Davies REVIEW (Questions Only-RD)

After a short walking exercise, the venous pressure at the ankle of a standing normal subject: A: Is greater than the standing ankle pressure at rest B: Is lower than the standing ankle pressure at rest C: Is the same as standing ankle pressure at rest D: Is not affected by chronic venous insufficiency E: Is not affected by deep venous thrombosis

B: Is lower than the standing ankle pressure at rest

When an electrical signal is applied to a piezoelectric element, what happens to the element? A: It undergoes temperature fluctuations B: It expands and contracts C: It produces an electrical signal of the opposite polarity D: It emits electromagnetic radiation E: It loses its piezoelectric properties

B: It expands and contracts

In this illustration, letter A is demonstrating what type of resolution? See image for question #426 A: Axial B: Lateral C: Elevation D: Contrast E: Temporal

B: Lateral

When the sound beam is refracted during a sonographic examination which of the following might you detect on the ultrasound image? A: Axial misregistration B: Lateral misregistration C: Reverberations posterior to a reflector D: Enhancement of a reflector E: Electrical interference

B: Lateral misregistration

The term for a transducer that has an array of rectangular elements arranged in a straight line is: A: Annular array B: Linear array C: Curved array D: Oscillating mechanical transducer E: Convex sequenced array

B: Linear array

Which transducer type is best suited to vascular imaging? A: Mechanical sector B: Linear array C: Phased array D: Convex array E: Annular array

B: Linear array

Which condition is most likely in patients having a normal arterial waveform shape, but low velocities across all vessels? A: Hypertension B: Low cardiac output C: Low hematocrit D: Will be unrelated E: Hypotension

B: Low cardiac output

When measuring penetration on a tissue-mimicking phantom, how should the master gain and acoustic output be adjusted? A: Minimum gain, maximum acoustic output B: Maximum gain, maximum acoustic output C: Maximum gain, minimum acoustic output D: Minimum gain, minimum acoustic output E: It doesn't matter how the gain and acoustic output are set when measuring penetration

B: Maximum gain, maximum acoustic output

Volume flow is determined by multiplying the cross sectional area of the vessel with: A: Volume flow rate B: Mean velocity C: Peak velocity D: Minimum velocity E: Velocity range

B: Mean velocity

The layer of the vessel wall that contains smooth muscle fibers is: A: Adventitia B: Media C: Intima D: Internal elastic Lamina E: External elastic Lamina

B: Media

Which prefix equals 10-3? A: Micro B: Milli C: Mega D: Centi E: None of the above

B: Milli

What sonographic application has the lowest FDA-approved SPTA values? A: Cardiac B: Opthalmic C: Peripheral vascular D: Fetal imaging E: Abdominal

B: Opthalmic

The terms ensemble length and dwell time are synonymous with: A: Persistence B: Packet size C: Pulse repetition frequency D: Color threshold E: Autocorrelation

B: Packet size

A method used to improve frame rates with multizone electronic focusing is termed: A: Apodization B: Parallel processing C: F-number focusing D: Low-Q transducers E: None of the above

B: Parallel processing

Which of the following artifacts commonly results in echoes filling in the lumen of small vessels? A: Refraction B: Partial volume C: Mirror image D: Range ambiguity E: Multipath

B: Partial volume

What type of probe was used to take this image? See image for question #246 A: Curved array B: Phased array C: Linear array D: Mechanical sector E: Tightly curved array

B: Phased array

You are reviewing an ultrasound image that has a sector display format that narrows to a point at the transducer surface. What kind of transducer was most likely used to acquire this image? A: Linear array B: Phased array C: Curved array D: Annular array E: Mechanical sector

B: Phased array

The conversion of an incident pressure wave to an electrical signal is the: A: Curie effect B: Piezoelectric effect C: Doppler effect D: Snell effect E: Huygen's effect

B: Piezoelectric effect

What term below describes the rate at which the transmitter applies electronic voltage pulses to the transducer? A: Period B: Pulse repetition frequency C: Depth gain compensation D: Demodulation E: Apodization

B: Pulse repetition frequency

When you adjust the TGC, what component of the ultrasound system implements the changes? A: Pulser B: Receiver C: Monitor D: Scan converter E: Clock

B: Receiver

While performing a sonographic exam, you increase both imaging depth and scan line density. These adjustments produce the following result: A: Reduced contrast resolution B: Reduced temporal resolution C: Improved axial resolution D: Reduced lateral resolution E: All of the above

B: Reduced temporal resolution

When you "freeze" the ultrasound image, where is the echo information stored? A: Transducer B: Scan converter C: Cable D: Beam former E: Receiver

B: Scan converter

Of the following, which is the best choice to help you demonstrate tissue boundaries that are not perpendicular to the sound beam? A: Speckle reducing algorithm B: Spatial compounding C: Persistence D: Panoramic imaging E: Time gain compensation

B: Spatial compounding

Which term below most correctly describes the Doppler waveform? See image for question #385 A: Aliasing B: Spectral mirroring C: Spectral broadening due to sample volume size D: Reverberation E: Bidirectional flow

B: Spectral mirroring

What control should you adjust to better compensate for the attenuation of sound as it propagates through tissue? A: Dynamic range B: Time gain compensation C: Acoustic power output D: Rejection E: Focusing

B: Time gain compensation

What is meant by the term 4D imaging in sonography? A: 3D imaging with the addition of time B: 3D imaging with rendering C: 3D imaging with transparent views D: 3D imaging with tomographic views E: 3D imaging with rotational movie

A: 3D imaging with the addition of time

What conditions below are most likely to result in turbulent flow? A: 5 mm vessel with 300 cm/sec flow velocity B: 2 mm vessel with 300 cm/sec flow velocity C: 2 mm vessel with 30 cm/sec flow velocity D: 1 mm vessel with 30 cm/sec flow velocity E: 4 mm vessel with 30 cm/sec flow velocity

A: 5 mm vessel with 300 cm/sec flow velocity

Which type of transducer should you select to produce the narrowest slice thickness throughout the image plane? A: A 1.5D multi-row array B: A phased array with a small footprint C: A tightly curved curvilinear array D: A mechanical sector E: A mechanically rocked 3D transducer

A: A 1.5D multi-row array

What is the purpose of subdicing? A: To focus the beam upon transmit B: To reduce grating lobes C: To increase transmitted intensity D: To alter the transmitted frequency E: To focus the beam upon receive

B: To reduce grating lobes

Which of the following describes sensitivity? A: Ability of the system to detect weak echoes B: Ability of the system to demonstrate highly reflective interfaces C: Ability of the system to differentiate between two different structures with slightly varying amplitudes D: Ability of the system to distinguish between two closely spaced structures parallel to the beam E: Ability of the system to distinguish between two closely spaced structures perpendicular to the beam

A: Ability of the system to detect weak echoes

What is an advantage of using high-PRF Doppler? A: Ability to measure high velocities B: Improved range resolution C: Higher frame rate D: Greater sensitivity to slow flow E: Improved spatial resolution

A: Ability to measure high velocities

What term describes the Hyperechoic region (arrow) seen beneath this complex structure? A: Acoustic enhancement B: Acoustic shadowing C: Reverberation D: Refraction E: Acoustic impedance See image for question #67

A: Acoustic enhancement

Interference patterns of reflected waves causes: A: Acoustic speckle B: Acoustic enhancement C: Rarefaction D: Volume averaging E: All of the above

A: Acoustic speckle

The motion of particles in a fluid is sometimes observed in an intense ultrasound beam. This is termed: A: Acoustic streaming B: Transient cavitation C: Thermal interaction D: Rarefaction E: Compression

A: Acoustic streaming

This Doppler waveform can be most accurately described as exhibiting: See image for question #472 A: Aliasing B: Spectral broadening C: Mirror image D: Bidirectional flow E: Saturation

A: Aliasing

According to the Doppler equation, for any given velocity, the frequency shift will increase by increasing the: A: Doppler angle B: Transmit frequency C: Pulse length D: Pulse repetition frequency E: All of the above

B: Transmit frequency

For pulsed ultrasound which of the following factors determine the frequency of the sound wave? A: Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) B: Transmitter frequency C: Area of the transducer elements D: Pressure applied to the transducer E: All of the above

B: Transmitter frequency

You are imaging a structure containing two media having the same acoustic impedance. What will occur at the boundary of the two structures? A: All of the sound will be transmitted. B: All of the sound will be reflected. C: Some of the sound will be refracted. D: Some of the sound will be reflected and some of the sound will be transmitted. E: Most of the sound will be absorbed at the media boundary.

A: All of the sound will be transmitted.

The maximum cyclical change in a quantity is known as: A: Amplitude B: Pressure C: Power D: Intensity E: Decibel

A: Amplitude

How many levels of information can a single bit represent? A: One B: Two C: Four D: Eight E: Sixteen

B: Two

What type of transducer could you choose to produce a beam that is symmetrical about the beam axis? A: Annular array B: Linear sequenced array C: Phased array D: Curved array E: Tightly curved array

A: Annular array

What transducer component is designed to control ringing of the piezoelectric element? A: Backing material B: Electrical insulator C: Matching layer D: Radiofrequency shield E: Lens

A: Backing material

What part of the sonographic instrument is responsible for Apodization, beam steering, focusing, and aperture control? A: Beam former B: Receiver C: Memory D: Pulser E: Scan converter

A: Beam former

What technique would be most likely to produce grating lobes in your image? A: Beam steering B: Tomographic ultrasound imaging C: 3D imaging D: Speckle reduction imaging E: Tissue harmonic imaging

A: Beam steering

In this image the color green represents: See images for question #528 A: Aliasing B: Variance C: Negative Doppler shift D: Laminar flow E: Parabolic flow

B: Variance

What should be done to improve the Doppler waveform in the previous question? See image for question #385 A: Change the Doppler angle B: Decrease the Doppler gain C: Increase the PRF D: Reposition the sample volume E: Decrease the sample volume length

A: Change the Doppler angle

In sound wave propagation a region of elevated pressure is termed: A: Compression B: Demodulation C: Rarefaction D: Period E: Resonance

A: Compression

Which control would you adjust to alter the dynamic range of the displayed echoes? A: Compression B: Transmit power C: Scanning depth D: Time gain compensation E: Focusing

A: Compression

What display method below will help you to demonstrate flow turbulence with color Doppler? A: Autocorrelation B: Variance C: Fast Fourier analysis D: Zero-crossing detection E: Phase quadrature detection

B: Variance

What type of focusing is performed by delay circuitry upon reception? A: Dynamic receive focusing B: Elevational focusing C: Transmit focus D: Multizone transmit E: Mechanical focusing

A: Dynamic receive focusing

This image was obtained with a linear array transducer. The trapezoidal field of view increases the field of view. How is the trapezoidal shape created? See image for question #244 A: Electronic beam steering B: Side lobes C: Grating lobes D: Mechanically steering the elements E: Mirror

A: Electronic beam steering

What imaging artifact is much worse on the left phantom image compared to the right phantom image? See image for question #414 A: Reverberation B: Volume averaging C: Range ambiguity D: Multipath E: Refraction

B: Volume averaging

You can reduce beam width to improve spatial resolution in the image by which of the following? A: Focusing B: Decreasing aperture C: Decreasing transducer diameter D: Decreasing transducer width E: Increasing backing material

A: Focusing

Which of the following contributes to improve the lateral resolution in a B-mode image? A: Increased aperture B: Increased bandwidth C: Focusing with an acoustic lens D: Increased dynamic range E: Beam steering

A: Increased aperture

What term is used to describe a 3-dimensional pixel element in 3D sonography? A: Volume point B: Voxel C: Quadrant D: Channel E: All of the above

B: Voxel

Your patient has edema involving the right lower extremity. This may be caused by: A: Increased intravenous pressure B: Decreased venous hypertension C: Decreased venous hypervolemia D: Increased venous hypovolemia E: Increased extra vascular pressure

A: Increased intravenous pressure

Measuring the lateral width of a target on an ultrasound phantom is most closely related to: A: Lateral resolution B: Contrast resolution C: Elevational resolution D: Axial resolution E: Temporal resolution

A: Lateral resolution

What system component determined the pulse repetition frequency? A: Pulser B: Receiver C: Memory D: Display E: Scan converter

A: Pulser

When you adjust the output power control, you affect the following system component: A: Pulser B: Beam former C: Scan converter D: Memory E: Receiver

A: Pulser

The shadow depicted in this image of a renal stone is primarily a result of the following sound-tissue interaction: A: Reflection B: Refraction C: Destructive interference D: Cavitation E: Diffraction See image for question #64

A: Reflection

While performing a sonogram to minimize risk to the fetus which imaging mode trade off would be most applicable? A: Use M-mode instead of pulsed-wave Doppler to measure the fetal heart rate. B: Use color Doppler instead of power Doppler to image the umbilical cord. C: Use pulsed-wave Doppler instead of power Doppler to evaluate the fetal heart. D: Use harmonics instead of fundamental to image the fetal spine. E: All of the above.

A: Use M-mode instead of pulsed-wave Doppler to measure the fetal heart rate.

What is a typical frame rate for B-mode real-time imaging? A: 1-9 kHz B: 10-50 Hz C: 100-200 MHz D: 200-300 Hz E: 0.05-0.9 Hz

B: 10-50 Hz

When your patient asks you how much longer the ultrasound test will take his voice is in the audible frequency range. Which of the following frequencies is in the audible frequency range? A: 100MHz B: 10kHz C: 10Hz D: 10,000MHz E: 1,000,000 Hz

B: 10kHz

What letter represents the strain relief portion of the transducer? See image for question #586 A: A B: B C: C D: D E: E

B: B

Which factor LEAST influences axial resolution? A: Damping B: Beam width C: Frequency D: Pulse duration E: Pulse frequency

B: Beam width

Complete destructive interference of echo reflections will affect the display in the following way: A: Bright white pixel B: Black pixel C: Dark gray pixel D: Light gray pixel E: None of the above

B: Black pixel

What is the source of the bright echoes indicated by the arrow in this Doppler waveform? See images for question #511 A: Spectral broadening B: Bruit C: Aliasing D: Mirror imaging E: Range ambiguity

B: Bruit

What is the main advantage you will have by choosing a transducer that produces a thin slice over the image plane? A: Improved frame rate B: Decreased volume averaging C: Better axial resolution D: Larger field of view E: Greater penetration

B: Decreased volume averaging

What physical concept allows us to determine the location of an interface by measuring the elapsed time between the transmitted pulsed ultrasound wave and the detected echo from that interface? A: Huygen's principle B: Echo ranging C: Snell's law D: Doppler effect E: None of the above

B: Echo ranging

What control could you adjust to improve the signal-to-noise ratio on the image? A: Dynamic range B: Frame averaging C: Gray-scale map D: Edge enhancement E: Receiver gain

B: Frame averaging

If you increase the pulse repetition frequency and leave all other controls unchanged, what will happen? A: Lateral resolution will improve B: Frame rate will increase C: Frame rate will decrease D: Axial resolution will improve E: Frequency will increase

B: Frame rate will increase

What aspect of the Doppler spectrum is color-encoded with color Doppler? A: Amplitude B: Frequency shift C: Power D: Velocity E: Bandwidth

B: Frequency shift

What control should you adjust to increase the amplification applied to the color Doppler signal? A: Ensemble length B: Gain C: Scale D: Frame averaging E: Line density

B: Gain

What potential bioeffect occurs through absorption of sound energy by tissue? A: Cavitation B: Heating C: Attenuation D: Reflection E: Refraction

B: Heating

What is the relationship of frequency to absorption? A: If frequency is halved, absorption is doubled. B: If frequency is doubled, absorption is doubled. C: If frequency is doubled, absorption is halved. D: If frequency is halved, absorption is quartered. E: The rate of sound absorption is not frequency dependent.

B: If frequency is doubled, absorption is doubled.

Propagation speed error results in which sonographic appearance? A: Improper lateral position of an echo B: Improper axial position of an echo C: Shadowing behind an echo D: Enhancement behind an echo E: None of the above

B: Improper axial position of an echo

You notice a loss of detail in the lateral dimension of the ultrasound image. What can you do to improve this? A: Decrease the number of focal zones B: Increase the scan line density C: Decrease the transducer frequency D: Increase the frame averaging E: Increase the dynamic range

B: Increase the scan line density

Which of the following transducers produces side lobes? A: Mechanical sector B: Linear sequential array C: Phased array D: Convex array E: All of the above

E: All of the above

You are imaging a rounded mass with irregular borders. The mass has a much slower propagation speed than surrounding tissue. What sound tissue interaction will be encountered as the ultrasound propagates through this interface? A: Refraction B: Reflection C: Absorption D: Scattering E: All of the above

E: All of the above

You have increased the transmit power while performing a pelvic ultrasound examination. This action increases which of the following? A: Penetration B: Acoustic power C: Image brightness D: Voltage applied to the transducer elements E: All of the above

E: All of the above

You may observe a mirror image artifact with which imaging mode? A: B-mode B: Spectral Doppler C: Color Doppler D: Power Doppler E: All of the above

E: All of the above

Which of the following is a commonly recommended ingredient in cleansers for intracavitary probes? A: Acetone B: Iodine C: Betadine D: Bleach E: Gluteraldehyde

E: Gluteraldehyde

Which of the following would increase the spatial pulse length? A: Increased PRF B: Decreased number of transmit pulses per frame C: Increased number of transmit pulses per second D: Increased number of transmit pulses per line E: Increased number of cycles per pulse

E: Increased number of cycles per pulse

What array transducer fires all of the elements for each acoustic scan line, using small time delays to steer the beam? A: Linear segmental array B: Convex array C: Annular array D: Linear sequential array E: Phased array

E: Phased array

Electronic noise is reduced in the ultrasound system by this method: A: Demodulation B: Compensation C: Rectification D: Amplification E: Rejection

E: Rejection

Where are images stored in the ultrasound system? A: Pulser B: Receiver C: Beam former D: Display E: Scan converter

E: Scan converter

Which of the following describes sound propagation through a vacuum? A: Sound travels as transverse waves through a vacuum. B: When sound travels through a vacuum, the propagation speed increases to 3,300,000m/s. C: Sound travels at the speed of light in a vacuum. D: Sound propagation is random in a vacuum. E: Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.

E: Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.

How many lines of sight are sampled and displayed on the monitor in A-mode? A: 1 B: 2 C: 10 D: 256 E: 525

A: 1

Thermally induced biological effects should be preventable by avoiding a local tissue temperature increase exceeding: A: 1 degree C B: 4 degrees C C: 10 degrees C D: 95 degrees F E: None; thermal effects have no threshold.

A: 1 degree C

When color Doppler is active, how many pulses per scan line are typically used to create the underlying B-mode image? A: 1-2 B: 3-4 C: 5-6 D: 7-8 E: 9-10

A: 1-2

Which sound beam frequency would exhibit the greatest intensity loss with increasing depth? A: 10MHz B: 8 MHz C: 5 MHz D: 3 MHz E: 2 MHz

A: 10MHz

Which transducer would provide the longest near-zone length? A: 10MHz, 6mm diameter aperture B: 10MHz, 5mm diameter aperture C: 10MHz, 4mm diameter aperture D: 10MHz, 3mm diameter aperture E: 10MHz, 2mm diameter aperture

A: 10MHz, 6mm diameter aperture

You are performing a sonographic exam on a large patient. Which transducer would provide the least amount of signal attenuation? A: 2.5MHz B: 3.5MHz C: 5.0MHz D: 7.5MHz E: 10 MHz

A: 2.5MHz

You have selected a wide-bandwidth transducer with multiple transmit frequencies to perform a sonographic examination. Which transmit frequency should you select for maximum penetration? A: 3.0MHz B: 3.5MHz C: 4.0MHz D: 5.0MHz E: Penetration is not affected by frequency

A: 3.0MHz

Which transducer will detect the largest Doppler frequency shift? See image for question #457 A: A B: B C: C D: D E: E

A: A

Which statement about the two pulse trains displayed below is true? Each represents a signal versus time. See image for question #116. A: A has a lower frequency than B. B: B has a longer period than A. C: A has a shorter wavelength than B. D: A has better axial resolution than B. E: a has a shorter spacial pulse length than B.

A: A has a lower frequency than B.

Which of the following parameters relates to tissue heating? A: Absorption B: Impedance C: Refraction D: Propagation speed E: All of the above

A: Absorption

A hydrophone measures: A: Acoustic pressure output B: Doppler accuracy C: Penetration D: Contrast resolution E: Measurement accuracy

A: Acoustic pressure output

The salt and pepper appearance you observe in this ultrasound image is a result of: See image for question #412 A: Acoustic speckle B: Compound imaging C: Harmonic imaging D: Electromagnetic interference E: Refraction

A: Acoustic speckle

Varying the excitation voltage to each element in the group used to form the ultrasound pulse is called: A: Apodization B: Dynamic aperture C: Interelement isolation D: Subdicing E: Rectification

A: Apodization

In this illustration, letter C is demonstrating what type of resolution? See image for question #426 A: Axial B: Lateral C: Elevation D: Contrast E: Temporal

A: Axial

If the number of cycles in the transmitted pulsed wave is increased: A: Axial resolution is degraded B: Lateral resolution is degraded C: Spatial pulse length becomes shorter D: Rate of attenuation is increased E: Penetration is decreased

A: Axial resolution is degraded

What control allows the user to freeze and then scroll back through the most recently acquired image frames? A: Cineloop B: Read zoom C: Write zoom D: Archive E: Preprocessing

A: Cineloop

What parameter describes the axial length of the sampling volume for a color pixel? A: Color gate B: Packet size C: Pulse repetition frequency D: Pulse repetition period E: Line density

A: Color gate

Which of the following artifacts is the result of reverberation? A: Comet tail B: Acoustic speckle C: Beamwidth D: Refraction E: All of the above

A: Comet tail

An interaction of echoes that leads to reinforcement rather than to partial or total cancellation is known as: A: Constructive interference B: Refraction C: Destructive interference D: Autocorrelation E: Rarefaction

A: Constructive interference

The fact that the volumetric flow rate must be the same proximal, at, and distal to a stenosis is termed the: A: Continuity rule B: Reynolds number C: Poiseuille's law D: Bernoulli effect E: Nyquist limit

A: Continuity rule

You obtained a 3D sweep in an axial plane and are viewing it in a multi planar display. What orthogonal planes will be displayed? A: Coronal and Sagittal B: Transverse and coronal C: Transverse and Sagittal D: Oblique planes at 90 degrees E: Oblique planes at 60 degrees

A: Coronal and Sagittal

What maintenance issue is demonstrated in this image? See image for question #590 A: Damage to the lens or transducer crystals B: Electrical interference pattern C: Damaged connector pins D: Malfunction of the transmitter E: None of the above

A: Damage to the lens or transducer crystals

Which best describes the effect of damaged transducer elements in the B-mode image? A: Dark vertical bands beginning at the top of the image B: Bright image C: Cold transducer D: Decreased frame rate E: Horizontal banding

A: Dark vertical bands beginning at the top of the image

Spectral analysis is used to: A: Determine the distribution and magnitude of frequency shifts in the reflected Doppler signal B: Eliminate aliasing from the reflected signal C: Color-encode the Doppler frequency shift D: Eliminate low-frequency shifts from the display E: Determine the velocity of the moving reflector

A: Determine the distribution and magnitude of frequency shifts in the reflected Doppler signal

When you image a structure that is a specular reflector the strength of the received signal depends on the following two factors: A: Difference in acoustic impedance and angle of incidence. B: Difference in acoustic velocity and interface size. C: Difference in acoustic velocity and motion of reflector. D: Angle of incidence and tissue temperature. E: Bulk modulus and interface size.

A: Difference in acoustic impedance and angle of incidence.

While scanning a curved structure, you notice shadowing at the lateral edges of the structure. What is required for this artifact to occur? A: Different media propagation speeds B: Perpendicular incidence C: Transmit frequency exceeding 5 MHz D: Fluid-filled structure in the path of the beam E: Phased array transducer

A: Different media propagation speeds

During Doppler interrogation of the carotid artery, you detect spectral mirroring. Which of the following is a common cause of this artifact? A: Doppler angle of interrogation near 90 degrees B: Doppler angle of interrogation near 0 degrees C: Wall filter set to high D: PRF set too low E: Doppler gain set too low

A: Doppler angle of interrogation near 90 degrees

If you increased the Doppler angle during an exam, what would be the expected result? A: Doppler frequency shift would decrease B: Aliasing would be increased C: Flow velocity would increase D: Sound velocity would increase E: None of the above

A: Doppler frequency shift would decrease

As you perform a sonogram you switch from a 3.5MHz transducer to a 7.0 MHz transducer to image a superficial structure. Compared to the 3.5MHz transducer what will the 7.0MHz attenuation rate and wavelength be? A: Double the attenuation rate, one half the wavelength. B: Double the attenuation rate, double the wavelength. C: One fourth the attenuation rate, one half the wavelength. D: One half the attenuation rate, double the wavelength. E: One half the attenuation rate, one fourth the wavelength.

A: Double the attenuation rate, one half the wavelength.

When sound strikes a Specular reflector at an oblique angle, the angle of reflection is: A: Equal to but opposite the angle of incidence B: Greater than the angle of incidence C: Less than the angle of incidence D: Twice that of the angle of incidence E: The cosine of the angle of incidence

A: Equal to but opposite the angle of incidence

The most numerous cells in the blood are the: A: Erythrocytes B: Leukocytes C: Platelets D: Plasma E: Lymphocytes

A: Erythrocytes

The thermal index indicates: A: Estimated maximum temperature increase in tissue B: Minutes of exposure time before heating is too great C: Seconds of exposure time before heating is too great D: Acoustic power in milliwatts E: Liklihood of cavitation

A: Estimated maximum temperature increase in tissue.

The propagation speed for sound is lowest in which of the following biological tissues? A: Fat B: Blood C: Muscle D: Bone E: Liver

A: Fat

According to Poiseuille's equation, what will happen to flow if pressure difference increases? A: Flow rate will increase B: Flow will stagnate C: Flow will become Pulsatile D: Flow velocity will decrease E: Flow will become turbulent

A: Flow rate will increase

In this image, the red color indicated by the arrow represents: See images for question #527 A: Flow toward the ultrasound transducer B: Flow away from the sound beam C: Turbulent flow D: Aliased flow E: Retrograde flow

A: Flow toward the ultrasound transducer

Which of the following best describes the F number? A: Focal length divided by the aperture B: Aperture multiplied by the number of elements in the transducer C: Number of transducer elements divided by the Fraunhofer zone D: Beam width 1cm from the transducer surface E: Focal length multiplied by the number of elements in the transducer

A: Focal length divided by the aperture

You have decreased the image sector width. Which of the following will most likely change as a result of this adjustment? A: Frame rate B: Axial resolution C: Elevational resolution D: Dynamic range E: Bandwidth

A: Frame rate

What system control determines the amount of amplification that occurs in the receiver? A: Gain B: Acoustic power output C: Rectification D: Pulse repetition frequency E: Dynamic range

A: Gain

What artifact might you see with an array transducer due to energy that propagates from the transducer in a direction different from the primary beam? A: Grating lobe B: Mirror image C: Reverberation D: Range ambiguity E: Acoustic enhancement

A: Grating lobe

Choose two benefits of tissue harmonic imaging. A: Grating lobe artifacts are reduced and lateral resolution is improved. B: Axial and lateral resolutions are improved. C: Contrast and axial resolution are improved. D: Penetration is improved and axial resolution is improved. E: Penetration is improved and contrast resolution is improved.

A: Grating lobe artifacts are reduced and lateral resolution is improved.

This image was obtained with a linear array transducer that employs phasing to steer the beam. What artifact do the arrows point to? See image for question #416 A: Grating lobes B: Reverberation C: Mirror image D: Slice thickness E: Multipath reflections

A: Grating lobes

With absorption acoustic energy is converted to: A: Heat B: Microbubbles C: Kinetic energy D: Decibels E: Potential energy

A: Heat

What Doppler control removes frequencies below a given threshold, resulting in a clean zero baseline? A: High pass filter B: PRF C: Gain D: FFT E: Dynamic range

A: High pass filter

You are performing a sonographic examination and select the tissue harmonics operating mode. What advantage will you obtain over conventional imaging? A: Improved contrast resolution B: Improved penetration C: Improved temporal resolution D: Improved signal-to-noise ratio E: Increased bandwidth

A: Improved contrast resolution

What would be the most likely result from increasing the transmit frequency of the color Doppler? A: Improved sensitivity to slow flow B: Improved penetration for imaging flow in deep tissues C: Reduced flash artifact obscuring small vessel flow D: Reduced color Doppler aliasing E: Improved visibility of complex flow hemodynamics

A: Improved sensitivity to slow flow

What positive result will occur from increasing the packet size while using color Doppler to evaluate flow? A: Improved signal-to-noise ratio B: Reduced aliasing C: Improved axial resolution D: Improved lateral resolution E: Improved temporal resolution

A: Improved signal-to-noise ratio

What is the advantage of using multiple transmit focal zones? A: Increased lateral resolution B: Increased temporal resolution C: Increased elevation resolution D: Increased axial resolution E: All of the above

A: Increased lateral resolution

Which of the following properties would result in increased propagation speed of sound through a medium? A: Increased stiffness B: Increased density C: Increased frequency D: Increased distance E: Increased amplitude

A: Increased stiffness

You have decreased the scan line density. What technique will be employed to fill in the empt data between the scan lines? A: Interpolation B: Rejection C: Compression D: Autocorrelation E: Demodulation

A: Interpolation

What benefit would you obtain by choosing a transducer having a large diameter compared to one having a small diameter? A: It can focus at greater depths B: Increases the frequency C: Increases the beam diameter in the far field D: A and C E: All of the above

A: It can focus at greater depths

What happens when pressure is applied to a piezoelectric crystal? A: It emits an electrical signal B: It increases temperature C: It emits radio waves D: It emits photons E: It becomes phosphorescent

A: It emits an electrical signal

With a 1D linear array, where is the dimension of the sound beam in the out-of-plane dimension the narrowest? A: It is at the point of mechanical focusing. B: It is at the point of electronic focusing. C: The beam is the same width throughout the image. D: It is in the far field. E: It is always located at a depth equal to 1/2 of the transducer aperture.

A: It is at the point of mechanical focusing.

This waveform was obtained from the center flow channel within the common carotid artery. What term best describes this flow state? See images for question #502 A: Laminar flow B: Turbulent flow C: Reynolds flow D: High resistance flow E: Retrograde flow

A: Laminar flow

When you measure the width of a point target in a tissue-mimicking phantom, you are evaluating: A: Lateral resolution B: Contrast resolution C: Elevational resolution D: Axial resolution E: Temporal resolution

A: Lateral resolution

With a standard one-dimensional linear array transducer, what type of resolution is affected most by electronic focusing and dynamic aperture? A: Lateral resolution B: Contrast resolution C: Temporal resolution D: Axial resolution E: Elevational resolution

A: Lateral resolution

What conclusion can be reached by comparing the rods labeled A and B in this phantom image? See image for question #572 A: Lateral resolution has deteriorated with depth B: Elevational resolution has deteriorated with depth C: Lateral resolution is best with the rods labeled B D: Axial resolution is best with the rods labeled B E: System sensitivity prohibits comparisons between the sets of rods

A: Lateral resolution has deteriorated with depth

Which of the following transducers creates a rectangular image shape? A: Linear array B: Phased array C: Annular array D: Curved array E: B and C only

A: Linear array

What transducer component reduces reflection at the transducer/skin interface? A: Matching layer B: Lens C: Element D: Backing material E: Radiofrequency shield

A: Matching layer

What is an advantage of using a 3D/4D transducer with an automated sweep compared to a traditional transducer with a freehand sweep? A: Measurement accuracy B: Spatial resolution C: Contrast resolution D: Larger field of view E: Greater scanning flexibility

A: Measurement accuracy

Which of the following best characterizes an ultrasound wave in human tissue? A: Mechanical longitudinal wave B: Radioactive wave C: Transverse rarefactional wave D: Electromagnetic wave E: Electronic piezoelectric wave

A: Mechanical longitudinal wave

The "M" in M-mode stands for: A: Motion B: Magnetic C: Megahertz D: Manual E: Maximum

A: Motion

What is the main advantage of using a 1 .5D or multirow array transducer? A: Narrow slice thickness over large part of the scanned volume. B: Increased penetration C: Improved axial resolution D: Faster frame rates E: Smaller footprint

A: Narrow slice thickness over large part of the scanned volume.

What is an advantage of a water-path scanner? A: Near-field reverberations are reduced B: Penetration is increased C: Temporal resolution is improved D: Axial resolution is improved E: Slice thickness is reduced

A: Near-field reverberations are reduced

The spatial resolution of the scan converter is determined by: A: Number of pixels in the scan converter matrix B: Number of bits per pixel C: The post-processing settings D: Brightness and contrast settings of the monitor E: Interpolation scheme

A: Number of pixels in the scan converter matrix

When you select one focal zone, how many pulse/listen cycles are required for each acoustic scan line in one image frame? A: One B: Two C: Four D: Eight E: Sixteen

A: One

You are using a linear array transducer to evaluate the thyroid gland. For standard B-mode imaging, this transducer most likely produces pulses of how many cycles? A: One to three B: Three to six C: Six to nine D: Nine to twelve E: Twelve to fifteen

A: One to three

Which transcode frequency would have the thinnest crystal? A: One with a 15MHz center frequency B: One with a 10MHz center frequency C: One with a 7MHz center frequency D: One with a 5MHz center frequency E: All would have the same crystal thickness

A: One with a 15MHz center frequency

An example of a Specular reflector is: A: Pericardium B: Liver parenchyma C: Red blood cells D: Ascites E: Hematoma

A: Pericardium

You have chosen to enlarge an ultrasound image with a read magnification. Which of the following is NOT related to read magnification? A: Preprocessing B: Increased pixel size C: Performance on a frozen image D: Resolution loss E: B and D only

A: Preprocessing

The control that sets the gray-scale brightness at which color will be displayed instead of gray-scale at a pixel location is termed: A: Priority B: Line density C: Persistence D: Ensemble length E: Scale

A: Priority

A type of sonographic imaging that transmits two pulses of opposite phase in rapid succession so they can be cancelled out upon reception is termed: A: Pulse inversion harmonics B: Compound imaging C: Speckle reduction imaging D: Tomographic imaging E: Panoramic imaging

A: Pulse inversion harmonics

What can be done to reduce the presence of the artifact seen in the previous question? See image for question #416 Answer to question #416: Grating lobes A: Reduce or eliminate beam steering B: Change the angle of incidence C: Dynamic aperture D: Increase number of rows of elements in z-axis E: Decrease number of focal zones

A: Reduce or eliminate beam steering

The technique of frame averaging during real-time acquisition is designed to: A: Reduce random noise B: Decrease pixel size C: Redistribute the gray-scale D: Enhance spatial resolution E: Increase frame rate

A: Reduce random noise

If the frame rate is too slow for adequate temporal resolution, what action could you take to improve frame rate? A: Reduce the number of transmit focal zones B: Increase the scan line density C: Increase the scanning depth D: Decrease the dynamic range E: Reduce the transmit frequency

A: Reduce the number of transmit focal zones

Why are sonographic images usually compressed before sending to PACS? A: Reduce the time to transmit the image B: Increase the spatial resolution of the image C: Preserve measurements with the image data D: Reduce costs by lowering image quality E: Increase the real-time image frame rate

A: Reduce the time to transmit the image

What does the Doppler signal spectral display depict? A: Relative signal power at each frequency in the Doppler signal B: Depth to each vessel C: Volume flow rate D: Transmit frequency E: Acoustic power

A: Relative signal power at each frequency in the Doppler signal

What term describes the ability of an imaging device to separate closely spaced objects? A: Resolution B: Penetration C: Duty factor D: Interference E: Reflection

A: Resolution

The arrow in this image depicts flow below the zero baseline. These echoes represent: See images for question #514 A: Retrograde flow due to post stenotic turbulence B: Aliasing C: Mirror imaging D: Incorrect setting of Doppler gain E: Electronic noise

A: Retrograde flow due to post stenotic turbulence

Which intensity descriptor has the lowest numerical value for the characterization of a pulsed-wave ultrasonic field? A: SATA B: SPTA C: SATP D: SPTP E: These intensity descriptors are only used for continuous-wave ultrasound.

A: SATA

You notice that the image in the far field is less bright compared to the near field. This is due to: A: Sound attenuation B: Propagation speed variation C: Refraction D: Diffraction E: The Doppler effect

A: Sound attenuation

Which describes constructive interference? A: Sound waves are in phase and resulting amplitude is increased. B: Sound waves are in phase and resulting amplitude is decreased. C: Sounds waves are out of phase and resulting amplitude is increased. D: Sound waves are out of phase and resulting amplitude is decreased. E: None of the above

A: Sound waves are in phase and resulting amplitude is increased.

Which of the following is present in this Doppler spectral waveform? See images for question #455 A: Spectral broadening B: Narrow velocity range C: Aliasing D: Mirror imaging E: Range ambiguity

A: Spectral broadening

What system control can you adjust to compensate for the effect of sound attenuation in the body? A: TGC B: Dynamic range C: Frame averaging D: Depth E: Line density

A: TGC or Time Gain Compensation

This Doppler waveform is displayed below the zero baseline. Given the settings displayed in this image, which of the following is true? See images for question #525 A: The direction of flow is toward the beam B: The Doppler shift is negative C: The flow is Antegrade D: The system has malfunctioned E: The Doppler steer direction is incorrect for the vessel being interrogated

A: The direction of flow is toward the beam

The transducer you are using transmits wide-bandwidth pulses whose frequency content is 2-5MHz. Which of the following most correctly describes the reflected echo signals after they have traversed the tissue? A: The echo signals will be shifted down in frequency due to the increased attenuation of higher frequencies. B: The echo signals will be of reduced intensity but will have the same frequency content as the transmitted beam. C: The echo signals will be shifted upward in frequency due to the increased absorption of the lower frequencies. D: Only the center frequency component of the bandwidth will be reflected back to the transducer. E: The echo signal frequency content will be identical to that of the transmitted beam.

A: The echo signals will be shifted down in frequency due to the increased attenuation of higher frequencies.

The term duty factor is defined as: A: The fraction of time the transducer is actively transmitting sound B: The fraction of time the transducer is actively receiving sound C: The fraction of time between the transmitted and received sound pulse D: The fraction of time between transmitted sound pulses E: The fraction of time requires for round trip travel of a sound pulse to one cm in tissue

A: The fraction of time the transducer is actively transmitting sound

What best described the difference between the ultrasound frequencies used for Doppler and for B-mode imaging with a given transducer? A: The frequency for Doppler is usually lower than for imaging B: The frequency for Doppler is usually higher than for imaging C: The transmit pulse for Doppler has a greater bandwidth compared to the bandwidth for imaging D: The frequency for Doppler and for B-mode imaging must be identical for a given transducer E: The frequency for Doppler is usually double that for B-mode imaging

A: The frequency for Doppler is usually lower than for imaging

Spatial pulse length is equal to: A: The wavelength times the number of cycles in the pulse B: The wavelength minus the number of cycles in the pulse C: The wavelength times the axial resolution D: The wavelength times the beam width E: The wavelength divided by two

A: The wavelength times the number of cycles in the pulse

What information is present in the M-mode display? A: Time, motion patter, and amplitude B: Amplitude, frequency, and time C: Motion pattern, and frequency D: Time, motion pattern, and frequency E: Bandwidth, amplitude, frequency, time, and motion pattern

A: Time, motion patter, and amplitude

What is the purpose of curving the transducer elements or applying a lens over the elements? A: To provide focusing in the out-of-plane (elevational) direction B: To reduce the acoustic impedance mismatch between the crystal and skin C: To reduce crystal ringing and improve axial resolution D: To help reduce electronic interference E: All of the above

A: To provide focusing in the out-of-plane (elevational) direction

These two phantom images were obtained with maximum gain and acoustic power using two different transducers. What information can be obtained by this comparison? See image for question #581 A: Transducer A has less penetration than transducer B B: Lateral resolution is best with transducer B C: Axial resolution is best with transducer B D: B and C only E: All of the above

A: Transducer A has less penetration than transducer B

Which best describes the cardiac output? A: Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute B: Volume of blood in a vertical column C: Quantity of blood moving through the vessel per unit of time D: Maximum flow velocity within the vessel lumen E: Hydrostatic pressure per minute

A: Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

What is an advantage of single-crystal or pure wave crystal transducers? A: Wide bandwidth B: Lower frequencies at higher resolution C: Absence of aliasing with pulsed Doppler D: Higher frame rates E: Greater steering angles

A: Wide bandwidth

Which of the following describe diffuse reflection? A: The reflected beam is scattered in various directions. B: The reflected frequency is altered by the Doppler effect. C: The reflected beam is amplified by the focusing effect of scatterers. D: The reflected beam is weakened by the large acoustic impedance mismatch at the tissue interface. E: There is no reflection at a tissue interface because of a disorganized transmit beam.

A: the reflected beam is scattered in various directions.

What type of transducer will improve the artifact demonstrated in the previous question? Answer to question #414: Volume averaging A: Linear array B: 1.5D or multi-row array C: Mechanical 3D D: Phased array E: Mechanical sector

B: 1.5D or multi-row array

Which transducer will exhibit the LEAST amount of volume averaging? A: Mechanical single element B: 1.5D or multi-row array C: Linear array D: Phased array E: Convex array

B: 1.5D or multi-row array

10-3 equals: A: 1000 B: 1/1000 C: 1/10,000 D: 100 E: 10

B: 1/1000

The elapsed time between the transmitted pulse and the detected echo is 26 microseconds. How far is the interface from the transducer? A: 1 cm B: 2 cm C: 3 cm D: 4 cm E: 5 cm

B: 2 cm

Which technology would be most helpful to obtain accurate anatomic volume measurements? A: 2D imaging B: 3D imaging C: Color Doppler imaging D: Harmonic imaging E: Compound imaging

B: 3D imaging

You are using a 5MHz, 40mm linear array transducer to image a structure. What is the width of the image? A: 20mm B: 40mm C: 60mm D: 80mm E: 120mm

B: 40mm

The intensity transmission coefficient at the interface between two structures equals 1/100. What is the intensity reflection coefficient? A: 0/100 B: 99/100 C: 1/100 D: 100/100 E: 49/100

B: 99/100

Which most correctly describes the sound propagation in a medium? A: In sound propagation, a molecule travels from one end of the medium to another. B: A molecule oscillates back and forth to propagate sound waves but does not move from one end of the medium to another. C: A molecule does not vary its position as a sound wave travels. D: Each molecule expands and contracts to propagate a sound wave through a medium. E: Sound waves cannot travel through a medium.

B: A molecule oscillates back and forth to propagate sound waves but does not move from one end of the medium to another.

You are examining a patient with retrograde flow as demonstrated in this image. What causes the flow to reverse its normal flow direction (arrow)? See images for question #503 A: An increase in pressure has occurred due to stenosis in a distal artery B: A pressure drop has occurred due to a stenosis in a proximal artery C: Loss of energy due to post stenotic turbulence D: A decrease in volume flow due to stenosis in a distal lesion E: Peripheral resistance is increased during diastole due to a proximal lesion

B: A pressure drop has occurred due to a stenosis in a proximal artery

The velocity scale on this color map is 17 cm/s. If the flow direction is at zero degrees to the sound beam axis, the colors on either end of the bar would represent: Images for question #532 A: A peak velocity of 17 cm/sec B: An average velocity of 17 cm/sec C: A peak velocity of 34 cm/sec D: A peak velocity above 17 cm/sec E: A peak velocity below 17 cm/sec

B: An average velocity of 17 cm/sec

Which type of resolution is best in clinical imaging systems? A: Contrast B: Axial C: Elevational D: Temporal E: Lateral

B: Axial

You are scanning a large mass that is composed primarily of fat. Which of the following are you most likely to encounter? A: Posterior acoustic shadowing caused by increased attenuation through the fat. B: Axial misregistration of objects distal to the mass on the screen due to the slower propagation speed through fat. C: Lateral misregistration of the mass on the screen because of refraction. D: Total reflection of the sound beam caused by a large acoustic impedance mismatch. E: Diffraction of the sound beam due to a virtual small aperture through the mass.

B: Axial misregistration of objects distal to the mass on the screen due to the slower propagation speed through fat.

While imaging a cyst you notice shadowing posterior to each lateral border of the cyst. What is the source of the shadows? A: Redirection of the sound beam at an interface with different propagation speeds and a curved surface. B: Bending of the sound beam due to different media propagation speeds. C: Increased attenuation of the sound beam at the borders of the cyst. D: Lateral misregistration of the cyst due to a multipath artifact. E: Diffraction of the sound beam resulting in a weakened signal at the lateral borders of the cyst.

B: Bending of the sound beam due to different media propagation speeds.

The ability to differentiate between two regions having similar echogenicity, such as in this liver image with focal fat, is termed: See image for question #268 A: Temporal resolution B: Contrast resolution C: Axial resolution D: Lateral resolution E: Elevation resolution

B: Contrast resolution

This image shows clear distinction between the gray scale of various structures in the fetal brain. The ability to distinguish similar structures with varying gray scale is termed: See image for question #202 A: Axial resolution B: Contrast resolution C: Lateral resolution D: Temporal resolution E: None of the above

B: Contrast resolution

If you wish to perform a sonogram with the largest possible field of view in both the near field and at depth, what type of array transducer would be most preferable? A: Linear array B: Curved array C: Phased array D: Sector E: Any of the above

B: Curved array

During the performance of a sonogram you would be most likely to encounter refraction in this view: A: Specular reflector B: Curved interface C: Perpendicular incidence D: Rayleigh scatterer E: Refraction is not encountered during an abdominal sonogram

B: Curved interface

A standard for handling and transferring images and medical information between computers is: A: Voxel B: DICOM C: HIPAA D: VPN E: Worklist

B: DICOM

The Hyperechoic region in the previous illustration results from: A: Increased acoustic velocity through a fluid-filled structure. B: Decreased attenuation through a fluid-filled structure. C: Decreased sound absorption in the region distal to the fluid-filled structure. D: A high acoustic impedance mismatch between the cyst and adjacent tissue. E: Bending of the sound beam due to oblique incidence.

B: Decreased attenuation through a fluid-filled structure.

What effect will you see in the image if you increase the reject level? A: Increased number of shades of gray B: Decreased low-level echoes C: Decreased frame rate D: Decreased scanning depth E: Decreased amplitude of the brightest shades of gray

B: Decreased low-level echoes

What is the disadvantage of using multiple transmit focal zones? A: Decreased lateral resolution B: Decreased temporal resolution C: Decreased elevation resolution D: Decreased axial resolution E: All of the above

B: Decreased temporal resolution

Increasing the dynamic range setting affects the ultrasound image by: A: Increasing image brightness B: Decreasing image contrast C: Improving spatial resolution D: Increasing rejection of low-level echoes E: Improving signal-to-noise ratio

B: Decreasing image contrast

What system control converts the numbers stored in memory to proportional voltages that control the brightness on a CRT (cathode ray tube) monitor? A: Analog to digital converter B: Digital to analog converter C: Cathode ray tube D: Receiver E: Pulser

B: Digital to analog converter

Which of the following minimizes the degree to which beam width varies with depth? A: Apodization B: Dynamic aperture C: Coprocessing D: Rectification E: Frame averaging

B: Dynamic aperture

The repetitive pattern seen in the far field of this image is most likely a result of: See image for question #589 A: Damage to the lens or transducer crystals B: Electrical interference pattern C: Damaged connector pins D: Malfunction of the transmitter E: None of the above

B: Electrical interference pattern

What method is used to steer the color beam with a linear array transducer? A: Mechanical B: Electronic time delays C: Electronic voltage variations D: Apodization E: The color beam cannot be steered with a linear array transducer

B: Electronic time delays

Which of the following statements describes a phased array transducer? A: Electronically focused in two dimensions and mechanically steered. B: Electronically focused along the length of the array, mechanically focused along the elevational dimension, and electronically steered. C: Electronically focused along the elevational dimension of the array, mechanically focused along the length of the array, and unsteered. D: Mechanically focused in two dimensions and mechanically steered. E: Electronically focused along the width of the array, mechanically focused along the length of the array, and mechanically steered.

B: Electronically focused along the length of the array, mechanically focused along the elevational dimension, and electronically steered.

A study designed to determine if there is an association between an adverse effect in a population and exposure to a particular agent is a(n): A: Case report B: Epidemiological study C: In vitro study D: In vivo study E: Single-incident investigation

B: Epidemiological study

What method is most commonly used to perform spectral analysis for pulsed Doppler? A: Zero-crossing detection B: Fourier analysis C: Reynolds number D: Cross-correlation E: Autocorrelation

B: Fourier analysis

These B-mode images of the common carotid artery show a graphic overlay indicating the number of lines of sight used to acquire each frame of information. No other system parameter was adjusted. Which statement below is true comparing image A to image B? See image for question #389 A: Image A has a frame rate higher than image B B: Image A has better lateral resolution than image B C: Image A has better axial resolution than image B D: The temporal resolution is better in image A than in image B E: The PRF in image A is lower than that in image B

B: Image A has better lateral resolution than image B

You are performing a sonographic exam with a wide-bandwidth transducer. The advantage you obtain with this transducer compared to narrow-band transducer is: A: Decreased acoustic power output B: Improved axial resolution C: Improved lateral resolution D: Improved focusing E: Wide-bandwidth transducers can be autoclaved

B: Improved axial resolution

This image exhibits banding. This is a result of: See image for question #413 A: Dead transducer element B: Incorrect TGC C: Incorrect master gain D: Incorrect focal zone position E: Incorrect probe pressure

B: Incorrect TGC

Which of the following actions would decrease color Doppler frame rate? A: Decrease frequency B: Increase line density C: Decrease packet size D: Decrease color box size E: Increase gain

B: Increase line density

In order to focus a sound beam relatively far away from the transducer, it is advantageous to: A: Increase the thickness of the element B: Increase the diameter of the element C: Decrease the width of the element D: Decrease the frequency of the element E: Increase the curvature of the element

B: Increase the diameter of the element

You suspect that bright spot on the B-mode image is a calcification, but a posterior acoustic shadow is not present. How can you best optimize your system to demonstrate a shadow distal to the calcification? A: Move the focal zone well below the Hyperechoic focus. B: Increase the transducer frequency. C: Increase the acoustic power output. D: Increase the dynamic range. E: Decrease the scan line density.

B: Increase the transducer frequency.

Increased tissue heating could occur when you: A: Decrease frequency. B: Increase transmit power. C: Decrease exposure time. D: Decrease pulse repetition frequency. E: All of the above

B: Increase transmit power.

Which of the following contributes to improve the axial resolution in a B-mode image? A: Increased aperture B: Increased bandwidth C: Focusing with an acoustic lens D: Increased dynamic range E: Beam steering

B: Increased bandwidth

According to the Doppler equation, which of the following is NOT true? A: Increasing Doppler frequency will increase the frequency shift B: Increasing Doppler interrogation angle will increase the frequency shift C: Decreasing the reflector speed will decrease the frequency shift D: No frequency shift is detected when the Doppler beam strikes the reflector with perpendicular incidence E: Velocity information can be obtained from the frequency shift if the angle of incidence is known

B: Increasing Doppler interrogation angle will increase the frequency shift

Which action would decrease frame rate? A: Increasing pulse repetition frequency B: Increasing acoustic scan line density C: Decreasing sector width D: Decreasing the number of focal zones E: Decreasing image depth

B: Increasing acoustic scan line density

The algebraic summation of waves leading to patterns of minima and maxima is called: A: Scattering B: Interference C: Absorption D: Refraction E: Diffusion

B: Interference

In the images in the previous question, what technique is used to fill in the empty data between the scan lines? See image for question #389 A: Apodization B: Interpolation C: Dynamic receive D: Subdicing E: Dynamic damping

B: Interpolation

Which of the following statements most correctly describes the occurrence of diastolic flow reversal in the arterial system? A: It is always an abnormal finding B: It is seen in and proximal to high-resistance vessels C: It is most commonly observed in vessels which supply low-resistance beds D: It can be enhanced by body heating E: It is found in the internal carotid artery

B: It is seen in and proximal to high-resistance vessels

A flow condition in which parallel streamlines of flow are present within a tube is termed: A: Parabolic flow B: Laminar flow C: Aliased flow D: Disturbed flow E: Turbulent flow

B: Laminar flow

What disadvantage is related to the transducer type in the previous question? (Tightly curved array) A: Axial resolution degrades with depth B: Lateral resolution degrades with depth C: Field of view is compromised compared to other transducer types D: Temporal resolution is compromised compared to other transducer types E: Elevation resolution is compromised compared to other transducer types

B: Lateral resolution degrades with depth

When increasing the number of transmit focal zones to improve spatial resolution, the trade off is: A: Lateral resolution vs. axial resolution B: Lateral resolution vs. temporal resolution C: Spatial resolution vs. contrast resolution D: Contrast resolution vs. frame rate E: Elevational resolution vs. frame rate

B: Lateral resolution vs. temporal resolution

What type of transducer produced this image? See image for question #199 A: Curved linear array B: Linear array C: Sector D: Phased array E: Tightly curved array

B: Linear array

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of M-mode scanning? A: Information is obtained along only one line of sight B: Motion lateral to the transducer is not displayed C: Motion axial to the transducer is not displayed D: The two-dimensional shape of a structure is not shown E: All of the above are limitations of M-mode

B: Motion lateral to the transducer is not displayed

During a sonographic examination of a large vessel, a 45 degree beam-to-vessel angle would be called: A: Normal incidence B: Oblique incidence C: Perpendicular incidence D: Snell's incidence E: None of the above

B: Oblique incidence

What is the optimal thickness for the matching layer? A: Equal to the thickness of the crystal B: One-fourth of a wavelength C: One-half of the pulse length D: Twice the transducer diameter E: One-half the width of the backing material

B: One-fourth of a wavelength

What term describes the number of pulses that are used to determine the velocity along a color line of sight? A: Color gate B: Packet size C: Pulse repetition frequency D: Pulse duration E: Pulse repetition period

B: Packet size

Pulse repetition period is the inverse of: A: Duty factor B: Pulse repetition frequency C: Frame rate D: Pulse duration E: Spatial pulse length

B: Pulse repetition frequency

What system function is limited by the speed of sound in tissue? A: Demodulation B: Pulse repetition frequency C: Voltage amplitude D: Rectification E: Time gain compensation

B: Pulse repetition frequency

To generate a sonographic image, what is the order in which the following system components are activated? A: Pulser, receiver, display, beam former, memory B: Pulser, beam former, receiver, memory, display C: Beam former, Pulser, memory, display, receiver D: Memory, beam former, Pulser, receiver, display E: Beam former, memory, Pulser, receiver, display

B: Pulser, beam former, receiver, memory, display

Bandwidth refers to: A: Number of cycles per pulse B: Range of frequencies in a pulse C: Rate of pulse repetition frequency D: Range of pulses in a frame E: Number of wavelengths in one second

B: Range of frequencies in a pulse

The unit of impedance is the: A: Joule B: Rayl C: Watt/cm2 D: Newton E: Watts/cm

B: Rayl

In this image of an artery there is a calcification with a dark vertical band extending beyond it (arrow). Which explanation best describes the etiology of the dark band? See image for question #384 A: Propagation speed error at the vessel wall interface B: Reduction in signal amplitude in tissue distal to a highly attenuating or reflecting object C: Refraction due to oblique incidence at the plaque interface D: Range ambiguity due to high PRF setting E: Comet tail artifact due to calcification in plaque

B: Reduction in signal amplitude in tissue distal to a highly attenuating or reflecting object

At low velocities, the red blood cells adhere to one another forming multicellular clumps. This is termed: A: Rayleigh scattering B: Rouleaux formation C: Huygen's principle D: Newtonian fluid E: Parabolic flow

B: Rouleaux formation

In the following illustration, if the propagation speed is unchanged at the interface, which most correctly describes the sound-tissue interaction that will take place when the ultrasound wave strikes the depicted interface? See image for question #95 A: Specular reflection B: Scattering C: Diffraction D: Refraction E: None of the above

B: Scattering

In this image, the Doppler frequency shift exhibits: See images for question #529 A: Aliasing B: Spectral broadening C: Narrow bandwidth D: Mirroring E: All of the above

B: Spectral broadening

The speed of sound is defined as the: A: Speed of the vibrating particles in the medium B: Speed at which the sound wave propagates through the medium C: Number of cycles per second of the vibrating particles D: Inverse of the frequency E: Speed of the electrical impulse applied to the piezoelectric element

B: Speed at which the sound wave propagates through the medium

What control should you adjust to optimize the image if you are scanning a structure that produces very bright echoes on the display? A: Rejection B: TGC C: Edge enhancement D: Frame averaging E: Frequency

B: TGC

What system control should you adjust to compensate for sound attenuation with increasing depth? A: Dynamic range B: TGC C: Transmit power D: Overall Receiver gain E: Focus position

B: TGC

If you increase the Doppler transmit frequency, which of the following will result? A: The velocity will increase B: The Doppler frequency shift will increase C: The penetration will increase D: The frame rate will increase E: The Nyquist limit will increase

B: The Doppler frequency shift will increase

Aliasing is a potential problem in PW Doppler because of: A: The use of high pulse repetition frequencies B: The Doppler signal is sampled rather than recorded continuously C: Dynamic focusing D: The motion of the interface perpendicular to ultrasound wave propagation E: Perpendicular incidence

B: The Doppler signal is sampled rather than recorded continuously

Snell's Law describes: A: The percentage of reflection at an interface with normal incidence and different densities. B: The angle of sound transmission at an interface between media having different propagation speeds. C: The amount of attenuation of sound tissue with depth. D: The amount of Backscatter from a diffuse reflector. E: The angle of sound reflection at an interface with oblique incidence and nonspecular reflection.

B: The angle of sound transmission at an interface between media having different propagation speeds.

Which of the following statements about formation of the color Doppler image is TRUE? A: The color and B-mode images are generally derived from the same pulse B: The color image is superimposed on top of the existing B-mode image C: The color and B-mode images are generally formed using the same frequency sound wave D: The B-mode image is usually obtained at a lower frequency than the color image E: The color image generally has a higher spatial resolution compared to the B-mode image

B: The color image is superimposed on top of the existing B-mode image

The Doppler frequency shift is defined as: A: The difference between the Doppler frequency and the imaging frequency B: The difference between the transmitted and received frequencies C: The time between the transmitted and received pulses D: The rate at which the transducer emits pulses E: The amplitude of the transmitted Doppler signal

B: The difference between the transmitted and received frequencies

Which of the following is associated with improper adjustment of the brightness and contrast on the video monitor? A: The spatial resolution of the resultant image will be degraded B: The operator will likely over gain or under gain the image C: The temporal resolution will be reduced D: The flicker rate of the video monitor will be increased E: The penetration of the transducer will be reduced

B: The operator will likely over gain or under gain the image

You will NOT see refraction in the sonographic image if: A: The sound beam strikes an interface at an angle of greater than 45 degrees. B: The sound beam is perpendicular to the interface. C: The sound beam is 45 degrees to the interface. D: The sound beam changes propagation speed at the interface. E: The sound beam strikes an interface at an angle of less than 45 degrees.

B: The sound beam is perpendicular to the interface

Selective reception of echoes generated within the body by nonlinear propagation describes: A: Compound imaging B: Tissue harmonic imaging C: Speckle reduction imaging D: 3D imaging E: Tomographic ultrasound imaging

B: Tissue harmonic imaging

What can you do to improve visualization of distal acoustic shadowing from calcification? A: Compound imaging B: Tissue harmonic imaging C: Speckle reduction imaging D: 3D imaging E: Tomographic ultrasound imaging

B: Tissue harmonic imaging

Which imaging technique may increase visualization of the reflections from blood flow on the real-time ultrasound image? A: Compound imaging B: Tissue harmonic imaging C: 3D imaging D: Tomographic imaging E: Speckle reduction imaging

B: Tissue harmonic imaging

What is the purpose of the preamplification of the incoming signal that occurs in the transducer assembly? A: To decrease the dynamic range of the signal B: To increase echo voltages before noise is induced through the cable C: To reduce sensitivity to side lobes D: To reduce acoustic impedance mismatch between the tissue and the transducer E: To compensate for attenuation of the beam with depth

B: To increase echo voltages before noise is induced through the cable

The rate of sound attenuation is lowest in: A: Air B: Water C: Liver D: Bone E: Lung

B: Water

For a single transducer to offer multiple frequency selections for scanning, it must have: A: Large dynamic range B: Wide bandwidth C: Multiple rows of elements in the elevational plane D: Dynamic aperture E: Electronic steering capability

B: Wide bandwidth

One MHz equals: A: 10 3 Hz B: 10-3 Hz C: 10 6 Hz D: 10-6 Hz E: 10 9 Hz

C: 10 6 Hz

Which probe would provide the best axial resolution to measure the thickness of a small structure? A: 5MHz linear array B: 7MHz linear array C: 10MHz linear array D: 5MHz curved array E: 5MHz phased array

C: 10MHz linear array

In order for distance measurements to be accurate in an ultrasound tissue phantom, the phantom sound propagation speed must be: A: 13 us/cm B: 1.54 m/s C: 154o m/s D: 1/2 the speed of sound in tissue E: Twice the speed of sound in soft tissue

C: 1540 m/s

Which of the following frequencies is considered to be ultrasound? A: 2000Hz B: 20Hz C: 2MHz D: 200 Hz E: 2Hz

C: 2MHz

The mass you are imaging has a diameter of 35mm. This value can also be expressed as: A: 350 cm B: 0.35 cm C: 3.5 cm D: 35 m E: 3.5 m

C: 3.5 cm

What 2D limitation is addressed by 3D ultrasound imaging? A: 3D provides higher frame rate B: 3D provides improved spatial resolution C: 3D provides visibility of the coronal plane D: 3D transducers are typically smaller and lighter than standard 2D transducers E: 3D imaging requires no training of the person performing the study

C: 3D provides visibility of the coronal plane

Regarding this image, the angle of the beam to the vessel is approximately: See images for question #538 A: 0 degrees B: 60 degrees C: 90 degrees D: 45 degrees E: 360 degrees

C: 90 degrees

You are scanning an interface with a high acoustic impedance mismatch. How will this be displayed on the B-mode image? A: A tall spike B: A small spike C: A bright dot D: A dark dot E: The height of the spike or brightness of the dot is not affected by acoustic impedance mismatch

C: A bright dot

In order to display a structure on your sonographic image the sound beam must be reflected at the interface. What is required for sound reflection at the interface of two structures? A: Oblique incidence at the interface boundary. B: Temperature differences between the two media. C: A difference in the acoustic impedance of the media. D: Different media diameters. E: Different attenuation coefficients.

C: A difference in the acoustic impedance of the media.

Which operator control most directly adjusts the intensity of the transmitted pulse? A: Receiver gain B: Depth of scanning C: Acoustic output (transmit) power D: Time gain compensation (TGC) E: Pulse repetition frequency

C: Acoustic output (transmit) power

You are observing a sonographic artifact based on the interference patterns of scattered echoes. What artifact are you imaging? A: Mirror B: Grating lobe C: Acoustic speckle D: Comet tail E: Refraction

C: Acoustic speckle

Terms used to describe the strength of the sound beam include: A: Amplitude and impedance B: Amplitude and wavelength C: Amplitude and intensity D: Intensity and impedance E: Frequency and impedance

C: Amplitude and intensity

What information is present in the A-mode display? A: Frequency bandwidth, amplitude, and reflector distance B: Time, amplitude, and motion pattern C: Amplitude and reflector distance D: Time, motion pattern, reflector distance, and frequency bandwidth E: Frequency shift, amplitude, and reflector distance

C: Amplitude and reflector distance

What type of transducer has the same measurement for elevational and lateral resolution? A: Convex linear array B: Phased linear array C: Annular array D: Sequential linear array E: Mechanical sector

C: Annular array

The rapid technique used in most color Doppler systems to obtain the mean Doppler frequency shift is: A: Fast Fourier transform B: Phase quadrature C: Autocorrelation D: Zero-crossing detector E: Variance

C: Autocorrelation

Resolution of two structures at different depths along the path of the sound beam is termed: A: Contrast resolution B: Temporal resolution C: Axial resolution D: Lateral resolution E: Azimuthal resolution

C: Axial resolution

This image shows the color significantly overwriting the vessel wall. Which of the following provides the best explanation for this? See images for question #521 A: The color Doppler threshold is set too low B: The color Doppler scale is set too low C: Axial resolution is lower with color Doppler compared to B-mode D: Color Doppler uses a higher frequency transmitted pulse than B-mode E: All of the above

C: Axial resolution is lower with color Doppler compared to B-mode

What system component is most responsible for transmit focusing? A: Receiver B: Monitor C: Beam former D: Preprocessing E: System clock

C: Beam former

What color represents flow at 90 degrees to the sound beam? See images for question #532 A: Dark red B: Dark blue C: Black D: Yellow/orange E: Cyan

C: Black

What is a disadvantage of a water-path scanner? A: It reduces axial resolution B: The beam width perpendicular to the image plane is increased, resulting in poor Elevational resolution C: Bubbles in fluid can inhibit sound transmission into the body D: It useful only with very low frequencies E: The fluid path increases the mechanical index

C: Bubbles in fluid can inhibit sound transmission into the body

An M-mode display is most commonly used for what type of ultrasound imaging? A: Small parts B: Abdominal C: Cardiac D: Vascular E: Ophthalmology

C: Cardiac

You are performing a sonogram on a patient with highly attenuating tissue. Which of the following solutions would be most likely to improve penetration through the tissue? A: Decrease dynamic range B: Decrease near field TGC C: Choose a lower-frequency transducer D: Increase the scan line density E: Change the gray-scale map

C: Choose a lower-frequency transducer

You have obtained a color Doppler image of the common carotid artery. If the received ultrasound frequency is greater than the transmitted ultrasound frequency, which of the following would be correct? A: Color encoding red, negative Doppler shift B: Color encoding blue, negative Doppler shift C: Color encoding red, positive Doppler shift D: Color encoding blue, positive Doppler shift E: No Doppler shift was detected

C: Color encoding red, positive Doppler shift

What action below would be most in keeping with the ALARA principle while performing a diagnostic ultrasound examination? A: Allow multiple students to scan an obstetrical patient because the fetus is in a good position for imaging. B: Prolong the sonogram to make videos of the fetus for each family member. C: Complete the diagnostic scan in a timely fashion at the lowest output power that achieves a quality image. D: Maximize the acoustic output to brighten the overall image. E: Extend the sonogram beyond the intended scope of the exam requisition.

C: Complete the diagnostic scan in a timely fashion at the lowest output power that achieves a quality image.

What receiver function is responsible for decreasing the difference between the smallest and largest received signal amplitudes? A: Amplification B: Compensation C: Compression D: Demodulation E: Rejection

C: Compression

Which of the following describes an analog signal? A: Discrete values B: Fixed steps between values C: Continuous variation of the signal is possible D: Levels are determined by bits E: No analog signals exist in modern instruments

C: Continuous variation of the signal is possible

What type of Doppler device uses two elements, one to receive and one to transmit? A: Power Doppler B: Color Doppler C: Continuous-wave Doppler D: Pulsed-wave Doppler E: All of the above

C: Continuous-wave Doppler

What can you improve by changing gray-scale map? A: Axial resolution B: Lateral resolution C: Contrast resolution D: Elevational resolution E: Temporal resolution

C: Contrast resolution

Relative measurement of intensity based on a logarithmic scale is expressed in: A: Newtons per cm squared B: Watts per cm squared C: Decibels D: Pascals E: Neper

C: Decibels

While performing a color Doppler exam in the abdomen you have adjusted several system controls and notice that the frame rate has decreased. Which of the following adjustments can you make to improve the color frame rate? A: Increase the packet size B: Decrease the pulse repetition frequency C: Decrease the color box width D: Increase the scan line density E: Increase the wall filter

C: Decrease the color box width

While performing an obstetrical sonogram, you wish to increase the frame rate to evaluate the fetal heart. What should you do? A: Increase scan line density B: Increase the number of focal zones C: Decrease the sector width D: Decrease the system pulse repetition frequency E: All of the above

C: Decrease the sector width

What effect will you detect in the image if you increase the threshold control? A: Increased image brightness B: Decreased image brightness C: Decreased appearance of weak echo signals D: Increased appearance of strong echo signals E: Decreased appearance of strong echo signals

C: Decreased appearance of weak echo signals

You have increased the packet size while using color Doppler to evaluate flow. What negative result will occur from this action? A: Decreased penetration B: Decreased flow sensitivity C: Decreased frame rate D: Increased variance E: Increased spectral broadening

C: Decreased frame rate

If you choose a lower-frequency transducer to image a highly attenuating structure, what trade off are you making? A: Decreased penetration for increased resolution. B: Decreased beam intensity for longer wavelengths. C: Decreased spatial resolution for improved penetration. D: Increased beam refraction for higher sound speed. E: Increased round-trip travel time for improved resolution.

C: Decreased spatial resolution for improved penetration.

What receiver function listed below is NOT operator-adjustable? A: Amplification B: Compensation C: Demodulation D: Rejection E: A and D

C: Demodulation

Ultrasound propagation velocity depends on: A: Amplitude and frequency B: Impedance and attenuation C: Density and compressibility D: Dynamic range and compression E: Impedance and density

C: Density and compressibility

What determines acoustic impedance? A: Frequency and propagation speed B: Frequency and interface size C: Density and propagation speed of the medium D: Angle of incidence and media propagation speed E: Frequency and media density

C: Density and propagation speed of the medium

Which phenomenon is associated with a pattern produced by a sound beam after passing through a small aperture? A: Scattering B: Absorption C: Diffraction D: Interference E: Diffuse reflection

C: Diffraction

String test objects are used to evaluate: A: Contrast resolution B: Axial resolution C: Doppler accuracy D: Elevation resolution E: Lateral resolution

C: Doppler accuracy

What information is colorized in an image using power Doppler? A: Frequency shift B: Flow velocity C: Doppler signal amplitude D: Frequency bandwidth E: Acoustic power

C: Doppler signal amplitude

Which is an assumption of sonographic imaging that determines how detected echoes are mapped in the image? A: Sound waves travel along curved paths B: Velocity is a constant 333 m/s C: Echoes originate from the most recently transmitted pulse D: Large structures yield a high brightness level on the display E: Media with varying propagation speeds alter the travel time of the sound pulse

C: Echoes originate from the most recently transmitted pulse

What best describes the method used to create the triangular-shaped image format in the image above? See image for question #247 A: Mechanical steering B: Electronic steering with elements fired in small groups C: Electronic steering with most elements fired for each pulse-echo sequence. Small time differences steer the beam. D: Curved lens E: Mirror

C: Electronic steering with most elements fired for each pulse-echo sequence. Small time differences steer the beam.

In this illustration, letter B is demonstrating what type of resolution? See image for question #426 A: Axial B: Lateral C: Elevation D: Contrast E: Temporal

C: Elevation

Which statement is most accurate regarding resolution with a standard one dimensional linear array transducer? A: Axial resolution is the worst measure of resolution with this type of transducer. B: Lateral resolution is the worst measure of resolution with this type of transducer. C: Elevational resolution is the worst measure of resolution with this type of transducer. D: Isotropic spatial resolution is achieved. E: Temporal resolution is the worst measure if resolution with this type of transducer.

C: Elevational resolution is the worst measure of resolution with this type of transducer.

Which artifact is related to beam attenuation? A: Comet tail B: Aliasing C: Enhancement D: Reverberation E: Side lobe

C: Enhancement

What should you limit when the thermal index exceeds 1? A: Overall gain B: TGC C: Exposure time D: Scanning depth E: All of the above

C: Exposure time

What advantage is related to the transducer type in question #257? (Tightly curved array) A: Axial resolution is improved B: Lateral resolution is improved C: Field of view is improved D: Temporal resolution is improved E: Elevation resolution is improved

C: Field of view is improved

Where is the point of maximum intensity in a sound beam? A: Curie point B: Fresnel zone C: Focal point D: Fraunhofer zone E: F number

C: Focal point

Which of the following contributes to improve the elevation resolution in a B-mode image? A: Increased transmit power B: Increased bandwidth C: Focusing with an acoustic lens D: Increased dynamic range E: Beam steering

C: Focusing with an acoustic lens

You are using a linear array transducer with 4 transmit focal zones. How many pulses are required on each scan line to create the image? A: One B: Two C: Four D: Six E: Eight

C: Four

The number of images displayed per second in real-time imaging is termed the: A: Pulse repetition frequency B: Pulse repetition period C: Frame rate D: Pulse duration E: Pulse length

C: Frame rate

Increasing which of the following will result in improved axial resolution? A: Pulse duration B: Pulse length C: Frequency D: Period E: Focusing

C: Frequency

What two controls affect the spatial resolution of the color image? A: Line density and ensemble length B: Ensemble length and priority C: Frequency and line density D: Frequency and ensemble length E: Priority and frequency

C: Frequency and line density

Which of the following best describes the Doppler frequency shift when you encounter high velocities within a vessel? A: Amplitude is increased B: Power is increased C: Frequency shift is increased D: Bandwidth is decreased E: All of the above

C: Frequency shift is increased

What Doppler control should be adjusted to optimize this Doppler spectral waveform? See image for question #474 A: Wall filter B: Packet size C: Gain D: Pulse repetition frequency E: Baseline

C: Gain

While performing a sonographic examination, you have performed both preprocessing and postprocessing functions. Which of the following functions is postprocessing? A: Write-zoom B: Frequency change C: Gray-scale map assignment D: Scan line density E: Acoustic power output

C: Gray-scale map assignment

When you switch from a 2.5 MHz to a 5 MHz transducer the sound wavelength: A: Doubles B: Quadruples C: Halves D: Quarters E: Is unaffected

C: Halves

A nosocomial infection is defined as one that is: A: Resistant to antibiotics B: Restricted to the respiratory system C: Hospital-acquired D: Not contagious E: Requires isolation

C: Hospital-acquired

A digital scan converter is another name for what system component? A: Pulser B: Receiver C: Image memory D: Analog to digital converter E: Beam former

C: Image memory

During the course of a sonographic exam, you notice lateral splaying of the echoes in the far field. What can you do to improve the image? A: Use the maximum acoustic power. B: Use the lowest line density setting. C: Increase the number of transmit focal zones and optimize their location. D: Decrease the scanning depth. E: Increase the sector width.

C: Increase the number of transmit focal zones and optimize their location.

Color flash artifact is obscuring the anatomy of interest in an exam of the abdominal aorta. What can you do to reduce impact of the flash? A: Increase the color gain B: Decrease the pulse repetition frequency C: Increase the wall filter D: Increase the packet size E: Increase the Doppler transmit frequency

C: Increase the wall filter

What would be the most likely result from lowering the color threshold? A: Increased visibility of small vessel flow in a parenchymal organ B: Decreased flash artifact C: Increased color writing on the vessel or cardiac wall D: Increased frame rate E: Improved color penetration

C: Increased color writing on the vessel or cardiac wall

You made changes to the following controls during a sonogram. Which adjustment increased the duty factor? A: Increasing receiver gain B: Increasing output power C: Increasing pulse repetition frequency D: Increasing scanning time E: Increasing time gain compensation

C: Increasing pulse repetition frequency

Which of the following adjustments would NOT decrease frame rate? A: Increasing the number of transmit focal zones B: Increasing scanning depth C: Increasing the receiver gain D: Increasing scan line density E: Increasing sector width

C: Increasing the receiver gain

Power divided by the beam area is equal to the: A: Probe angle B: Speed of sound C: Intensity D: Attenuation E: Amplitude

C: Intensity

The layer of the vessel wall that is a single layer of cells backed by a thin layer of elastin and collagen fibers is: A: Adventitia B: Media C: Intima D: Internal elastic Lamina E: External elastic Lamina

C: Intima

Loss of fluid energy through inertia: A: Is greatest during steady flow through a rigid tube of constant caliber B: Is best described as Poiseuille's law C: Is greatest in a tortuous vessel with multiple obstructions D: Accounts for less energy loss than viscous losses E: Is greatest with high flow speeds in a large tube

C: Is greatest in a tortuous vessel with multiple obstructions

Parabolic flow is most likely to occur with: A: Distal to a stenosis B: Small veins C: Laminar flow states D: Disturbed flow states E: When aliasing is present

C: Laminar flow states

You have obtained an ultrasound image that demonstrates refraction of the sound beam. The artifact might be manifested as: A: Axial displacement of a reflector B: Enhancement distal to a reflector C: Lateral displacement of the displayed position of a reflector D: Multiple images of a single reflector E: Increased brightness of a reflector

C: Lateral displacement of the displayed position of a reflector

A commonly used material in modern transducer elements is: A: Tungsten powder and epoxy resin B: Quartz C: Lead zirconate titanate D: Rubber E: None of the above

C: Lead zirconate titanate

The graphic overlay on this phantom image represents a gray-scale assignment curve. What type of curve is being used? See image for question #573 A: S-curve B: Root curve C: Linear curve D: Light curve E: None of the above

C: Linear curve

Which of the following is NOT associated with a low Q transducer? A: Wide bandwidth B: Multifrequency selection C: Long pulse length D: Diagnostic pulse-wave ultrasound E: Loss of most energy in first few vibrations

C: Long pulse length

Wavelength is measured in: A: Hertz B: Microseconds C: Millimeters D: Rayls E: Newtons

C: Millimeters

Which of the following artifacts may result in both an axial and lateral displacement of a reflector on the ultrasound image? A: Refraction B: Side lobe C: Multipath reflections D: Partial volume E: Enhancement

C: Multipath reflections

For a nonfocused transducer, the region between the transducer element and the point at which the sound beam is narrowest is called the: A: Far field B: Fraunhofer zone C: Near zone length D: Focal distance E: Both A and B

C: Near zone length

When you change the transmit frequency which of the following is altered? A: Displacement amplitude of the particles in the medium. B: Speed at which the sound wave propagates through the medium. C: Number of cycles per second. D: Pulses transmitted per second. E: Number of electrical impulses applied to the transducer per second.

C: Number of cycles per second.

You are performing a 3D sonogram and notice the volume rate is 8 Hz. What does this represent? A: Number of transmitted sound pulses per second B: Number of received pulses per minute C: Number of volumes displayed per second D: Number of frames per volume E: Number of frames per second

C: Number of volumes displayed per second

What two conditions must be present to cause refraction of a sound wave? A: Perpendicular incidence and identical media propagation speeds. B: Perpendicular incidence and reflector size smaller than one wavelength. C: Oblique incidence and different media propagation speeds. D: Oblique incidence and reflector size smaller than one wavelength. E: Normal incidence and reflector size smaller than one wavelength.

C: Oblique incidence and different media propagation speeds.

While performing a sonogram, you encounter the following interfaces. Which will produce the weakest reflected signal? A: Organ parenchyma/fluid B: Organ parenchyma/air C: Organ parenchyma/organ parenchyma D: Organ parenchyma/bone E: Organ parenchyma/ligament

C: Organ parenchyma/organ parenchyma

Which control would you adjust to increase the intensity of the transmitted pulse? A: Receiver gain B: Depth of scanning C: Output power D: Time gain compensation E: Dynamic range

C: Output power

A commonly used process for determining direction in a Doppler instrument is: A: Zero-crossing detection B: Autocorrelation C: Phase quadrature detection D: Range gating E: Spectral analysis

C: Phase quadrature detection

Which of the following transducer types is best suited to cardiac imaging? A: Mechanical sector B: Linear array C: Phased array D: Convex array E: Annular array

C: Phased array

Axial resolution is chiefly determined by: A: Beam width B: Transducer diameter C: Pulse duration D: Line density E: Frame rate

C: Pulse duration

Axial resolution is determined chiefly by: A: Beam width B: Transducer diameter C: Pulse duration D: Attenuation coefficient E: Intensity

C: Pulse duration

When scanning with pulsed-wave Doppler you would affect the acoustic exposure by changing which of the following? A: Doppler gain B: High pass filter C: Pulse repetition frequency D: Baseline position E: Doppler angle

C: Pulse repetition frequency

When you increase the scanning depth, which of the following is automatically decreased by the system to avoid range ambiguity? A: Number of focal zones B: Sector width C: Pulse repetition frequency D: Pulse repetition period E: Pulse duration

C: Pulse repetition frequency

If you increase pulse repetition frequency to a level too great for the depth of field, the result will be: A: Increased side lobes B: Increased grating lobes C: Range ambiguity D: Decreased frame rate E: Increased electronic noise

C: Range ambiguity

The regions of low pressure and density that are formed during sound propagation are termed: A: Compressions B: Shear waves C: Rarefactions D: Cavitation E: Bulk modulus

C: Rarefactions

The Doppler frequency shift is the difference between the: A: Transmitted frequency and the pulse repetition frequency B: Received frequency and the pulse repetition frequency C: Received frequency and the transmitted frequency D: Frequency bandwidth and the pulse repetition frequency E: Pulse repetition frequency and the pulse length

C: Received frequency and the transmitted frequency

What receiver function converts the negative portion of the Radiofrequency (RF) signal to positive? A: Compression B: Demodulation C: Rectification D: Enveloping E: Amplification

C: Rectification

Which of the following is an example of a Rayleigh scatterer? A: Renal capsule B: Arterial wall C: Red blood cell D: Bowel gas E: Femur

C: Red blood cell

Dynamic Apodization is a method employed to: A: Focus the beam at multiple depths on transmit. B: Focus the beam at multiple depths on receive. C: Reduce side lobes. D: Reduce beam width in the z-axis. E: Steer the beam.

C: Reduce side lobes.

The matching layer between the piezoelectric element and the tissue is designed to: A: Insulate the patient from the hot element. B: Reduce the vibration of the transducer. C: Reduce the acoustic impedance mismatch between the element and tissue. D: Increase the reflection coefficient at the transducer-skin interface. E: Decrease spatial pulse length.

C: Reduce the acoustic impedance mismatch between the element and tissue.

What sound-tissue interaction is necessary to form an ultrasound image? A: Rarefaction B: Refraction C: Reflection D: Diffraction E: Interference

C: Reflection

You are imaging a fluid-filled structure that has equidistant horizontal bands appearing in the near field. The bands have decreasing brightness with depth. What artifact are you imaging? A: Slice thickness B: Side lobes C: Reverberation D: Comet tail E: Ring down

C: Reverberation

Which of the following actions is NOT compliant with HIPAA? A: Cropping all patient identifiers from images used for teaching purposes. B: Refraining from disclosing patient health information without proper authorization. C: Reviewing your neighbors medical studies on your hospital PACS system so you can give her your opinion of her condition. D: Covering your daily requisition list so that the names are not visible to patients and visitors. E: All of these actions are compliant with HIPAA.

C: Reviewing your neighbors medical studies on your hospital PACS system so you can give her your opinion of her condition.

The range equation describes the relationship between: A: Acoustic impedance of two media B: Side lobe intensity between two crystals C: Round-trip pulse travel time and distance to the reflector D: Bandwidth and transducer frequency E: All of the above

C: Round-trip pulse travel time and distance to the reflector

The Nyquist limit describes which of the following? A: Penetration limit of pulsed-wave Doppler B: Transmit time of pulsed-wave Doppler C: Sampling frequency needed for detecting the Doppler signal unambiguously D: Sampling method used for continuous-wave Doppler E: Method used for determining directional information in a Doppler-shifted signal

C: Sampling frequency needed for detecting the Doppler signal unambiguously

During a sonographic exam, you adjusted the following controls. Which one was most likely to have affected the frame rate? A: Amplification B: Transmit power C: Scan depth D: Time gain compensation E: Compression

C: Scan depth

What can you do to enhance the visibility of a specular reflector? A: Scan with the lowest possible frequency. B: Scan with oblique incidence. C: Scan with perpendicular incidence. D: Increase the distance to the reflector. E: Scan with an incident angle of 45 degrees.

C: Scan with perpendicular incidence.

You are imaging a structure that is highly attenuating. Which imaging effect do you expect to encounter? A: Enhancement B: Increased penetration C: Shadowing D: Refraction E: Increased acoustic speckle

C: Shadowing

This phantom is used to detect: See image for question #595 A: Lateral resolution B: Axial resolution C: Slice thickness D: Dead zone E: Contrast resolution

C: Slice thickness

What is a side lobe? A: Uneven transducer element B: Accessory pulse used for electronic steering C: Sound beam emitted from the transducer that travels in a different direction from the main beam D: Nonlinear propagation of the sound beam E: Additional backing material on the transducer edge used to reduce lateral vibrations

C: Sound beam emitted from the transducer that travels in a different direction from the main beam

What type of resolution is determined by the number of pixels in the scan converter? A: Temporal B: Contrast C: Spatial D: Elevational E: All of the above

C: Spatial

What defines the best axial resolution that can be obtained with a given transducer? A: Spatial pulse length x 2 B: Spatial pulse length x 4 C: Spatial pulse length / 2 D: Spatial pulse length / 4 E: Equal to the spatial pulse length

C: Spatial pulse length / 2

When you image sound reflected from a large, smooth interface, you are observing results of: A: Rayleigh scattering B: Diffraction C: Specular reflection D:Diffusion E: Refraction

C: Specular reflection

An echo from which one of the following sound reflectors is most dependent on the angle of incidence? A: Rayleigh scatterer B: Diffuse reflector C: Specular reflector D: Acoustic scatterer E: Nonspecular reflector

C: Specular reflector

As a general observation about media in diagnostic sonography sound propagates faster in materials with greater: A: Compressibility B: Acoustic impedance C: Stiffness D: Refractive index E: All of the above

C: Stiffness

Pulsing of the transmitted sound wave is necessary for real-time imaging because: A: The transducer becomes too hot to handle if continuous waves are emitted B: The crystal in the transducer will break under the stress of continuous emissions C: The depth of the interface from which the echo originated can be determined D: Lateral resolution is improved by pulsed transmission E: Temporal resolution is improved by pulsed transmission

C: The depth of the interface from which the echo originated can be determined

The incoming raw echo signals must be compressed into a smaller dynamic range because: A: A wide dynamic range results in increased display of electronic noise B: A wide dynamic range does not allow differentiation between echoes arriving from different depths C: The display cannot accommodate the wide dynamic range of the incoming signals D: The existing wide dynamic range significantly slows the frame rate E: A wide dynamic range compromises spatial resolution

C: The display cannot accommodate the wide dynamic range of the incoming signals

Atherosclerosis begins within: A: The adventitia B: The media C: The intime D: Both A and B E: All of the above

C: The intime

When you adjust the pulse repetition frequency, you are changing: A: The number of pulses per line. B: The number of pulses per frame. C: The number of pulses per second. D: The number of wavelengths per second. E: The number of wavelengths per pulse.

C: The number of pulses per second.

If the number of cycles in a pulse is increased but the wavelength remains the same, which of the following is true? A: The frequency is increased. B: The propagation speed is increased. C: The pulse duration is increased. D: The period is decreased. E: The bulk modulus is decreased.

C: The pulse duration is increased.

The term signal-to-noise ratio denotes: A: The ratio of the electronic noise to the Radiofrequency noise B: The ratio of the system power to the weakest detectable signal C: The relative amplitude of the signal compared to the amplitude of the noise D: The ratio of the largest to the smallest signal that the system can display E: The ratio of the transducer frequency to the received echo intensity

C: The relative amplitude of the signal compared to the amplitude of the noise

You are using a conventional linear array transducer to image the phantom in the previous question. Why does the tube labeled "B" contain echoes, whereas the tube labeled "A" does not? See image for question #575 A: Since axial resolution decreases with depth, artifactual echoes are displayed from above and below the tube B: The frame rate was too slow to display the deeper tube accurately C: The slice thickness at the level of tube B was wider than at tube A D: The electronic focusing at the level of tube A is more powerful than at the level of tube B E: The dynamic receive focusing cannot work at the depth of the tube B

C: The slice thickness at the level of tube B was wider than at tube A

The interpreting physician has asked you to use a stand-off pad to evaluate a superficial mass. What is the main advantage the stand-off pad provides to improve the image? A: The stand-off pad has an acoustic impedance closer to that of the crystal which results in improved transmission of sound into the body. B: The stand-off pad has a propagation speed equal to twice that of soft tissue, which decreases the wavelength of the sound beam. C: The stand-off pad increases the distance between the transducer and the mass, making it more likely that the mass will be located close to the elevational focus of the sound beam. D: The stand-off pad creates a soft interface between the crystal and the tissue, increasing constructive interference and reducing scattering. E: The stand-off pad eliminates artifacts associated with reverberation, side lobes, and grating lobes.

C: The stand-off pad increases the distance between the transducer and the mass, making it more likely that the mass will be located close to the elevational focus of the sound beam.

Electronic focusing in the transmit mode is accomplished using: A: Curved crystal elements B: Changeable lens C: Time delays to excite transducer elements D: High pulse repetition frequency E: Receive time delays

C: Time delays to excite transducer elements

What system control do you adjust to equalize the difference in echo amplitudes received from similar structures situated at different depths? A: Dynamic range or compression B: Rectification C: Time gain compensation D: Pulse repetition frequency E: Rejection

C: Time gain compensation

What is the purpose of the gel coupling between the transducer and the skin? A: To reduce heating of the epidermis caused by sound absorption and friction. B: To soften the skin and soothe the patient. C: To provide a medium for sound transmission since ultrasound does not propagate through air. D: To reduce the impedance differences between the transducer and the skin. E: To lessen refraction of the sound at the skin surface and improve sound transmission.

C: To provide a medium for sound transmission since ultrasound does not propagate through air.

What can you do to improve contrast resolution in the ultrasound image? A: Increase the sector width B: Decrease the number of focal zones C: Use a 2D or matrix array transducer D: Use a phased array transducer E: Use a curved array transducer

C: Use a 2D or matrix array transducer

If you wish to improve border definition, what imaging enhancement should you use? A: Use a lower line density B: Use a 2D array transducer C: Use spatial compound imaging D: Apply a speckle reduction algorithm E: Use frame averaging

C: Use spatial compound imaging

To practice the ALARA principle which of the following techniques should you employ? A: Always use the least amount of Reciever gain that allows adequate tissue visualization. B: Adjust the controls so that the MI and TI read outs exceed 1. C: Use the lowest transmit power that allows adequate tissue visualization. D: Use the highest frame averaging setting. E: Maximize exposure time.

C: Use the lowest transmit power that allows adequate tissue visualization.

The length of space over which one cycle occurs is known as the: A: Duty factor B: Spatial pulse length C: Wavelength D: Pulse repetition frequency E: Pulse duration

C: Wavelength

The Frank-Starling mechanism helps to explain that when an arrhythmia is present, the peak systolic velocity following a heart cycle with a longer time interval _______ to one with a shorter time interval. A: Will be equal B: Will be lower than C: Will be higher than D: Will be unrelated E: Will be lower than but unpredictable

C: Will be higher than

A DICOM feature that allows you to select a patient name and have it automatically populate the patient information on the ultrasound system is: A: VPN B: PRN C: Worklist D: JAVA E: HIPAA

C: Worklist

The shape corresponding to the image created by a phased array transducer most closely corresponds to which of the following? See image for question #230 and 231 A B C D E

D

The sound propagation speed used to calibrate range-measuring circuits on diagnostic sonography instruments is: A: 1.54m/s B: 1560mm/s C: 1.46mm/us D: 1540m/s E: 146,000cm/s

D: 1,540m/s

You have been asked to perform an ultrasound study of a structure located about 3cm below the skin surface. Which transducer frequency range would be most appropriate for this study? A: 2-5 MHz B: 4-8 MHz C: 8-10 MHz D: 10-12 MHz E: 5 MHz

D: 10-12 MHz

While performing a Doppler ultrasound examination you adjust the pulse repetition frequency to 12 kHz. This can also be expressed as: A: 0.12 Hz B: 1200 Hz C: 1.2 MHz D: 12,000 Hz E: 120 MHz

D: 12,000 Hz

In the image below, how many transmit focal zones are being used? See image for question #245 A: The number of transmit focal zones is not indicated B: 1 C: 2 D: 3 E: 4

D: 3

What is the velocity of an ultrasound wave in a bone? A: 333m/s B: 8050m/s C: 1540m/s D: 4080m/s E: 1240m/s

D: 4080m/s

Doppler pulses used for diagnostic purposes are typically ______ cycles long: A: 0-2 B: 2-3 C: 4-5 D: 6-20 E: Greater than 100

D: 6-20

You measured an area reduction of 90% in the artery shown on the following page. This is equal to a diameter reduction of: See image for question #498 A: 25% B: 30% C: 50% D: 75% E: 90%

D: 75%

Acoustic impedance increases with which of the following? A: Increased tissue density B: Increased propagation speed C: Increased transducer frequency D: A and B E: All of the above

D: A and B

When color Doppler is activated, in order to maintain frame rate, what may be reduced in the underlying B-mode image? A: The number of focal zones B: The scan line density C: The frame averaging D: A and B E: B and C

D: A and B

Preprocessing functions may be defined as: A: Any function that can be performed on a frozen image B: A function that takes place in the beam-former and is not controllable by the operator C: A function that allows increased focusing of the sound beam D: A function that is performed before the echo data are stored in memory E: Any function that changes the quality of the ultrasound image

D: A function that is performed before the echo data are stored in memory

Without interpolation, which of the following would best describe the resultant B-mode image? A: Very weak echoes in the far field compared to the near field B: Poor differentiation between the ultrasound signal and the noise floor C: Saturation of the white shades on the ultrasound monitor D: A series of scan lines with blank data between the lines E: A bistable image

D: A series of scan lines with blank data between the lines

During a diagnostic ultrasound examination, you encounter all of the interactions of ultrasound and tissue listed below. Which one will NOT cause a redirection of part of the ultrasound energy? A: Reflection B: Scattering C: Divergence D: Absorption E: Refraction

D: Absorption

The transfer of acoustic energy into heat is termed: A: Scattering B: Diffusion C: Diffraction D: Absorption E: Refraction

D: Absorption

What artifact will you see in the color Doppler image if you cannot increase the PRF to a level greater than 2 times than that of the Doppler frequency shift? A: Range ambiguity B: Overestimation of the flow velocity C: Overestimation of the Doppler frequency shift D: Aliasing E: All of the above

D: Aliasing

What can you do to achieve a higher frame rate? A: Decrease the number of focal zones B: Decrease the line density C: Decrease the sector width D: All of the above E: None of the above

D: All of the above

The "A" in A-mode stands for? A: Average B: Attenuation C: Aperture D: Amplitude E: Acoustic

D: Amplitude

What information does the z-axis (brightness) on the Doppler spectrum provide? A: Velocity B: Velocity range C: Bandwidth D: Amplitude E: Frequency shift

D: Amplitude

With an A-mode display, the internal contents of a simple cyst will appear as: A: An area with very dark shades of gray B: An area with rapidly moving spikes C: An area with tall spikes surrounded on each end with areas absent of spikes D: An area with no spikes E: An area with multiple tiny spikes

D: An area with no spikes

What type of resolution is affected most by pulse duration? A: Lateral resolution B: Contrast resolution C:Temporal resolution D: Axial resolution E: Elevational resolution

D: Axial resolution

What component of a pulsed-wave transducer helps to reduce the spatial pulse length and improve axial resolution? A: Matching layer B: Lens C: Element D: Backing material E: Radiofrequency shield

D: Backing material

Decreased pressure occurs in areas of high flow speeds. This is known as the: A: Continuity rule B: Reynolds number C: Poiseuille's law D: Bernoulli effect E: Nyquist limit

D: Bernoulli effect

Digital to analog conversion of the ultrasound signal must occur at what part of the imaging process? A: Between the transducer and the receiver B: Between the beam former and the transducer C: Between the receiver and the scan converter D: Between the scan converter and the display E: Digital to analog conversion does not occur in the ultrasound system

D: Between the scan converter and the display

You are performing a sonogram and notice that the thermal index (TI) is greater than 1. Any increase in temperature would be greatest in: A: Liver B: Lung C: Kidney D: Bone E: Bladder

D: Bone

A group of 8 bits is called: A: Binary B: Kilobyte C: Pixel D: Byte E: Matrix

D: Byte

During production of a sonogram you image the following structures. Which is the MOST attenuating? A: Blood B: Bile C: Soft tissue D: Calcification E: Muscle

D: Calcification

Which of the following would be most helpful to enhance the contrast difference between tissues having subtle variations in echogenicity? A: Decreasing the acoustic power output B: Decreasing the scan line density C: Performing a read-zoom over the area of interest D: Changing the gray-scale map assignment E: Increasing the overall receiver gain

D: Changing the gray-scale map assignment

In an ultrasound phantom, the targets typically used for measuring axial resolution are: A: Multiple round fluid-filled structures B: Multiple round Hyperechoic simulated lesions C: Multiple equidistant rods D: Closely spaced targets of varying distances E: Long fluid-filled tubes

D: Closely spaced targets of varying distances

What control should you adjust to modify the image if the attenuation coefficient of the tissue is very high? A: Dynamic range B: Rejection C: Threshold D: Compensation E: Compression

D: Compensation

What Doppler technique does NOT provide range resolution? A: Color Doppler B: Power Doppler C: Pulsed-wave Doppler D: Continuous-wave Doppler E: No Doppler technique can provide range resolution

D: Continuous-wave Doppler

The transducer lens, which may be easily damaged by mechanical shock, is represented by letter: See image for question #586 A: A B: B C: C D: D E: E

D: D

You obtained this color Doppler image during a hepatic sonogram. There is no color signal detected within the portal vein. What can you do to improve sensitivity to slow flow? See images for question #453 A: Increase wall filter B: Decrease packet size C: Decrease color gain D: Decrease pulse repetition frequency E: Change color map

D: Decrease pulse repetition frequency

What can you do to improve the temporal resolution while scanning? A: Increase the number of focal zones B: Increase the depth C: Increase the sector width D: Decrease the acoustic scan line density E: Decrease the acoustic power output

D: Decrease the acoustic scan line density

You expanded the image sector width to improve visualization of a large mass. What can you do to maintain the same temporal resolution you had before your adjustment? A: Increase the digitization bit depth B: Increase the number of scan lines C: Decrease the number of pixels in the image matrix D: Decrease the number of focal zones E: Decrease the pulse repetition frequency

D: Decrease the number of focal zones

What function of the receiver converts electrical signals from Radiofrequency to video form? A: Amplification B: Compensation C: Compression D: Demodulation E: Rejection

D: Demodulation

For soft tissue one of the factors responsible for determining acoustic impedance is: A: Attenuation B: Frequency C: Absorption D: Density E: Amplitude

D: Density

Which of the following best describes M-mode? A: Presentation of reflector amplitudes along multiple lines of sight B: Two-dimensional gray-scale image C: Movement of a single structure along multiple lines of sight D: Depth of reflectors along a single line of sight vs. time E: Frequency shift of moving reflectors along a single line of sight

D: Depth of reflectors along a single line of sight vs. time

If you increased the Doppler transmit frequency during a Doppler exam, what would be the expected result? A: Penetration would increase B: Aliasing would be reduced C: Flow velocity would increase D: Doppler frequency shift would increase E: All of the above

D: Doppler frequency shift would increase

Which of the following is NOT a function of the receiver? A: Amplification B: RF to video conversion C: Demodulation D: Dynamic aperture E: Compression

D: Dynamic aperture

The ratio of the largest to the smallest signal that a system can handle is termed: A: Apodization B: Compression C: Threshold D: Dynamic range E: Pulse repetition frequency

D: Dynamic range

How is the reflector depth determined with pulse-echo ultrasound? A: Echo amplitude B: Echo dynamic range C: Echo frequency D: Echo arrival time E: Echo phase

D: Echo arrival time

In this phantom image, two fluid-filled tubes are present. What type of resolution is being evaluated? See image for question #575 A: Axial B: Lateral C: Contrast D: Elevational E: Temporal

D: Elevational

You are scanning a phantom containing multiple rows of identical 5mm spherical fluid structures embedded in a tissue-mimicking material. What type of resolution is best evaluated with this phantom? A: Axial B: Lateral C: Contrast D: Elevational E: Temporal

D: Elevational

Acoustic impedance: A: Is independent of the speed of sound B: Is inversely proportional to the density C: Is greater in gas than in metal D: Equals density times the propagation speed E: Is independent of the density

D: Equals density times the propagation speed

In the scan converter, interpolation is performed to: A: Amplify the reflected signal in comparison to the background noise B: Decrease the dynamic range to a level that can be handled by the monitor C: Amplify weak echo signals from deep structures to compensate for beam attenuation D: Fill in the empty pixels that occur between scan lines E: Increase the number of shades of gray in the resultant image

D: Fill in the empty pixels that occur between scan lines

Which of the following factors does NOT affect impedance? A: Stiffness B: Density C: Propagation speed D: Frequency E: All of the above affect impedance.

D: Frequency

Wavelength depends on what two factors? A: Frequency and amplitude. B: Amplitude and propagation speed. C: Period and frequency. D: Frequency and propagation speed. E: Amplitude and intensity.

D: Frequency and propagation speed.

When you select harmonic imaging, which artifact is less likely to be observed? A: Refraction B: Shadowing C: Ring-down D: Grating lobes E: Speed of sound

D: Grating lobes

If you are using a transducer with poor elevation resolution, which of the following problems are you most likely to encounter? A: Inability to resolve two structures that lie close together and parallel to the path of the beam B: Inability to resolve two structures that lie close together, perpendicular to the path of the beam, and parallel to the long axis of the transducer C: Inability to penetrate through dense tissue D: Inability to clearly demonstrate small cystic structures E: Inability to demonstrate rapidly moving structures accurately

D: Inability to clearly demonstrate small cystic structures

Imaging frame rate decrease when you: A: Decrease frequency B: Increase dynamic range C: Increase frame averaging D: Increase sector width E: Decrease the number of transmit focal zones

D: Increase sector width

A waveform from the internal carotid artery obtained at a Doppler angle of 45 degrees shows aliasing. Which of the following choices will help you unwrap this waveform? A: Decrease the angle of incidence B: Decrease the high pass filter C: Raise the zero baseline D: Increase the pulse repetition frequency E: Increase the Doppler frequency

D: Increase the pulse repetition frequency

During performance of an obstetrical ultrasound exam you adjust the system parameters to improve the image. Which of the following parameters would increase acoustic exposure? A: Increase gain B: Increase TGC C: Increase frequency D: Increase transmit power E: Increase frame averaging

D: Increase transmit power

The dark area indicated by the arrow in this image is primarily due to: See image for question #146. A: Beam refraction B: Beam enhancement C: Destructive interference D: Increased attenuation E: All of the above

D: Increased attenuation

You have increased the output power by 10 dB. The signal intensity has: A: Doubled B: Tripled C: Quadrupled D: Increased by a factor of 10 E: Increased by a factor of 100

D: Increased by a factor of 10

The image on the left demonstrates poor lateral resolution compared to the image on the right. How were the system controls adjusted to optimize the image on the right? See image for question #207 A: Increased dynamic range B: Decreased transducer frequency C: Changed gray map D: Increased line density E: Reduced frame averaging

D: Increased line density

Which of the following is most likely also to decrease beam intensity? A: Increasing acoustic output B: Decreasing receiver gain C: Increasing focusing D: Increasing beam area E: Increasing amplitude

D: Increasing beam area

What is the purpose of the Radiofrequency shield that is placed around the crystal and backing material of the ultrasound probe? A: It helps to transmit radio waves into the body. B: It aids transmission of the electric signal to the crystal. C: It reduces the incoming electric signal strength from the body. D: It reduces electromagnetic interference. E: It improves axial resolution.

D: It reduces electromagnetic interference.

Increasing the number of acoustic scan lines in one frame improves which of the following? A: Temporal resolution B: Axial resolution C: Elevational resolution D: Lateral resolution E: Contrast resolution

D: Lateral resolution

What is being measured on the three rods in the center of this image? See image for question #578 A: Axial resolution B: Penetration C: Elevational resolution D: Lateral resolution E: Temporal resolution

D: Lateral resolution

Which transducer has the same distance between the scan lines in both the near and far fields? A: Convex array B: Phased array C: Curvilinear array D: Linear array E: Mechanical sector

D: Linear array

Which control optimization should you make to improve color Doppler sensitivity to slow flow? A: Lower the packet size B: Lower the transmitted ultrasound frequency in Doppler C: Raise the PRF D: Lower wall filter setting E: Lower the threshold

D: Lower wall filter setting

Which of the following human tissues has the highest rate of attenuation of an ultrasound wave? A: Liver B: Fat C: Fluid D: Lung E: Blood vessels

D: Lung

You are using an ultrasound examination mode that is useful for measuring dimensions of structures. This mode produces a display more similar to a tracing rather than an actual anatomic picture. Which of the following most closely matches this description? A: Duplex mode B: B-mode C: C-mode D: M-mode E: P-mode

D: M-mode

The sound beam can be focused by all of the following except: A: Acoustic mirror B: Acoustic lens C: Curved crystal D: Matching layer E: Electronic phasing

D: Matching layer

For a linear array transducer consisting of a single row of elements, what method is most used to focus the beam in the elevational direction? A: Transmit focusing B: Dynamic receive focusing C: Aperture focusing D: Mechanical focusing E: None of the above

D: Mechanical focusing

Which answer provides the best explanation for the reason that the frame rate decreases when color Doppler is activated? A: The color Doppler pulse length is longer B: There are more focal zones when color is active C: The system memory resources are challenged D: More pulses are fired on each line of sight E: All of the above

D: More pulses are fired on each line of sight

What is the purpose of applying multiple matching layers to the transducer face? A: The gel gradually erodes the matching layer, and using multiple layers lengthens the life of the transducer assembly. B: Because the impedance of tissue is quite variable from one patient to the next, multiple matching layers improve the likelihood of providing a close impedance match to each patient. C: Each individual coating of the matching layer contributes to the damping of the sound pulse, which results in improved axial resolution D: Multiple matching layers result in increased transducer bandwidth. E: Each coating of the matching layer provides focusing at a specific depth. With multiple layers, multiple points of focus are possible.

D: Multiple matching layers result in increased transducer bandwidth.

What type of focusing decreases the frame rate? A: Mechanical focusing B: Dynamic receive focusing C: Dynamic aperture focusing D: Multiple transmit focusing E: Curved crystal focusing

D: Multiple transmit focusing

You will see aliasing of the Doppler spectrum occurs whenever the frequency shift exceeds: A: Twice the pulse repetition frequency B: Three times the pulse repetition frequency C: One-third the pulse repetition frequency D: One-half the pulse repetition frequency E: One-fourth the pulse repetition frequency

D: One-half the pulse repetition frequency

These images show flow within the sac of a Pseudoaneurysm. Image A shows more color fill than image B. What color control was changed from image A to image B? See images for question #507 A: Gain B: Threshold C: Transmit frequency D: PRF E: Transmit power

D: PRF

Which of the following would most likely have the highest SPTA value? A: CW Doppler B: B-mode real-time scanners C: Static B-mode scanners D: PW Doppler E: Fetal monitor Doppler

D: PW Doppler

You are using a transducer that produces a beam with a very wide slice thickness. Which of the following problems are you most likely to encounter as a result? A: Increased near field reverberations in fluid structures B: Increased side lobes C: Decreased penetration D: Partial volume artifact E: Decreased frame rate

D: Partial volume artifact

A longitudinal wave is characterized by: A: A wave that demonstrates only Sagittal imaging planes. B: Randomized particle motion. C: A constant acoustic velocity of 1,540m/s. D: Particle motion occurring in the same direction as propagation. E: Particle motion occurring perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

D: Particle motion occurring in the same direction as propagation.

Which of the following terms denotes the time it takes for one cycle to occur? A: Frequency B: Amplitude C: Wavelength D: Period E: Pressure

D: Period

Electronic steering is most commonly applied to which of the following real-time transducers? A: Annular array B: Sequential linear array C: Mechanical sector D: Phased array E: Segmental linear array

D: Phased array

The optimal transducer technology for cardiac scanning is: A: Curved array B: Tightly curved array C: Linear array D: Phased array E: Mechanical sector

D: Phased array

The picture elements in a scan converter matrix are termed: A: Decimals B: Binary numerals C: Bits D: Pixels E: Bytes

D: Pixels

What sound parameter is determined only by the medium? A: Frequency B: Period C: Intensity D: Propagation speed E: None of the above

D: Propagation speed

What system control should be adjusted to optimize this waveform? See image for question #472 A: Wall filter B: Packet size C: Gain D: Pulse repetition frequency E: Sample volume size

D: Pulse repetition frequency

The packet size in color Doppler refers to the number of: A: Pulses per second B: Sample volumes per scan line C: Scan lines per unit area D: Pulse-listen cycles per acoustic scan line E: Pulses required to create one frame

D: Pulse-listen cycles per acoustic scan line

The packet size in color Doppler refers to the number of: A: Pulses per second B: Sample volumes per scan line C: Scan lines per unit area D: Pulses per acoustic scan lines E: Pulses per frame

D: Pulses per acoustic scan lines

What feature would you use if you wish to recall a previous exam from the PACS system to your ultrasound machine? A: Storage commitment B: Worklist C: DICOM store D: Query/retrieve E: HIPAA

D: Query/retrieve

The waveform you obtained from a arterial stenosis demonstrates aliasing. If you increase the pulse repetition frequency to eliminate the aliasing, what artifact could be introduced? A: Multipath reflections B: Spectrum mirror image C: Propagation speed error D: Range ambiguity E: Refraction

D: Range ambiguity

Another name for axial resolution is: A: Transverse resolution B: Azimuthal resolution C: Angular resolution D: Range resolution E: A and C

D: Range resolution

What term refers to regions of decreased particle density in a sound beam? A: Attenuation B: Transmission C: Compression D: Rarefaction E: Reverberation

D: Rarefaction

Which physics concept best explains the difference in signal strength between the 5.0 and 6.3 MHz Doppler frequencies? See images for question #509 A: The Reynolds number B: Poisiuelle's law C: Bernoulli effect D: Rayleigh scattering E: Cavitation

D: Rayleigh scattering

What three colors are used on a color monitor to produce the range of available colors? A: Red, purple, yellow B: Yellow, green, blue C: Blue, yellow, red D: Red, green, blue E: Blue, white, red

D: Red, green, blue

Increasing the wall filter during Doppler sampling will: A: Increase visibility of low velocity signals B: Increase spectral broadening C: Decrease bandwidth D: Reduce display of low-frequency shifts E: Reduce aliasing

D: Reduce display of low-frequency shifts

What is the result of increasing the wall filter during Doppler sampling? A: Increased visibility of low velocity signals B: Increased spectral broadening C: Decreased bandwidth D: Reduced display of low-frequency Doppler signals E: Reduction of aliasing

D: Reduced display of low-frequency Doppler signals

If sound waves of 3MHz, 5MHz, and 10MHz are transmitted through the same section of anatomy, reflections from which frequency would reach the transducer first? A: 3MHz B: 5MHz C: 10MHz D: Reflections from all three frequencies would have nearly identical transmit times. E: It is not possible to predict which will arrive first.

D: Reflections from all three frequencies would have nearly identical transmit times.

In ultrasound systems, the range equation is used to determine which of the following? A: Reflector amplitude B: Reflector frequency C: Reflector direction D: Reflector depth E: Reflector size

D: Reflector depth

What is the source of the echoes depicted by the arrows in this image of the kidney? See image for question #387 A: Side lobes B: Grating lobes C: Refraction D: Reverberation E: Multipath reflections

D: Reverberation

In this image of an arterial stenosis, the waveform indicates post stenotic Turbulence. What term describes the point at which flow becomes turbulent? See images for question #504 A: Poiseuilles's law B: Bernouille's law C: Starling's law D: Reynolds number E: Doppler equation

D: Reynolds number

Which artifact is associated with resonance of a gas bubble? A: Grating lobes B: Comet tail C: Acoustic speckle D: Ring-down E: Refraction

D: Ring-down

What component is necessary for a real-time B-mode scanner but is not present in an A-mode scanner? A: Clock B: Transmitter C: Transducer D: Scan converter E: Receiver

D: Scan converter

Another term for Nonspecular reflection: A: Destructive interference B: Refraction C: Diffraction D: Scattering E: Absorption

D: Scattering

What is the main advantage of using an Intracavitary probe compared to a standard transducer? A: The Intracavitary probe has superior focusing capabilities because of the increased radius of the curved probe face. B: The Intracavitary probe uses a lower frequency that provides superior penetration and closer inspection of the pelvic structures. C: The Intracavitary probe does not demonstrate side lobes or grating lobes because of the close spacing and curvature of the elements. D: Since the Intracavitary probe is closer to the area of interest, a higher frequency transducer can be used, resulting in superior spatial resolution. E: Bioeffects are greatly reduced with the Intracavitary probe because of its frequency range and power output.

D: Since the Intracavitary probe is closer to the area of interest, a higher frequency transducer can be used, resulting in superior spatial resolution.

The following two Sagittal images of an artery were obtained with different transducers. What type of resolution is limiting visualization of the arterial lumen in the image on the left? See image for question #392 A: Axial B: Lateral C: Temporal D: Slice thickness E: Contrast

D: Slice thickness

What term would describe a Doppler waveform obtained at location "C" in this depiction of an arterial stenosis? See image for question #489 A: Parabolic flow profile B: Laminar flow profile C: Plug flow profile D: Spectral broadening flow profile E: Dampened flow profile

D: Spectral broadening flow profile

If sound did not attenuate with increasing depth, what system control would you no longer need? A: Dynamic range B: Reject C: Frame averaging D: TGC E: Master gain

D: TGC

Which of the following occurs when you lower the pulse repetition frequency? A: The wall filter is increased B: The frame rate is increased C: The line density is increased D: The Nyquist limit is decreased E: The Doppler frequency is decreased

D: The Nyquist limit is decreased

What occurs when you image a structure with oblique incidence? A: A very strong reflection will occur since this is the optimal angle for imaging. B: All of the sound will be reflected due to the poor scanning angle. C: All of the sound will be transmitted due to the poor scanning angle. D: The angle of reflection will be oriented away from the transducer resulting in decreased visualization of the structure. E: The amount of scattering will be reduced with a scanning angle of 45 degrees resulting in a cleaner image with reduced artifactual echoes.

D: The angle of reflection will be oriented away from the transducer resulting in decreased visualization of the structure.

When you perform a Doppler exam the frequency of the transmitted signal is determined by: A: Backing material B: Attenuation factor of the tissue C: Bandwidth D: The frequency of the electrical signal applied to the transducer. E: Amplitude

D: The frequency of the electrical signal applied to the transducer.

You have decreased the acoustic power by -3dB. Which of the following most accurately describes the adjustment? A: The intensity has been quadrupled. B: The intensity has been quartered. C: The intensity has been increased 10 times. D: The intensity has been halved. E: The intensity has not been altered.

D: The intensity has been halved.

What does mechanical index indicate on an ultrasound system? A: The maximum temperature increase in tissue B: The minimum temperature increase in tissue C: Acoustic power in milliwatts D: The liklihood of cavitation during an ultrasound exam E: Minutes of exposure time before tissue heating is too great

D: The liklihood of cavitation during an ultrasound exam.

Blood vessels usually appear Anechoic on B-mode imaging because: A: They are empty B: The red blood cells cannot reflect the sound beam C: The red blood cells absorb the sound D: The reflection from the red blood cells is too weak to be displayed E: The red blood cells are moving too fast to produce a reflection

D: The reflection from the red blood cells is too weak to be displayed

According to Snell's law the angle of transmission is related to the incident beam angle and: A: The amount of acoustic impedance mismatch at an interface. B: The change in frequency that occurs at an interface. C: One-half of the angle of incidence. D: The relative speeds of sound in the two media. E: The percentage of diffraction distal to the interface.

D: The relative speeds of sound in the two media.

When you are educating your patient about the sonographic exam, sound travels through air from your mouth to your patients ears. Which of the following is true regarding the speed of sound travel through air? A: The speed of sound in air is greater than the speed of light. B: The speed of sound in air is greater than the speed of sound in soft tissue. C: The speed of sound in air is not predictable. D: The speed of sound in air is slower than the speed of sound in soft tissue. E: The speed of sound in air is equal to the speed of sound in soft tissue.

D: The speed of sound in air is slower than the speed of sound in soft tissue.

What error will occur if the angle correct cursor is NOT adjusted parallel to the vessel wall? A: The frequency shift will be underestimated B: No Doppler frequency shift will be detected C: Mirror imaging of the Doppler spectrum will occur D: The velocity estimation will be inaccurate E: Aliasing of the Doppler spectrum will occur

D: The velocity estimation will be inaccurate

While performing a Doppler study, the measurement of the Doppler angle of incidence was underestimated. What error will result from this mistake? A: The frequency shift will be underestimated B: No Doppler frequency shift will be detected C: Mirror imaging of the Doppler spectrum will occur D: The velocity estimation will be inaccurate E: Aliasing of the Doppler spectrum will occur

D: The velocity estimation will be inaccurate

What type of transducer was used to create this image of the uterus? See image for question #257 A: Linear array B: Phased array C: Single-element mechanical D: Tightly curved array E: Sector

D: Tightly curved array

Dynamic receive focusing uses: A: Mechanical means to focus the beam B: Time delays to excite array elements C: Variable number of elements to form the transmitted beam D: Time delays before echo signals from array elements are combined E: All of the above

D: Time delays before echo signals from array elements are combined

What is the order in which the signal travels in the ultrasound system? A: Transducer, receiver, display, scan converter B: Scan converter, transducer, receiver, display C: Scan converter, receiver, transducer, display D: Transducer, receiver, scan converter, display E: Receiver, transducer, scan converter, display

D: Transducer, receiver, scan converter, display

Which scanning mode does NOT rely on the principle of echo ranging to determine interface location? A: M-mode B: Pulsed-wave Doppler C: Static B-mode D: Transmission E: A-mode

D: Transmission

You have encountered spectral broadening of the internal carotid artery waveform. This most likely indicates: A: Slow heart rate B: Tachycardia C: Accelerated flow D: Turbulent flow E: High resistance flow

D: Turbulent flow

You are most like to see a color bruit in which of the following cases? A: Trickle flow within a small residual lumen B: Damped flow proximal to a high-grade stenosis C: Chronic vessel occlusion D: Turbulent flow distal to a high-grade stenosis E: Normal arterial flow

D: Turbulent flow distal to a high-grade stenosis

You are imaging a 3D data set that has anisotropic resolution. What does this mean? A: Spatial resolution is better than temporal resolution B: Spatial resolution is equal in all dimensions C: Contrast resolution is superior to spatial resolution D: Unequal resolution is present between imaging planes E: Elevation resolution and contrast resolution are the same

D: Unequal resolution is present between imaging planes

What statement is correct regarding the comparison of these two waveforms? See images for question #526 A: Waveform A shows a delayed systolic upstroke compared to B B: Waveform A shows decreased spectral broadening compared to B C: Waveform A indicates the presence of proximal disease and waveform B is normal D: Waveform A indicates a low-resistance state compared to waveform B E: Waveform A shows flow toward the transducer and waveform B shows flow away from the transducer

D: Waveform A indicates a low-resistance state compared to waveform B

In this color map, what color represents the highest positive Doppler shift? See images for question #532 A: Dark red B: Dark blue C: Black D: Yellow/orange E: Cyan

D: Yellow/orange

Which color would represent an aliased Doppler signal from flow coursing away from the transducer? See images for question #532 A: Dark red B: Dark blue C: Black D: Yellow/orange E: Cyan

D: Yellow/orange

You are using a transducer with poor elevation resolution. What problem will most likely be encountered as a result? A: Small structures closely spaced together along the path of the beam will not be separated B: Two closely spaced structures in a plane perpendicular to the beam will not be separated C: You will not be able to accurately measure structures oriented perpendicular to the beam D: You will not be able to clear Anechoic tubes oriented with their axis in the scan plane E: High-contrast spherical objects will not be correctly imaged

D: You will not be able to clear Anechoic tubes oriented with their axis in the scan plane

You are performing a sonogram and notice that the TI reading is 1. What does this indicate? A: The patients temperature has increased 1 degree C as a result of the ultrasound scan. B: The patients temperature has increased 2 degrees C as a result of the ultrasound scan. C: You must limit your scanning to 1 minute. D: The output level is high enough that temperature could increase as much as 1 degree C if the transducer were held stationary. E: The temperature at the focal point has increased by 1 degree C and scanning time must be reduced to 4 minutes

D: the output level is high enough that temperature could increase as much as 1 degree C if the transducer were held stationary.

A typical value for the duty factor in diagnostic sonographic imaging is: A: 80-100% B: 50-75% C: 25-45% D: 5-20% E: 0.1-1%

E: 0.1-1%

Which of the following represents the number 1234 in scientific notation? A: 0.1234 B: 0.1234 x 10 3 C: 1234 x 10 1 D: 1234 x 10-1 E: 1.234 x 10 3

E: 1.234 x 10 3

What is the maximum number of shades of gray in an 8-bit digital scan converter? A: 16 B: 32 C: 64 D: 128 E: 256

E: 256

You are performing a carotid duplex examination with the following parameters: 5 MHz Doppler frequency, 6 kHz PRF, 4 cm depth, and 1.5 mm sample volume length. What is the aliasing frequency? A: 5 MHz B: 6 kHz C: 12 kHz D: 1.5 MHz E: 3 kHz

E: 3 kHz

If you make a mistake in the measurement of the Doppler angle, the error in velocity estimation will be greatest at which Doppler angle? A: 0 degrees B: 30 degrees C: 45 degrees D: 60 degrees E: 70 degrees

E: 70 degrees

The Doppler waveform you have obtained from a collateral channel shows high resistance compared to the contralateral normal artery. The increased resistance may be attributed to: A: Decreased tube diameter B: Increased vessel length C: Decreased resistance in the vascular bed D: All of the above E: A and B

E: A and B

The end result of the issue from the above question is: Answer to question #590: A: Damage to the lens or transducer crystals A: Degradation of image quality B: Underestimation of maximum flow velocity C: Electrical shock D: Overheating E: A and B

E: A and B

Which of the following will improve the artifact you are imaging in the previous question? Answer to question #419: Acoustic speckle A: Use frame averaging B: Use compound imaging C: Reduce the output power D: Increase the overall gain E: A and B

E: A and B

What should you do to avoid nosocomial and cross-infection with sonographic probes? A: Probe cleaning should always precede high-level disinfection. B: Covering a probe with a condom is a sufficient barrier to infection for intracavitary probes. C: Disinfection using a germicide compatible with the transducer is indicated when the probe is in contact with mucous membranes. D: Alcohol soak of each probe should occur between patients. E: A and C

E: A and C

Attenuation of the sound beam is affected by: A: Absorption B: Scattering C: Reflection D: Propagation speed E: A, B, and C

E: A, B, and C

Which display mode may be used to calculate distance measurements? A: A-mode B: B-mode C: M-mode D: B and C only E: A, B, and C

E: A, B, and C

A linear array will produce which of the following image shapes? See image for question #230 and 231 A: A or B B: B or C C: C or D D: D or E E: A, C, or E

E: A, C, or E

Which transducer would demonstrate a waveform ABOVE the zero baseline? See image for question #457 A: A B: B C: C D: D E: All except for E

E: All except for E

An ultrasound system preventative maintenance program should include: A: Cleaning of air filters B: Visual inspection of probes C: Transducer testing D: External cleaning of the system E: All of the above

E: All of the above

Attenuation of the sound beam increases with increasing: A: Path length B: Absorption C: Frequency D: Scattering and reflection E: All of the above

E: All of the above

Axial resolution is improved with: A: Increased bandwidth B: Shorter pulse length C: Shorter wavelength D: B and C E: All of the above

E: All of the above

Requirements of magnetic field tracking for 3D reconstruction include: A: Minimization of electromagnetic interference B: Transmitter must be in close proximity to the receiver C: Ferrous metals must not be within the electromagnetic field D: A and B only E: All of the above

E: All of the above

The Reynolds number increases with increasing: A: Flow speed B: Vessel diameter C: Blood density D: Blood flow viscosity E: All of the above

E: All of the above

The presence of the systolic spectral window of the Doppler waveform is affected by: A: Sample volume size B: Turbulent flow C: Doppler gain D: Position of the Doppler sample volume E: All of the above

E: All of the above

Use of a transducer should be discontinued if a crack appears in the following area: See image for question #586 A: A B: B C: C D: D E: All of the above

E: All of the above

Using the Modality Worklist has the advantage of: A: Avoiding the need to type patient information B: Reducing patient information error C: Speeding up patient preparation time D: Easily confirming patient information E: All of the above

E: All of the above

What can you test with a Doppler flow phantom? A: Range-gate accuracy B: Spectral Doppler velocity accuracy C: Color Doppler penetration D: A and B only E: All of the above

E: All of the above

What must be known to convert the Doppler shift frequency spectrum into velocities? A: Doppler frequencies B: Angle of incidence C: Speed of sound in tissue D: Ultrasound frequency E: All of the above

E: All of the above

When you select compound imaging, which artifact is less likely to be observed? A: Refraction B: Shadowing C: Enhancement D: Acoustic speckle E: All of the above

E: All of the above

Which of the following could be a source of color Doppler signal? A: Blood flow B: Breathing motion C: Cardiac motion D: Transducer motion E: All of the above

E: All of the above

Which of the following could be used to increase the color frame rate for a cardiac image? A: Decrease the image width B: Decrease the packet size C: Decrease the line density D: A and B E: All of the above

E: All of the above

Which of the following increases as frequency increases? A: Absorption B: Scattering C: Attenuation D: A and C only E: All of the above

E: All of the above

Which of the following interactions of sound and tissue decreases the intensity of the transmitted beam? A: Absorption B: Reflection C: Scattering D: Conversion of sound to heat E: All of the above

E: All of the above

Which of the following should be regularly checked as a component of quality control program? A: System penetration B: Image uniformity C: Assurance of electrical safety D: Distance measurement accuracy E: All of the above

E: All of the above

If you wish to use an array transducer that allows you to control transmit focal depth, what type would you select? A: Linear array B: Convex array C: Phased array D: Annular array E: Any of the above

E: Any of the above

What term is used to describe the reduction in the intensity of sound as it propagates through tissue? A: Diffraction B: Refraction C: Reflection D: Absorption E: Attenuation

E: Attenuation

The rods depicted by the arrows in this phantom are used to determine what leature of the machine? See image for question #574 A: Contrast resolution B: Penetration C: Lateral resolution D: Measurement accuracy E: Axial resolution

E: Axial resolution

Using a hydrophone you can measure? A: Impedance B: Pressure amplitude C: Duty factor D: All of the above E: B and C only

E: B and C only

Transducers should NOT be cleaned with: A: Soap and water B: Ultraviolet C: Autoclave D: Gas E: B, C, and D

E: B, C, and D

Which transducer would have a lower line density in the far field compared to the near field? A: Linear array B: Curved array C: Tightly curved array D: Phased array E: B, C, and D

E: B, C, and D

The spectrum of frequencies emitted by a pulsed-wave transducer is known as: A: Reynolds number B: Center frequency C: F-number D: Resonance frequency E: Bandwidth

E: Bandwidth

What limitation is present when you use high-PRF Doppler? A: Frame rate B: Spatial resolution C: Sensitivity to slow flow D: Range resolution E: Both C and D

E: Both C and D

What Reynolds number would result in turbulent flow? A: 200 B: 300 C: 2000 D: 3000 E: C and D

E: C and D

Which intensity parameter is not applicable for continuous-wave ultrasound? A: SATA B: SPTA C: SPPA D: SAPA E: C and D

E: C and D

You want to use 3D imaging to display an anatomic structure because 3D has the following advantage over 2D imaging: A: Higher frame rates B: Better spacial resolution C: Ability to display image planes impossible to obtain with 2D imaging D: Ability to display orthogonal planes simultaneously E: C and D

E: C and D

Which of the following ultrasound examinations would require the highest frame rate? A: Small parts B: Abdominal C: Pelvic D: Vascular E: Cardiac

E: Cardiac

You may observe sound attenuation by all of the following EXCEPT: A: Reflection B: Scattering C: Conversion of sound to heat D: Absorption E: Compression

E: Compression

The ability to distinguish between adjacent structures that produce echoes of similar amplitude is termed: A: Spatial resolution B: Axial resolution C: Lateral resolution D: Temporal resolution E: Contrast resolution

E: Contrast resolution

What type of transducer was used to obtain this image? See image for question #227 A: Linear array B: Sector C: Phased array D: Micro convex E: Curved array

E: Curved array

What factor LEAST influences lateral resolution? A: Frequency B: Focus depth C: Beam width D: Transducer diameter E: Damping

E: Damping

While evaluating the liver vasculature with color Doppler, you are unable to obtain signals from the deeper vessels. What should you do to enhance your ability to demonstrate deep flow? A: Decrease the packet size B: Increase the scan line density C: Increase the wall filter D: Increase the pulse repetition frequency E: Decrease the ultrasound frequency

E: Decrease the ultrasound frequency

Increasing the frequency on a multifrequency transducer from 3.5MHz to 5.0MHz will: A: Increase the sound propagation speed B: Increase the pulse length C: Increase penetration D: Decrease the pulse repetition frequency E: Decrease the wavelength

E: Decrease the wavelength

What would you change if the image does not show adequate penetration and the far field displays noise instead of tissue? A: Turn on compound imaging. B: Move the focal position to a more superficial location. C: Use an acoustic stand-off pad. D: Increase TGC. E: Decrease transmit frequency.

E: Decrease transmit frequency.

What is meant by the dead zone in performance testing? A: B-mode penetration distance B: Level at which the ultrasound signal is the same strength as the electronic noise C: Doppler signal obtained at 90 degrees D: Doppler penetration distance E: Distance from the transducer to the first identifiable echo

E: Distance from the transducer to the first identifiable echo

Which echo amplitude in the following illustration would produce the brightest dot on a B-mode display? See image for question #335 A: A B: B C: C D: D E: E

E: E

Which transducer would not detect a Doppler frequency shift? See image for question #457 A: A B: B C: C D: D E: E

E: E

While performing an ultrasound examination, you decide to adjust the system settings to improve the image. Which of the following is NOT user-adjustable? A: Frequency B: Power C: Gain D: Compression E: Echo arrival time

E: Echo arrival time

What type of resolution is most affected by the mechanical focus on a linear array transducer? A: Lateral resolution B: Contrast resolution C: Temporal resolution D: Axial resolution E: Elevational resolution

E: Elevational resolution

What is another name for the Hyperechoic artifact distal to a fluid structure? See image for question #388 A: Refraction B: Shadowing C: Speckle D: Grating lobe E: Enhancement

E: Enhancement

The location where the sound beam reaches its narrowest diameter is known as the: A: Fraunhofer zone B: Beam area C: Fresnel zone D: Curie point E: Focal zone

E: Focal zone

What advantage is obtained by steering a linear array transducer to create a trapezoidal shape to the display as demonstrated in this image? See image for question #256 A: Improved lateral resolution B: Improved axial resolution C: Improved contrast resolution D: Improved elevational resolution E: Improved field of view

E: Improved field of view

Which of the following will NOT improve axial resolution? A: Increased damping B: Increased transducer frequency C: Increased bandwidth D: Decreased pulse length E: Increased focusing

E: Increased focusing

The following advantage is associated with use of the MI and TI indices: A: The system will automatically adjust parameters to limit exposure under adverse conditions. B: The system will beep to notify the sonographer when indices are too great. C: The system will shut down when exposure becomes too great. D: The sonographer can easily dial in a safe exposure limit for each patient. E: Information is available on the screen to help the sonographer implement the ALARA principle.

E: Information is available on the screen to help the sonographer implement the ALARA principle.

What is the purpose of the SMPTE test pattern? A: It is used to determine transducer sensitivity B: It is used to measure penetration C: It is used to measure axial resolution D: It is used to measure lateral resolution E: It is used to aid in the setup and quality assurance of displays and cameras

E: It is used to aid in the setup and quality assurance of displays and cameras

You have been requested to image a superficial mass and to adjust your equipment to optimize spatial resolution. Spatial resolution consists of: A: Contrast and Temporal resolution B: Temporal and axial resolution C: Axial and contrast resolution D: Contrast and lateral resolution E: Lateral and axial resolution

E: Lateral and axial resolution

When you increase the scan line density in the B-mode image, you improve: A: Temporal resolution B: Contrast resolution C: Slice thickness D: Axial resolution E: Lateral resolution

E: Lateral resolution

In the following waveform, the end-diastolic flow velocity cannot be measured. What control adjustment should be performed to obtain this measurement? See image for question #484 A: Increase the pulse repetition frequency B: Decrease the angle of incidence C: Lower the zero baseline D: Increase the Doppler gain E: Lower wall filter

E: Lower wall filter

What determines the speed of sound? A: Frequency of sound wave B: Intensity of sound wave C: Attenuation of sound wave D: Reflection of sound wave E: Medium through which sound wave passes

E: Medium through which sound wave passes

What is the maximum velocity limit for a 3 MHz CW Doppler unit operating at a depth of 4 cm? A: 40 cm/s B: 200 cm/s C: 2.5 m/s D: 4 m/s E: None of the above

E: None of the above

What is the maximum velocity limit for a 3 MHz CW Doppler unit operating at a depth of 4 cm? A: 40 cm/s B: 200 cm/s C: 2.5 m/s D: 4 m/s E: None of the above

E: None of the above

Which of the following conditions will result in aliasing of the Doppler frequency shift using continuous-wave Doppler? A: PRF 10 kHz, frequency shift 4 kHz B: PRF 12 kHz, frequency shift 8 kHz C: PRF 5 kHz, frequency shift 2.3 kHz D: PRF 8 kHz, frequency shift 5 kHz E: None of the above

E: None of the above

Which of the following occurs when you use the maximum system gain? A: Increased tissue heating B: Increased risk of cavitation C: Fluid particle streaming D: Increased sound absorption E: None of the above

E: None of the above

You are imaging with a 5MHz linear array transducer. What sound parameter stays constant as the beam propagates through the tissue? A: Frequency B: Intensity C: Amplitude D: Wavelength E: None of the above

E: None of the above

A-mode display is most commonly used for what type of ultrasound imaging? A: Small parts B: Abdominal C: Cardiac D: Vascular E: Opthalmologic

E: Opthalmologic

You have the ability to adjust the following controls during an abdominal ultrasound study. Which control most closely affects patient exposure? A: Receiver overall gain B: TGC C: Dynamic range D: Reject E: Output power

E: Output power

A commonly used system to handle the archiving and electronic distribution of sonographic images using a DICOM format is: A: VHS B: DVD C: USB D: MOD E: PACS

E: PACS

What flow characteristic is depicted in this illustration? See image for question #486 A: Turbulent flow B: Blunt flow profile C: Flat flow profile D: Stenotic flow profile E: Parabolic flow profile

E: Parabolic flow profile

In medicine what do the initials "PHI" indicate? A: Private health indicator B: Personal heart index C: Personal health information D: Private health institute E: Protected health information

E: Protected health information

The time that is takes for one pulse to occur is known as the: A: Duty factor B: Spatial pulse length C: Wavelength D: Pulse repetition frequency E: Pulse duration

E: Pulse duration

What artifact is being described in the previous question? Question #403: While scanning a curved structure, you notice shadowing at the lateral edges of the structure. What is required for this artifact to occur? A: Grating lobes B: Comet tail C: Acoustic speckle D: Ring-down E: Refraction

E: Refraction

Which of the following sound interactions produced the shadows indicated by the arrows on this image?

E: Refraction

Which statement is NOT true regarding lateral resolution? A: It is equal to beam width. B: It is improved by focusing. C: It is defined as the minimum separation required to resolve two structures perpendicular to the beam axis. D: It is also known as azimuthal resolution. E: Remains constant throughout scanning depth.

E: Remains constant throughout scanning depth.

The ultrasound system in your lab has a transducer with a small footprint. This kind of transducer has the following disadvantage: A: It cannot be focused in the elevation direction. B: The field of view in the far field is only 1/4 the diameter of the transducer. C: The near field lateral resolution is poor. D: The Q value is very high. E: Resolution is degraded at large distances.

E: Resolution is degraded at large distances.

Which of the following would show the highest intensity value? A: SATP B: SATA C: Im D: SPPA E: SPTP

E: SPTP

What interaction of ultrasound and tissue is primarily responsible for imaging the internal structure of organs? A: Specular reflection B: Refraction C: Diffraction D: Destructive interference E: Scattering

E: Scattering

Which of the following statements regarding the effect of frequency on Rayleigh scattering is TRUE? A: The amount of scattering is not affected by frequency. B: Scattering intensity doubles if frequency is doubled. C: Doubling the frequency results in halving the scattering intensity. D: Doubling the frequency results in quartering the scattering intensity. E: Scattering intensity is proportional to frequency raised to the fourth power.

E: Scattering intensity is proportional to frequency raised to the fourth power.

What system control on Doppler adjusts the PRF? A: Dynamic range B: Packet size C: Ensemble length D: Gain E: Spectral velocity scale

E: Spectral velocity scale

Bulk modulus is closely related to which of the following qualities? A: Attenuation B: Frequency C: Wavelength D: Volume E: Stiffness

E: Stiffness

Which of the following can NOT be evaluated with a tissue-equivalent phantom? A: Axial resolution B: Lateral resolution C: Contrast resolution D: Slice thickness E: Temporal resolution

E: Temporal resolution

Diagnostic ultrasound is limited in its diagnostic application to the adult brain because: A: The speed of sound in the brain is much faster than that in soft tissue resulting in a range artifact. B: Nearly all of the sound is transmitted at the interface between bone and soft tissue with no reflection to create an image. C: Diffraction of the sound beam occurs because of the irregular surface of the brain resulting in little transmission of sound through the cranial interface. D: Bending of the sound beam due to refraction results in a multipath artifact that distorts the image making it non diagnostic at high frequencies. E: The great acoustic impedance mismatch between the cranium and soft tissue causes most of the sound to be reflected at that interface.

E: The great acoustic impedance mismatch between the cranium and soft tissue causes most of the sound to be reflected at that interface.

With A-mode, the strength of the echo signal is represented by: A: The brightness of the dot B: The brightness of the spike C: The distance between two spikes D: The distance between two dots E: The height of the spike

E: The height of the spike

You are manipulating a volume data set that was previously obtained on your patient. What is the maximum number of imaging planes that can be obtained from this data set? A: One B: Ten C: One hundred D: One thousand E: There is no limit

E: There is no limit

These two images show a Pseudoaneurysm sac. In image A, the gray-scale echoes within the flow are visible and the color does not fill the aneurysm sac. What control was optimized in image B to allow the color to write over the gray-scale echoes? See images for question #513 A: PRF B: Wall filter C: Gain D: Packet size E: Threshold

E: Threshold

What technique would be most helpful in reducing grating lobes in your image? A: Beam steering B: Compound imaging C: 3D imaging D: Speckle reduction imaging E: Tissue harmonic imaging

E: Tissue harmonic imaging

What type of imaging results in selective reception of frequencies that are 2 times that of the transmitted frequency? A: Color Doppler imaging B: Pulsed Doppler imaging C: Tissue Doppler imaging D: M-mode imaging E: Tissue harmonic imaging

E: Tissue harmonic imaging

What component of the ultrasound system converts the electric energy provided by the Pulser into acoustic pulses transmitted into the patient? A: Receiver B: Scan converter C: Memory D: Display E: Transducer

E: Transducer

Which if the following does not affect the time required to create one image frame? A: Number of transmit focal zones B: Number of acoustic scan lines C: Image depth setting D: Speed of sound in tissue E: Transducer aperture

E: Transducer aperture

The transducer you are using is an array assembly. What is an advantage of this type of transducer? A: Transducer arrays produce pure, single-frequency beams B: Transducer arrays enable mechanical steering C: Transducer arrays produce very long pulses for improved axial resolution D: Transducer arrays have greater dynamic range, resulting in more displayed shades of gray E: Transducer arrays enable electronic focusing and steering

E: Transducer arrays enable electronic focusing and steering

When practicing universal precautions you should do all of the following EXCEPT: A: Wear gloves when there is a potential for contact with patient bodily fluids. B: Change gloves when moving from one patient to another. C: Wash hands immediately after gloves are removed. D: Wear face masks or eye protection whenever there is a possibility of blood splashing into your face. E: Wash gloves between exams for re-use from one patient to another.

E: Wash gloves between exams for RE-use from one patient to another.

What is the advantage of using Write zoom instead of Read zoom magnification? A: Write zoom always provides a higher frame rate than Read zoom B: Write zoom allows you to select a location in the image, whereas Read zoom must be applied to only the center of the image. C: Write zoom reduces the display of electronic noise and side lobes because it is performed in the memory component of the instrument D: Write zoom provides greater dynamic range than Read zoom E: Write zoom provides better spatial resolution than Read zoom

E: Write zoom provides better spatial resolution than Read zoom