. always have plenty of food on hand and rarely require any additional contribution.

C. want to enforce general humility and prevent that man from boasting and thinking of the tribe as his servants or inferiors.

The Ju/'hoansi or San were protected from exploitation and assimilation by the South African government. True False

False

As suggested in "The Price of Progress," one result of changes in agricultural policies has been: A. increased production of millet. B. decreased protein intake. C. decreased caloric intake. D. improved overall nutrition.

B. decreased protein intake.

"Lucy" is an early hominid known scientifically as Australopithecus afarensis. True False

True

Rates of alcoholism among the Ju/'hoansi or San have increased as a result of wage labor. True False

True

In the article, The Hijras, which of the following was involved in the suppression of gender diversity and homosexuality? A. Hinduism B. Buddhism C. Christianity D. Ancient Greece E. Mother Goddess worship

C. Christianity

According to "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema," the Nacirema people A. Enjoy suffering B. Are dominated by their religious leaders C. Are inordinately preoccupied with their bodies. D. Have a natural bent to self-mortification.

C. Are inordinately preoccupied with their bodies.

According to the article, "How Language Shapes Thought", people who speak languages that rely on absolute directions are good at keeping track of where they are A. Even in unfamiliar landscapes and inside unfamiliar buildings. B. Better than people who live in the same environments but who do not speak such languages. C. Better than scientists thought humans ever could. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

According to the article, "How Language Shapes Thought," which of the following varies from culture to culture with respect to people's perceptions of space and time? A. The direction from which they read, right to left or left to right. B. The direction in which they see the future, ahead of them or behind them. C. Whether or not they ignore directions such as east and west when thinking about time D. All of the above

D. All of the above

In India, the qualities to look for in a young man as a marriage candidate have to do with his A. Education B. Height C. Skin color D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

The hijra household is A. an economic group since practically the only way a hijra can get work is by joining a hijra commune. B. a group that provides protection from police in the case of prostitutes. C. a family-like group since it provides emotional satisfaction, a network of social relationships and members use kinship terms with each other. D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

According to Julian Steward, the environment and the availability of resources has a definite influence on the form of social organization. This approach to studying cultural evolution, called , was exemplified nicely in his study of the social organization of the Shoshone during different seasons of the year. A. Cultural materialism B. Environmental determinism C. Environmentaly driven evolution D. Cultural ecology

D. Cultural ecology

According to the article, "How Language Shapes Thought," there is evidence that the language one speaks has an influence on one's ability to A. Sense direction B. Figure out one's gender early in life. C. Remember who caused an accident. D. Do all of the above.

D. Do all of the above.

During the _______________ stage of evolution, hominids became efficient hunters, were probably able to engage in cooperative activities, migrated out of Africa, and their brains increased in size (range 775-1225 cc). A. Homo sapiens B. Australopithecus C. Homo habilis D. Homo erectus E. Neandertal

D. Homo erectus

Nacirema body rituals are A. Public ceremonies B. Business rituals C. Clan activities D. Private and secret for each individual E. Free to everyone

D. Private and secret for each individual

As explained in "Eating Christmas in the Kalahari," Richard Borshay Lee found that A. an outsider should not visit Bushmen without bringing a gift. B. Bushmen do not welcome visitors at holidays. C. It is considered incorrect to insult guests within the Bushmen society. D. The response of people to a gift can be instructive about their culture.

D. The response of people to a gift can be instructive about their culture.

According to "The Berdache Tradition," American Indians believe that when a person becomes a berdache: A. it is because of his mother's influence. B. he should leave the community. C. it is his own choice. D. a supernatural force is responsible. E. None of the above

D. a supernatural force is responsible.

One of the most significant causes of warfare among tribal horticulturalist societies is: A. revenge for homicides and other crimes B. competition for potential wives C. conflicts over ideological differences D. acquisition of land

D. acquisition of land

According to the article, "Why Can't People Feed Themselves", the colonial suppression of native agricultural development in many parts of the world has resulted in A. the replacement of food crops with cash crops. B. the best agricultural land being used for export crops. C. a dependence upon imported food. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

As indicated in "The Inuit Paradox," traditional hunter-gatherers were able to keep within the "protein ceiling" (with protein being no more than 35-40% of their total calories) by A. having bigger livers for processing glucose. B. having larger volumes of urine to get rid of the extra urea. C. discarding fat-depleted animals even when food was scarce. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

Nancy Scheper-Hughes ("Death Without Weeping") found institutionalized indifference to the death of infants on the part of A. office clerks regarding the registration of such deaths. B. city-employed doctors treating malnourished babies. C. the local catholic church in explaining why a child would die. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

Characteristics of a civilization include all of the following except: A. dense populations located in urban centers B. extensive food surpluses C. a highly specialized division of labor D. a state that employs numerous government officials E. an egalitarian form of government

E. an egalitarian form of government

Marriage within the same social group or category is __________, while __________is marriage between people from different social categories or groups. A. incest / outcest B. endogamy / exogamy C. in-marriage / out-marriage D. monogamy / polygamy E. endogroup / exogroup

E. endogamy / exogamy

There are four important features that appear to distinguish human communication from animal communication. Which of the following is not one of these features? A. productivity B. displacement C. arbitrariness D. combining sounds E. proxemics

E. proxemics

What is displacement? A. a major linguistic characteristic of all primate call systems B. a moral precept that keeps humans from lying and making false promises C. acculturation; when a less technologically advanced culture forces a more technologically advanced complex culture to move to a new location D. a dialect spoken by both the Nootkan and Bantu so they can consummate trade E. the human linguistic ability to refer to things, persons, and events removed in time and space

E. the human linguistic ability to refer to things, persons, and events removed in time and space

Accordng to modernization theory, one of the preconditions for modernization is the acceptance of the belief that progress is both necessary and beneficial to society and the individual. True False

True

Globalization refers to the rise of industrial states and the social, economic, political, and cultural consequences this industrialism has had on nonindustrial societies, among other things. True False

True