DAY 1 - HOA, TOA, PP - Part 1

Insula

A Roman masonry and concrete tenement block for the laboring classes, often a multi-story structure with commercial premises and workships (tabernae) at street level; originally the plot of land bounded by urban streets, on which one was built. Image: Casa di Diana, Italy

Theatrum/Theater

A Roman theater building or structure similar to a Greek semicircular outdoor amphitheater; a building or arena with a stage and auditorium for the production and performance of theatrical works.

Chevron

A V-shaped pattern used in heraldry (coats of arms) and as ornamentation.

Attic Base

A base to a classical column, consisting of an upper and a lower torus separated by a scotia between two fillets.

Cantharus

A basin for a ritual cleansing with water in the atrium of an early Christian basilica.

Font

A basin, usually of stone, holding the water used in baptism.

Campanille

A bell tower, usually one near but not attached to the body of a church. Image: Leaning Tower of Pisa, Bonanno Pisano, Gherardo din Gherardo, Giovani di Simone, Tommaso Pisano - Located at Piazza del Duomo - Transition from Romanesque to Gothic

Baseboard

A board or molding concealing the joint between an interior wall and the floor. Also called mopboard or skirt.

Ancon

A bracket or console used in classical architecture to support a cornice or the entablature over a doorway or window.

Dogtrot

A breezeway linking two parts of a house.

Aqueduct

A bridge or other structure designed to convey fresh water, usually a canal or river supported by piers and arches, or a tunnel; from the Latin aquae ductus, "conveyance of water". Image: Aqua Claudia, Rome, Italy

Highlight

A brilliantly lighted area of a modelled drawing appearing as a luminous spot.

Dotted Line

A broken line consisting of a series of closely spaced dots, sometimes used in place of a dashed line.

Break Line

A broken line consisting of relatively long segments joined by short zigzag strokes, used to cut off a portion of a drawing i.e. stair drawings.

Centerline

A broken line consisting of relatively long segments separated by single dashes or dots uses to represent the axis of a symmetrical element or composition.

Phantom Line

A broken line consisting of relatively long segments separated by two short dashes or dots used to represent a property line, an alternative position of a part of an object, or the relative position of an absent part; used in exploded views.

Dashed Line

A broken line consisting of short, closely spaced strokes used esp. to represent object lines that are hidden or removed from view.

Swan's Neck Pediment

A broken pediment having an outline formed by a pair of S-curves tangent to the horizontal cornice at the ends of the pediment and rising to a pair of scrolls on either side of the center, where a finial often rises between the scrolls.

Apartment House/Building

A building containing a number of apartment units.

Church

A building for public Christian worship.

Loft Building

A building having several floors with large areas of unobstructed space, originally rented out for light industrial purposes and now frequently converted to residential occupancy.

Triplex

A building having three apartments, an apartment having three floors, or multiplex of three theaters.

House

A building in which people live.

Skyscraper

A building of exceptional height and many stories, supported by a steel or concrete framework from which the walls are suspended.

Belvedere

A building or architectural feature of a building, designed and situated to look out upon a pleasing scene.

Synagogue

A building or place of assembly for Jewish worship and religious instruction.

Megaron

A building or semi-independent unit of a building, typically having a rectangular principal chamber with a center hearth and a porch, often with columns in antis (having 1-4 columns in the front between antae instead of usual 2); traditional in Greece since Mycenaean times and believed to be the ancestor of the Doric temple.

Tower

A building or structure high in proportion to its lateral dimensions, either standing alone or forming part of a larger building.

Cooperative

A building owned and managed by a nonprofit corporation in which shares are sold, entitling the shareholders to occupy units in the building. Also called, co-op. Unit owners are encouraged to design and build their homes in a cooperative fashion. Image: Japan

Brownstone

A building, esp. a row house, fronted with a reddish-brown sandstone.

Edifice

A building, esp. one of large size, massive structure, and imposing appearance.

Theater

A building, part of a building, or outdoor area for housing dramatic presentations, stage entertainment, or motion-picture shows.

Onion Dome

A bulbous, domelike roof terminating in a sharp point, used esp. in Russian Orthodox church architecture to cover a cupola or tower. Image: St. Basil's Cathedral, Postnik Yakovlev, Ivan Barma

Tabernacle

A canopied recess for a religious image or icon.

Basket Capital

A capital of the Byzantine style with interlaced bands like those of a basket. Also called, pulvin, impost block, or supercapital.

Coved Ceiling

A ceiling having a cove.

Camp Ceiling

A ceiling having the form of a truncated pyramid.

Acoustical Ceiling

A ceiling of acoustical tile or other sound-absorbing material.

Suspended Ceiling

A ceiling suspended from an overhead floor or roof structure to provide space for pipes, ductwork, lighting fixtures, or other service equipment.

Lacunar

A ceiling, soffit, or vault adorned with a pattern of recessed panels.

Storm Cellar

A cellar or other underground place for shelter during violent storms, such as cyclones, tornadoes, or hurricanes. Also, cyclone cellar.

Tile Grout

A cementitious or resinous mix for filling joints in ceramic tilework.

Section Line

A center-line terminating in a perpendicular segment with an arrow, used to indicate where a section is cut in a plan or elevation view and the direction in which the section is to be viewed

Focus

A central point of attraction, attention, or activity.

Shoin-Zukuri

A ceremonial style of Japanese residential architecture in the Kamakura period, deriving its name from the characteristic shoin or study-bay and marked by a hierarchical arrangement of public and private rooms.

Scale

A certain proportionate size, extent, or degree, usually judged in relation to some standard or point of reference.

Chantry

A chapel endowed for the saying of masses and prayers for the souls of the founders or of persons named by them.

Lady chapel

A chapel in a church or cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary, usually located at the high altar of a cathedral at the extremity of the apse.

Prothesis

A chapel in an Eastern Orthodox church where the Eucharistic elements are prepared, usually on the north side of the bema. *Note: Anglican, Roman Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox churches normally face east.

Cavetto Cornice/Egyptian Gorge and Hollow

A characteristic cornice of Egyptian buildings, consisting of large cavetto decorated with vertical leaves and a roll molding below.

Quadriga

A chariot drawn by four (4) horses.

Triga

A chart drawn by three (3) horses.

Martyrium

A church or other edifice erected over the tomb of a martyr. Image: Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem (Byzantine - Romanesque, Baroque - founded by Constantine)

Aureole

A circle of light or radiance surrounding the head or body in the representation of a sacred personage.

Cromlech

A circular arrangement of megaliths enclosing a dolmen or burial mound.

Henge

A circular arrangement of vertically oriented wooden posts or stones.

Tholos/Monopteron

A circular building having a single row of columns surrounding a central structure or a courtyard. Image: C

Cyclostyle

A circular colonnade or peristyle open at the center. Also, a tholos and monopteron. Image: J

Color Wheel

A circular scale of the colors of the spectrum, showing complementary colors opposite each other. Also called, the color circle.

Trullo

A circular stone shelter of the Apulia region of southern Italy, roofed with conical constructions of corbeled dry masonry, usually whitewashed and painted with figures or symbols. Many of these are over 1000 years old and are still in use today, usually located among vineyards to serve as storage structures or as temporary living quarters during harvest.

Rose Window

A circular window, usually of stained glass and decorated with tracery symmetrical about the center.

Yurt

A circular, tent-like dwelling of the Mongol nomads of Central Asia, consisting of a cylindrical wall of poles in a lattice arrangement with a conical roof of poles, both covered by felt or animal skins.

Impluvium

A cistern set in the atrium of an ancient Roman house to receive rainwater from the compluvium.

Rome

A city in the central part of Italy, which, according to tradition, was founded by Romulus and Remus in 758 BCE; ancient capital of the Roman Empire and site of Vatican City, the seat of authority of the Roman Catholic Church.

Astylar

A class of design lacking in columns or pilasters. Ex. Riccardi and Strozzi palaces in Florence are astylar in their design, in contradistinction to Palladio's palaces at Vicenza

Composite

A classical Roman order, a hybrid of Ionian and Corinthian, with fluted columns, a capital with both volutes and acanthus leaves, a base, and an entablature with dentils.

Amphitheater

A classical arena for gladiatorial contests and spectacles consisting of an oval or round space surrounded by tiered seating for spectators.

Tuscan Order

A classical order of Roman origin, basically a simplified Roman Doric characterized by an unfluted column and a plain base, capital, and entablature having no decoration other than moldings.

Ionic Order

A classical order that developed in the Greek colonies of Asia Minor in the 6th century BCE, characterized esp. by the spiral volutes of its capital. The fluted columns typically had molded bases and supported an entablature consisting of an architrave of three (3) fascias, a richly ornamented frieze, and a cornice corbeled out on egg-and-dart and dentil moldings. Roman and Renaissance examples are often more elaborate, and usually set the volutes of the capitals 45-degrees to the architrave. Image: Temple of Nike, Athens

Tight Fit

A close, often compact correspondence between functional groupings and the form or structure of the enclosing space or where furniture arrangement conforms to the surrounding space.

Pteron

A colonnade parallel to, but apart from the cella. Image: 1

Peristyle

A colonnade surrounding a building or a courtyard.

Loggia

A colonnaded or arcaded space WITHIN the body of a building but open to the air on one side, often at an UPPER story overlooking an open interior court.

Additive Color

A color produced by combining lights of red, green, and blue wavelengths. These light or additive primaries contain all the wavelengths necessary to produce a colorless or white light.

Subtractive Color

A color produced by mixing cyan, yellow, and magenta pigments, each of which absorbs certain wavelengths. A balanced mixture of these colorant or subtractive primaries theoretically yields black since it absorbs all wavelengths of visible light.

Tertiary Colors

A color, such as brown, produced by mixing two secondary colors, or a secondary color with one of its constituent primaries.

Secondary Colors

A color, such as orange, green, or violet, produced by mixing two primary colors.

Rostral Columns

A column frequently erected in the time of the emperors to celebrate naval victories and took their name from the rostra or rows of captured ships.

Trumeau

A column supporting the tympanum of a doorway at its center.

Split Complementary

A combination of one color and the pair of colors adjoining its complementary color on a color wheel.

Triad

A combination of three colors forming an equilateral triangle on a color wheel.

Double Complementary

A combination of two analogous colors and their complementary colors on a color wheel.

Pueblo

A communal dwelling and defensive structure of the Pueblo Indians of the southwestern U.S., built of adobe or stone, typically many-storied, and terraced, with entry through the flat roofs of the chambers by ladder. These structures were built on the desert floor, in valleys, or in the more easily defended cliff walls of mesas.

Longhouse

A communal dwelling characteristic of many early cultures, esp. that of the Iroquis and various other North American Indian peoples, consisting of a wooden, bark-covered framework often as much as 100ft (30.5m) in height.

Arabesque

A complex and ornate design that employs flowers, foliage, and sometimes animal and geometric figures to produce and intricate pattern of interlaced lines.

Cavetto

A concave molding having a profile that approximates a quarter circle.

Cavetto

A concave molding having an outline that approximates a quarter circle

Congé

A concave molding having the form of a quadrant curving away from a given surface and terminating perpendicular to a fillet parallel to that surface.

Cove

A concave surface forming part of a ceiling at its edge to eliminate the usual interior angle between wall and ceiling.

Cove

A concave surface or molding, esp. at the transition from wall to ceiling.

Design Concept

A concept for the form, structure, and features of a building or other construction, represented graphically by diagrams, plans, or other drawings.

Order

A condition of logical, harmonious, or comprehensible arrangement in which each element of a group is properly disposed with reference to other elements and to its purpose.

Suite

A connected series of rooms arranged to be used together.

Pattern

A consistent, characteristic, or coherent arrangement based on the interrelation of component parts.

Pedestal

A construction upon which a column, statue, memorial shaft, or the like is elevated, usually consisting of a base, a dado, and a cornice or cap. Image: 16

Vault

A continuous arch.

Floor

A continuous supporting surface extending horizontally throughout a building, having a number of rooms and constituting one level in the structure.

Cornice

A continuous, molded projection that crowns a wall or other construction, or divides it horizontally for compositional purposes.

Accessible Route

A continuous, unobstructed path from site arrival points and connecting all accessible building and facilities within a site.

Star

A conventional figure usually having five (5) or more points radiating from a center, often used as an ornament and symbol.

Cable Molding

A convex molding having a form of a rope. Image: K

Ovolo

A convex molding having a profile approximating a quarter section of a circle or ellipse.

Aaron's Rod

A convex molding having pointed leaves or scrollwork emerging at regular intervals. Image: L

Bead and Reel

A convex molding having the form of disks alternating with spherical or elongated beads.

Gadroon

A convex molding molding elaborately carved with reeding or intended with notches.

Quarter Round

A convex molding whose section is a quarter circle.

Boltel

A convex, rounded molding.

Cyrtostyle

A convex, usually semicircular portico.

Receding Color

A cool color that appears to move away from an observer, giving an illusion of space.

Hallway/Hall

A corridor or passageway in a house, hotel, or other building.

Counterpoise

A counterbalancing weight or force.

Stylobate

A course of masonry forming the foundation for a row of columns, especially the outermost colonnade of a classical temple.

Courtyard

A court adjacent to or within a building, esp. One enclosed on all four sides.

Forecourt

A courtyard before the entrance to a building or a group of buildings.

Garth

A courtyard or quadrangle enclosed by a cloister (ambulatory). Also called, cloister garth.

Patio

A courtyard, esp. of a house, enclosed by low buildings, arcades, or walls.

Sanitary Base

A coved tile set at the meeting of a floor and wall to prevent accumulation of dirt and to facilitate cleaning.

Slype

A covered passage, esp. one between the transept and chapter house of a cathedral.

Ambulatory

A covered place for walking, as around a cloister.

Cloister

A covered walk having an arcade or colonnade on one side opening into a courtyard.

Exonarthex

A covered walk or outer narthex situated before an inner narthex.

Cloister

A covered walk, open gallery, or open arcade running along the walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle or garth. Because such spaces are often featured in buildings that house religious orders, _________________ can be used to mean "monastery" or "convent."

Opus

A creative work.

Greek Cross

A cross consisting of an upright crossed in the middle by a horizontal of the same length.

Maltese Cross

A cross formeé having the outer face of each arm indented in a V.

Latin Cross

A cross having an upright or vertical shaft crossed near the top by a shorter horizontal bar.

Cross Formeé

A cross having arms of equal length, each expanding outward from the center.

Celtic Cross

A cross shaped like a Latin cross and having a ring about the intersection of the shaft and the crossbar.

Jerusalem Cross

A cross whose four arms each terminate in a crossbar, often with a small Greek cross centered in each quadrant.

Rood

A crucifix symbolizing the cross on which Christ was crucified, esp. a large one set above the entrance to the choir or chancel of a medieval church.

Crescent

A curved street, often having solid facades of unified architectural design. Image: Royal Crescent, John Wood the Younger, England (Bath, Somerset)

Column

A cylindrical support in classical architecture, consisting of a capital, shaft, and usually a base (except the Doric order), either monolithic or built-up of drums the full diameter of the shaft. Image: 15

Cyma Recta

A cyma having the concave part projecting beyond the convex part. Also called, Doric cyma.

Shadow

A dark figure cast upon a surface by an opaque body intercepting the rays from a theoretical light source.

Appliquè

A decoration or ornament made by cutting out a design and fastening it to a larger piece of material.

Wreath

A decorative band or garland of flowers, foliage or other ornamental material. Image: Scallop Shell, Laurel Wreath

Frieze

A decorative band, as one along the top of an interior wall, immediately below the cornice, or a sculptured one in a stringcourse on an outside wall.

Fret

A decorative design contained within a band or border, consisting of repeated, often geometric figures. Also call key pattern.

Cosmati Work

A decorative mosaic technique for architectural surfaces developed by Roman architects in the 12th and 13th centuries, balancing intricate geometric patterns of colored stones and glass with smooth areas of plain stone disks and strips. The name comes from name of several families involved in the art. Also called cosmateque work.

Fluting

A decorative motif consisting of a series of long, rounded, parallel grooves, as on the shaft of a classical column. Image: 9

Festoon

A decorative representation of a string or garland of flowers, foliage, ribbon, or the like, suspended in a curve between two points.

Grotesque

A decorative style characterized by the fantastic shaping and combining of incongruous human and animal forms with foliage or similar figures, often distorting the natural into caricature or absurdity.

Scotia

A deep concave molding between two fillets. Also called, trochilus. Image: 4

Bungalow

A derivative of the Indian bungalow, popular esp. in the first quarter of the 20th century, usually having one or one-and-a-half stories, a widely bracketed gable roof, a large porch, and often built of rustic materials.

Anomaly

A deviation from the normal or expected form, order, or arrangement.

Halo

A disk or ring of radiant light around or above the head, traditionally symbolizing the sanctity of a divine or sacred personage in religious paintings and sculptures. Also called nimbus.

Motif

A distinctive and recurring shape, form, or color in a design.

Anamorphosis

A distorted image that appears in natural form only when viewed at a special angle or reflected from a curved mirror.

Portal

A doorway, gate, or entrance, esp. an imposing one emphasized by size and stately architectural treatment.

Study (Drawing)

A drawing executed as an educational exercise, produced as a preliminary to a final work, or made to record observations. Sometimes referred to as a referential drawing.

Conception (Drawing)

A drawing of something that does not yet exist.

Perspective

A drawing of the perspective projection of an object or scene, characterized chiefly by convergence and foreshortening.

Cutaway

A drawing or model having an outer section removed to display the interior.

Trompe l'oeil (Deceive the Eye)

A drawing or painting in which objects are rendered in extremely fine detail to emphasize the illusion of tactile and spatial qualities.

Vignette (Drawing)

A drawing that is shaded off gradually into the surrounding paper so as to leave no definite line at the border.

Exploded View

A drawing that shows the individual parts of a structure or construction separately but indicates their proper relationships to each other and to the whole. Also called expanded view.

Rendering

A drawing, esp. a perspective, of a building or interior space, artistically delineating materials, shades and shadows; usually done for the purposes of presentation and persuasion.

Diagram

A drawing, not necessarily representational, that outlines, explains, or clarifies the arrangement and relations of the parts of a whole.

Pastas

A dwelling type from the classical period of northern Greece with a courtyard in the center of the south side and deep columned veranda or pastas affording access to rooms. Same rooms as in a prostas.

Accessible Unit

A dwelling unit or sleeping unit that complies with the accessibility laws for routes, element, and spaces.

Lake Dwelling

A dwelling, esp. of prehistoric times, built on piles or other supports over the water of a lake. Image: Badjao Stilt Houses

False Front

A facade falsifying the size or importance of a building.

Stop

A feature terminating a molding or chamfer.

Portland Cement Mortar

A field mix of portland cement, sand, water, and sometimes, hydrated lime, used for leveling or setting ceramic tile in the thick-set process.

Sphinx

A figure of an imaginary creature having the body of a lion and the head of a man, ram, or hawk, commonly placed along avenues leading to ancient Egyptian temples or tombs. Image: The Great Sphinx of Giza

Intaglio

A figure or design incised (cut or mark into a surface) into the surface of a stone or metal plate so that an impression yields a figure in relief.

Regula

A fillet beneath the taenia in a Doric entablature, corresponding to a triglyph above and from which guttae are suspended. Image: 4

Kaolin

A fine white clay used in the manufacture of porcelain and white portland cement. Also called, china clay.

Station Point

A fixed point in space representing a single eye of the viewer in linear perspective; outside the picture plane.

Plafond

A flat or vaulted ceiling of decorative character.

Tablet

A flat slab or plaque having a surface for or bearing an inscription, carving, or the like.

Plinth

A flat, plain member at the bottom of an architrave, dado, or baseboard.

Closed Plan

A floor plan consisting of fully enclosed spaces or distinct rooms linked by doorways.

Open Plan

A floor plan having no fully enclosed spaces or distinct rooms. Image: Interior of the Villa Savoye

Opus Alexandrinum

A form of opus sectile having a geometric pattern formed with a few colors, such as black and white, or dark green and red.

Accident

A fortuitous circumstance, quality, or characteristic.

Tabernacle Frame

A frame around a doorway or niche, having two columns or pilasters on a base supporting a pediment.

Trellis

A frame supporting open latticework, used as a screen or a support for growing vines or plants.

Aedicule

A framing motif consisting of an entablature and pediment supported by two columns.

Loose Fit

A free unrestrained arrangement of furniture groupings that does not necessarily correspond to the form or the structure of the surrounding space.

Propylon

A freestanding gateway in the form of a pylon that precedes the main gateway to an ancient Egyptian temple or sacred enclosure.

Gazebo

A freestanding roofed structure, usually open on the sides, affording shade and rest in a garden or park.

Zophorus

A frieze bearing carved figures of people or animals. Image: 13

Cartoon

A full-scale drawing of a design that will be transferred to another medium, such as a wall painting, tapestry, fresco, or stained glass.

Épure (Drawing)

A full-scale, detailed drawing done on the wall, floor, or other large surface, from which are traced the patterns for various building elements.

Design Principle

A fundamental and comprehensive concept of visual perception for structuring an aesthetic composition.

Frit

A fused or partially fused material that is ground to introduce a soluble unstable ingredient into glazes or enamels.

Loft

A gallery or upper level in a church or hall.

Graphical Scale

A graduated line or bar indicating the proportion between a representation and that which it represents.

North Arrow

A graphic symbol used on plans and maps to indicate the direction of north.

Palazzo

A large, imposing public building or private residence esp. in Italy.

Veranda

A large, open porch, usually roofed and partly enclosed, as by a railing, often extending across the front and sides of a house. Also, verandah.

Plank House

A large, usually rectangular house constructed of timber planks, built and used by Indians and, less frequently, by Eskimos.

Vanishing Trace

A line along which all sets of receding parallel lines lying in the same or parallel planes will appear to converge in linear perspective; where all vanishing points are located, whether above or below the horizon line.

Outline

A line describing the outer boundary of a figure or object.

Regulating Line

A line drawn to measure or express alignment, scale or proportion.

Extension Line

A line extending from an edge or feature of an object, to which a dimension line is drawn.

Trace (Drawing)

A line lightly drawn to record alignment or measurement.

Edge

A line or narrow part where an area begins or ends.

Horizon Line

A line representing the intersection of the ground plane and the picture plane through the eye of the viewer in linear perspective.

Dimension Line

A line terminated by arrows, short slashes, or dots indicating the extent or magnitude of a part or the whole, and along which measurements are scaled and indicated.

One-Point Perspective

A linear perspective of a rectangular object or volume having a principal face parallel with the picture plane, so that vertical lines parallel to the picture plane remain vertical, horizontal lines parallel to the picture plane remain horizontal, and horizontal lines perpendicular to the picture plane appear to converge at the center of vision; one vanishing point (center of vision).

Three-Point Perspective

A linear perspective of a rectangular object or volume having all principal faces oblique to the picture plane, so that the three principal sets of parallel lines appear to converge at three different vanishing points.

Two-Point Perspective

A linear perspective of a rectangular object or volume having two principal faces oblique to the picture plane, so that vertical lines parallel to the picture plane remain vertical, and two horizontal sets of parallel lines oblique to the picture plane appear to converge at two vanishing points, one to the left and the other to the right.

Ken

A linear unit for regulating column spacing in traditional Japanese construction, equal to 6 shaku (5.97ft or 1.818m) in the inaka-ma method, and in the kyo-ma method, initially set at 6 1/2 shaku (6.5ft or 1.970m), but later varying according to room width as determined by tatami units.

Dromos

A long, deep passageway into an ancient subterranean tomb.

Linear Diffuser

A long, narrow diffuser designed to disperse air through slots between the panels of an integrated ceiling system. Also, slot diffuser.

Esplanade

A long, open, level area, typically beside the sea, where people walk for pleasure.

Gallery

A long, relatively narrow room or hall, esp. one for public use and having architectural importance through its scale or decorative treatment.

Mezzanine

A low or partial story between two main stories of a building, esp. one that projects as a balcony and forms a composition with the story beneath it.

Cancelli

A low screen in an early Christian basilica, separating the clergy and sometimes the choir from the congregation.

Parapet

A low wall or railing.

Story

A major horizontal architectural division, as of a facade or the wall of a nave.

Blind Story

A major horizontal division of a wall having no exterior windows.

Sign

A mark or figure having a conventional meaning used in place of a word or phrase to express a complex notion.

Agora

A marketplace or public square in an ancient Greek city, usually surrounded with public buildings and porticoes and commonly used as a place for popular or political assembly.

Altas (Atlantes)/Telamon (Telamones)

A massive carved statuesque stooping male figure, often serving as a columnar support for a pediment.

Pyramid

A massive masonry structure having a rectangular base and four smooth, steeply sloping sides facing the cardinal points and meeting at an apex, used in ancient Egypt as a tomb to contain the burial chamber and the mummy of the pharaoh. The pyramid was usually part of a complex of buildings within a walled enclosure, including mastabas for members of the royal family, an offering chapel and a mortuary temple. A raised causeway led from the enclosure down to a valley temple on the Nile, where purification rites and mummification were performed.

Linear Perspective

A mathematical system for representing three-dimensional objects and spatial relationships on a two-dimensional surface by means of perspective projection.

Labyrinth

A maze-like pattern inlaid in a pavement of a medieval church.

Ballflower

A medieval English ornament suggesting a flower of three or four petals enclosing and partially concealing a ball.

Stonehenge

A megalithic monument erected in the early Bronze Age, c. 2700 BCE, on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, consisting of four concentric rings of trilithons and menhirs centered around an altar stone; believed to have been used by a sun cult or for astronomical observations.

Passage/Chamber Grave

A megalithic tomb of the Neolithic and early Bronze Ages found in the British Isles and Europe, consisting of a roofed burial chamber and narrow entrance passage, covered by a tumulus, believed to have been used for successive family or clan burials spanning a number of generations.

Concept

A mental image or formulation of what something is or ought to be, esp. an idea generalized from particular characteristics or instances.

Image

A mental representation of something previously perceived in the absence of the original stimulus.

Recessed Grid

A metal grid for supporting a suspended ceiling of acoustical tiles having rabbeted joints.

Exposed Grid

A metal grid of inverted tees supporting the acoustical tiles of a suspended ceiling.

Concealed Grid

A metal grid supporting the acoustical tiles of a suspended ceiling, hidden within kerfs (grooves) cut into the edges of the tiles.

Perspective Projection

A method of projection in which a three-dimensional object is represented by projecting all its points to a picture plane by straight lines converging at an arbitrarily fixed point representing the eye of the owner.

Orthographic/Orthogonal Projection

A method of projection in which a three-dimensional object is represented by projecting lines perpendicular to a picture plane.

Oblique Projection

A method of projection in which a three-dimensional object, having one principal face parallel to the picture plane, is represented by projecting parallel lines at some angle other than 90 degrees to the picture plane.

Articulation

A method or manner of jointing that makes the united parts clear, distinct, and precise in relation to each other.

Technique

A method or procedure for accomplishing a desired aim or task, as that employed by an artist showing a high degree of skill or command of fundamentals.

Norma Merrick Sklarek

A mid to late 1900's American architect and was the first African-American woman architect.

Model

A miniature representation, usually built to scale, to show the appearance or construction of something.

Architrave

A molded or decorative band framing a rectangular door or window opening.

Ogee

A molding having a profile of a double curve in the shape of an elongated S. Also called gula.

Half Round

A molding having a semicircular cross section.

Calf's-Tongue

A molding having pendant, tonguelike elements carved in relief against a flat or curved surface.

Pearl Molding

A molding having the form of a row of pearls or beads. Also called bead molding, Paternoster.

Dentil Band

A molding occupying the position of a row of dentils, and often carved to resemble one.

Abbey

A monastery (male) under the supervision of an abbot, or a convent (female) under the supervision of an abbess, belonging to the highest rank of such institutions. Image: Westminster Abbey, London (as started by Benedictine monks)

Cenotaph

A monument erected in memory of a deceased person whose remains are buried elsewhere. Image: Cenotaph for Isaac Newton, Etienne-Louis Boullee

Pylon

A monumental gateway to an Egyptian temple, consisting either of a pair of tall truncated pyramids and a doorway between them or of one such masonry mass pierced with a doorway, often decorated with painted reliefs.

Triumphal Arch

A monumental memorial arch erected astride the line of march of a victorious army during its triumphal procession. Image: Arch of Constantine, Rome

Florentine Mosaic

A mosaic made by inlaying fine, delicately colored stones into a white or black surface.

Opus Vermiculatum

A mosaic of tessera arranged in waving lines resembling the form or tracks of a worm.

Gesture

A movement of the hand, arm, head, face, or body that expresses an idea, opinion or emotion.

Griffin

A mythological animal typically having the head and wings of an eagle and the body and tail of a lion.

Filletcddssxb

A narrow flat molding or area, raised or sunk to separate larger moldings or areas. Also called list. Image: Sunk and Raised Type

Fillet

A narrow part of the surface of a column shaft left between adjoining flutes. Image: 9

Syrinx

A narrow rock-cut corridor in an ancient Egyptian tomb.

Mesa

A natural, flat-topped elevation with one or more cliff-like sides, common in arid and semi-arid parts of the southwestern United States and Mexico.

Type

A number of things regarded as forming a group by reason of common attitudes or characteristics.

Rambler

A one-story house with a low-pitched roof, esp. one built in the suburbs. Also called, ranch-style house.

Axonometric

A paraline drawing of an axonometric projection, having all lines parallel to the three principal axes drawn to scale but diagonal and curved lines distorted.

Isometric

A paraline drawing of an isometric projection having all lines parallel to the principal axes drawn to true length at the same scale.

Oblique

A paraline drawing of an oblique projection, having all lines and faces parallel to the picture plane drawn to exact scale, and all receding lines, perpendicular to the picture plane shown at any convenient angle other than 90 degrees, sometimes at a reduced scale to offset the appearance of distortion.

Cabinet Drawing

A paraline drawing of an oblique projection, having all lines parallel to the picture plane drawn to exact scale, and the receding lines perpendicular to the picture plane reduced to half scale.

Cavalier Drawing

A paraline drawing of an oblique projection, having the receding lines perpendicular to the picture plane drawn to the same scale as the lines parallel to the picture plane.

Counterpoint

A parallel but contrasting element or theme in a narrative or concept.

Reeding

A parallel set of small convex moldings for ornamenting a plane or curved surface.

Wing

A part of a building projecting from and subordinate to a central or main part.

Phantom (Drawing)

A part of a drawing that is made transparent to permit representation of details otherwise hidden from view i.e. x-ray setting in Google Sketchup.

Baptistry

A part of the church or a separate building in which baptism is administered. Image: Pisa Baptistery of St. John, Diotisalvi - largest - located at Piazza del Duomo - transition from Romanesque to Gothic

Eaves

A part of the roof that extends beyond the the wall that supports it.

Cornice

A part of the wall that projects to support the extension of the roof.

Style

A particular or distinctive form of artistic expression characteristic of a person, people, or period.

Herringbone

A pattern consisting of rows of short, parallel lines that, in any two adjacent rows, slant in opposite directions, used in masonry, parquetry, and weaving.

Diaper

A pattern of small, repeated figures connecting or growing out of one another, originally used in the Middle Ages in weaving silk and gold.

Imbrication

A pattern or design resembling the regular overlapping of tiles or shingles.

Acroterion

A pedestal for a sculpture or ornament at the apex or at each of the lower corners of a pediment.

Broken Pediment

A pediment having its raking cornices interrupted at the crown or apex, the gap often being filled with an urn, a cartouche, or other ornament.

Coronet

A pedimental ornament situated over a window or door.

Optical Illusion

A perception of visual stimuli that represents what is perceived in a way different from the way it is in reality.

Tokobashira

A post marking the front of the partition between the tokonama and the tana, sometimes of exquisite wood of particular grain and shape. Image: E

Menhir

A prehistoric monument consisting of an upright megalith, usually standing alone but sometimes aligned with others.

Dolmen

A prehistoric monument consisting of two or more large upright stones supporting a horizontal stone slab, found esp. in Britain and France and usually regarded as a tomb.

Draft

A preliminary sketch of a design or plan, esp. one subject to revision.

Pit Dwelling

A primitive form of shelter consisting of a pit excavated in the earth and roofed over.

Frontispiece

A principal facade, or a part or feature of a facade, often treated as a separate element of the design and highlighted by ornamentation.

Main Runner

A principal member of the grid supporting a suspended ceiling system, usually a sheet-metal channel or tee suspended by hanging wires from the overhead structure.

Postern

A private or side entrance, as one for pedestrians next to a porte cochere.

Gradation

A process or change taking place by degrees or through a series of gradual, successive stages.

Mutule

A projecting flat block under the corona/base molding of a Doric cornice, corresponding to the modillion of other orders. Image: 12

Brace Molding

A projecting molding having a profile formed by 2 ogees symmetrically disposed about an arris or a fillet. Also called keel.

Cyma

A projecting molding having the profile of a double curve formed by the union of a convex line and a concave line.

Crocket

A projecting ornament, usually in the form of curved foliage, used esp. in Gothic architecture to decorate the outer angles of pinnacles, spires, and gables.

Pavilion

A projecting subdivision of a facade, usually accented by more eleborate decoration or greater height and distinction of skyline. Slightly lesser than the corps de logis.

Projection

A property of perception in which the mind's eye searches for meaning by imagining and projecting known or familiar images onto the seemingly amorphous shapes of a pattern until it finds a match that makes sense. This attempt to complete an incomplete pattern, or find a meaningful pattern embedded in a larger one, is in accordance with what we already know or expect to see. Once seen and understood, it is difficult not to see the image.

Closure

A property of perception in which there is a tendency for an open or incomplete figure to be seen as if it were a closed or complete and stable form. The theory that we continue to follow objects that are visually aligned until they are interrupted. *Gestalt Principle

Proximity

A property of perception in which there is a tendency to group elements that are close together, to the exclusion of those that are further away. *Gestalt Principle

Continuity

A property of perception in which there is a tendency to group elements that continue along the same line or in the same direction, This search for continuity of line and direction can also lead to our perception of the simpler, more regular figures or patterns in a composition. *Gestalt Principle Image: The Tub, Edgar Degas

Similarity

A property of perception in which there is a tendency to group things that have some visual characteristic in common such as a similarity of shape, size, color, orientation, or detail. *Gestalt Principle

Figure-Ground

A property of perception in which there is a tendency to see parts of a visual field as solid, well-defined objects standing out against a less distinct background. The thought that when we look at a scene we separate objects so that some of the focus or figure and others of the background. *Gestalt Principle

Symmetry/Order

A property of perception that is a belief that symmetry and alignment are attractive and essential elements of design. *Gestalt Principle Image: Taj Mahal, Agra, India

Golden Section

A proportion between the two dimensions of a plane figure or the two divisions of a line, in which the ratio of the smaller to the larger is the same as the ratio of the larger to the whole: a ratio of approximately 0.618 to 1; Also called the golden mean.

Gestalt Psychology

A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts. "A whole is greater than the sum of its parts." The theory or doctrine that physiological or psychological phenomena do not occur through the summation of individual elements but through gestalts functioning separately or interrelatedly. Also called configurationism.

Plaza

A public square or open space in a city or town.

Taenia

A raised band or fillet separating the frieze from the architrave on a Doric entablature. Image: 3

Table

A raised or sunken rectangular panel on a wall, distinctively treated or ornamented with inscriptions, painting, or sculpture.

Causeway

A raised passageway ceremonially connecting the valley temple with an ancient Egyptian pyramid

Tribunal/Tribune

A raised platform in an ancient Roman basilica for the seats of magistrates (a civilian officer who administers the law).

Stoop

A raised platform, approached by steps and sometimes having a roof, at the entrance of a house.

Curb Ramp

A ramp cut into or leading up to a curb.

Alcove

A recess or small room connected to or forming part of a larger room.

Slab

A rectangular building having little width with respect to its length and height. Ex. Unite d' Habitation

Anta

A rectangular pier or pilaster formed by the thickening the end of a projecting wall.

Grid

A rectangular system of lines and coordinates serving as a reference for locating and regulating elements of a plan.

Hippodamian Grid System

A rectilinear town layout in which blocks of dwellings are divided up by narrow side streets linked together by wider main roads, developed by the Ionian Hippodamus of Miletus in the 5th century BCE. Image: Miletus, Greece (now Turkey)

Building

A relatively permanent enclosed structure constructed over a plot of land for habitable use.

Finial

A relatively small, usually foliated ornament terminating the peak of a spire or pinnacle

Icon

A representation of a sacred Christian personage, such as Christ, or a saint or angel, typically painted on a wood surface and itself venerated as being sacred, esp. in the tradition of the Eastern Church.

Image (Drawing)

A representation of the form or appearance of something, made visible in a sculpture, photograph, or drawing.

Lotus

A representation of various aquatic plants in the water lily family, used as a decorative motif in ancient Egyptian and Hindu art and architecture.

Glory

A ring, circle, or surrounding radiance of light, such as a halo, nimbus, or aureole.

Compluvium

A roof opening in an ancient Roman house, through which rainwater is discharged into a cistern in the atrium beneath it.

Gallery

A roofed promenade, esp. one extending inside or outside along the exterior wall of a building.

Odeion

A roofed theater building in antiquity, especially one for the performance of vocal and instrumental music. Image: Odeion of Herodes Atticus, Athens, Greece

Tepidarium

A room containing a bath of moderately warm water in an ancient Roman thermae, located between the frigidarium and the calidarium.

Sacristy (Vestry)

A room in a church where sacred vessels and vestments are kept.

Cellar

A room or set of rooms for the storage of the food, fuel, or the like, wholly or partly underground and usually beneath a building.

Attic

A room or space directly under the roof of a building esp. a house.

Exedra

A room, portico, or arcade with a bench or seats where people may converse, especially in ancient Roman and Greek houses and gymnasia, typically semicircular in plan.

Wheel Window

A rose window having distinctly radiating mullions or bars. Also called, Catherine wheel, marigold window.

Rotunda

A round, domed building, or a large and high circular space in such a building, esp. one surmounted by a dome.

Flute

A rounded channel or groove. Also called, stria. Image: 9

Bullnose

A rounded or obtuse exterior angle.

Path

A route or course along which movement occurs, or the pattern of such movement.

Townhouse

A row of houses connected by common side walls (firewalls).

Terrace

A row of houses or residential street on or near the top of a slope.

Meander

A running ornament, consisting of an intricate variety of fret or fretwork.

Baptism

A sacrament of initiation into Christianity, symbolic of spiritual regeneration, marked by a ceremonial immersion or application of water.

Sanctuary

A sacred or holy place, as that part of a church in which the principal altar is placed.

Diaconicon

A sacristy in an early Christian or Eastern church, usually on the south side of the bema (as the church faces east).

Gray Scale

A scale of achromatic colors having several, usually ten, equal gradations ranging from white to black.

Ekistics

A science dealing with human settlements and drawing on the research and experience of professionals in various fields (as architecture, engineering, city planning, and sociology). One of the main goals of this study is to develop insights into the physical distribution, form, and structure of settlements, taking into account the variety of functions that they provide.

Iconostasis

A screen or partition on which icons are placed, separating the bema from the nave of an Eastern Orthodox church.

Rood Screen

A screen, often elaborately adorned and property surmounted by a rood, separating the chancel or choir from the nave of a medieval church.

Console

A scrolled bracket which supports a cornice or entablature over a door or a window.

Caryatid/Canephora

A sculpted female figure used as a column.

Banderole

A sculptured band resembling a long ribbon or scroll, adapted to receive an inscription.

Atlas/Telamon

A sculptured figure of a man used as a column.

Dropped Ceiling

A secondary ceiling formed to provide space for piping or ductwork, or to alter the proportions of a room. Synonymous to suspended ceiling.

Cross Tee

A secondary member of the grid supporting a suspended ceiling system, usually a sheet metal tee carried by the main runners.

Pedestrian Mall

A section of a street, typically in the downtown area of a city, from which vehicular traffic is excluded and used as a public walk or promenade. Image: BGC High Street

Apse (Apsis)

A semicircular or polygonal projection of a building, usually vaulted and used esp. at the sanctuary or east end of a church. Image: 8

Retrochoir

A separate division behind the choir or high altar of a large church.

Chapel

A separately dedicated part of a church for private prayer, meditation, or small religious services.

Harmonic Progression

A sequence of numbers whose reciprocals form an arithmetic progression.

Blind Arcade (Arcature)

A series of arches superimposed on a wall for decoration.

Arcade

A series of arches supported by piers or columns.

Concatenation

A series of linked or interconnected things or events.

Colonnade

A series of regularly spaced columns supporting an entablature and usually one side of a roof structure.

Vitruvian Scroll

A series of scrolls forming a stylized wave pattern.

Harmonic Series

A series whose terms are in harmonic progression: 1, 1/3, 1/5, 1/7, 1/9...

Functional Grouping

A set of furniture pieces arranged according to function and use.

Figure

A shape or form, as determined by outlines or exterior surfaces.

Fusiform

A shape that is wide in the middle and tapered at both ends.

Arris

A sharp edge formed by the meeting of two flat or curved surfaces.

Arris/Plend

A sharp edge or ridge from two surfaces meeting at an exterior angle.

Arbor

A shelter of shrubs and branches or of latticework intertwined with climbing vines and flowers.

Leader (Drawing)

A short line leading the eye from a note or dimension to a reference point, line, or area.

Sketch

A simply or hastily executed drawing or painting representing the essential features of an object or scene without the details, often made as a preliminary study.

Monolith

A single block of stone of considerable size, often in the form of an obelisk or column.

Hexagram

A six-pointed starlike figure, formed by extending each of the sides of a regular hexagon into equilateral triangles.

Esquisse

A sketch showing the general feature of a design or plan.

Atrium

A skylit, central court in a building, esp. a large interior one having a glass roof and surrounded by several stories of galleries. An open, skylit court around which a house or building is built.

Fleche

A slender spire rising from the ridge of a roof, esp. one above the crossing of a Gothic church.

Entasis

A slight convexity given to a column to correct an optical illusion of concavity of the sides were straight.

Serdab

A small chamber inside a mastaba containing a statue of the deceased.

Baguette

A small convex molding of semi circular section smaller than an astragal.

Bead

A small convex molding usually having a continuous cylindrical surface. Image: J

Astagral

A small convex molding usually semi-circular in section.

Vestibule

A small entrance hall between the outer door and the interior of a house or building.

Shoe

A small molding, such as a quarter round, covering the joint between a baseboard and the floor. Also called base shoe.

Interstice

A small or narrow intervening space between things or parts.

Beak

A small pendant molding forming a drip and casting a deep shadow, as on the soffit of a cornice.

Galilee

A small porch used as a chapel for penitents at the west end of some medieval English churches.

Apophyge

A small, concave curve joining the shaft of a classical column to its base. Image: 10

Pavilion

A small, often ornamental building in a garden. Image: MLR (Mikee Romero) Pavilion, Calatagan, Batangas

Hut

A small, simple dwelling or shelter, esp. one made of natural materials.

Object Line/Visible Line

A solid line representing a contour of an object.

Stereobate/Crepidoma

A solid mass of masonry visible above ground level and serving as the foundation of a building, esp. the platform forming the floor and substructure of a classical temple. Also, podium.

Access Aisle

A space adjacent to or between parking spaces, seating, and desks providing pedestrian clearances.

Interval

A space between two objects, points, or states.

Embedded Space

A space enveloped or incorporated as an essential part of a larger space.

Mediating Space

A space occupying an intermediate place or position, esp. to serve as an intermediary between differing forms, structures, or functions.

Galleria

A spacious promenade, court, indoor mall, usually having a vaulted roof with commercial establishments.

Helix

A spiral ornament, such as any of the volutes issuing from a cauliculus in a Corinthian capital. Image: 3

Volute

A spiral, scroll-like ornament, as on the capitals of the Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite Orders. Image: 6

Quadrangle

A square or quadrangular space or court surrounded by a building or buildings, as on a college campus. Also called, quad.

Herm (Hermae)

A square tapered column capped with the carved head, bust, or torso of a figure, usually Hermesl originally used by the Greeks as a boundary marker, later as decoration.

Criterion

A standard, rule, or test on which a decision or judgement can be made.

Equilibirum

A state of rest or balance between contrasting elements or opposing forces.

Chaos

A state of utter disorder or confusion.

Rammed Earth

A stiff mixture of clay, sand, or other aggregate, and water, compressed and dried within forms as a wall construction. Also called, pise, pisay, pise de terre.

Sarcophagus

A stone coffin, esp. one bearing sculpture or inscriptions and displayed as a monument.

Beehive Tomb/Tholos

A stone-built subterranean tomb of the Mycenaean civilization consisting of a circular chamber covered by a corbelled dome and entered by a walled passage through a hillside.

Basement

A story of a building that is wholly or partly below ground level.

Diagonal Line

A straight line connecting two non-adjacent angles of a rectangle, used in subdividing a whole into proportionate parts or multiplying a basic unit of measurement or space.

Axis

A straight line to which element in a composition are referred for measurement or symmetry.

Mew

A street, having small apartments converted from stables.

Skene

A structure facing the audience in an ancient Greek theater, forming the background before which performances were given. Image: B

Lattice

A structure of crossed strips arranged to form a regular pattern of open spaces.

Pergola

A structure of parallel colonnades supporting an open roof of beams and crossing rafters or trelliswork, over which climbing plants are trained to grow.

Cape Cod

A style of cottage developed mainly on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in the 18th and early 19th centuries, typically a rectangular, one- or one-and-a-half-story, wood frame with white clapboarded or shingle walls, a front door located on one of the long sides, a large central chimney, and a gable roof with low eaves and usually no dormer.

Palmette

A stylized palm leaf shape used as a decorative element in classical art and architecture.

Fleur-de-Lis

A stylized three-petaled iris flower tied by an encircling band, used as the heraldic bearing of the royal family of France.

Areaway

A sunken area affording access, air, and light to a basement door or window. Window with low walls around it to afford air, but keep water away.

Detectable Warning/Tactile Strip

A surface feature built in or applied to walking surfaces to warn visually impaired persons of hazards along a circulation path.

Splay

A surface that makes an oblique angle with another.

Louvered Ceiling

A suspended ceiling of multi-cellular louvers for shielding the light sources mounted above it.

Luminous Ceiling

A suspended ceiling of translucent panels for diffusing the light from luminaries mounted above it.

Integrated Ceiling

A suspended ceiling system incorporating acoustical, lighting, and air-handling components into a unified whole.

Linear Metal Ceiling

A suspended ceiling system of narrow metal strips, usually incorporating modular lighting and air-handling components.

Local Symmetry

A symmetrical condition occurring in one part of a design, often serving to center irregular pattern.

Munsell System

A system for specifying colors arranged in three orderly scales of uniform visual steps according to hue, chroma, and value, developed in 1890 by Albert H. Munsell. Hue extends in a rotary direction about a central axis through a spectrum of five major and five secondary hues. Value extends vertically from black at the bottom through a series of grays to white at the top. Chroma extends radially from the central axis at which saturation is zero, out to the strongest saturation attainable for each color's hue and value.

Thick-Set Process

A tile-setting process in which ceramic tile is applied over a portland cement mortar bed 3/4 to 1 1/2in (19 to 38mm) thick, which allows for accurate slopes and planes in the finished work.

Thin-Bed Process

A tile-setting process in which ceramic tile is bonded to a continuous, stable backing with a thin coat of dry-set mortar, latex-portland cement mortar, epoxy mortar, or an organic adhesive, 1/32 to 1/8 in. (0.8 to 3.2mm) thick.

Rock-Cut Tomb

A tomb hewn out of native rock, presenting only an architectural front with dark interior chambers, of which the sections are supported by masses of stone left in the form of solid pillars.

Shaft Grave

A tomb of the Aegean civilizations consisting of a deep rectangular cut into sloping rock and roof of timber or stone.

Commons

A tract of land owned or used jointly by the residents of a community, usually a central square or park in a city or town. Image: Central Park, New York

China

A translucent ceramic material, bisque-fired (initial firing) at a high temperature and glaze-fired at a lower temperature.

Bema

A transverse open space separating the nave and the apse of an early Christian church, developing into the transept of later cruciform churches. Image: 7

Color Triangle

A triangular diagram developed by Faber Birren to describe the relationship between a pure hue, white, and black which combine to yield secondary tints, tones, shades, and grays. All colors may be subjectively conceived as a mixture of the psychological primaries--red, yellow, green, and blue--plus the achromatic pair of white and black. It is an additive color space.

Bi-Level

A two-story house having the lower level sunken below grade and an entry at grade halfway between the two floor levels.

Greek Entasis

A type of entasis where: no part of the outline of the column is parallel with its axis or center line. From the very bottom, the shaft slopes in towards the center, this slope increasing as it nears the neck of the column, in portions of arcs of circles of a varying though large radius.

Roman Entasis

A type of entasis where: the bottom third of the column is non-tapered or straight and the tapering begins at the following two-thirds (2/3) of the shaft.

Rowhouse

A type of housing: larger units per family but low-medium density (horizontal) housing usually found in the suburbs.

Townhouse

A type of housing: smaller units per family but medium-high density (vertical) housing that are usually found in the city.

Saltbox

A type of wood-framed house found esp. in New England, generally two full stories high in front and one story high in the back, the roof having about the same pitch in both directions so that the ridge is well toward the front of the house.

Cross-in Square

A typical Byzantine church plan having nine bays. The center bay is a large square surmounted by a dome, the smaller square corner bays are domed or vaulted, and the rectangular side bays are barrel vaulted.

Mass (Drawing)

A unified area of light, shade, or color that defines shape or form in general outline rather than in detail.

Massing

A unified composition of two-dimensional shapes or three-dimensional volumes, esp. one that has or gives the impression of weight, density, and bulk.

Gestalt

A unified configuration, pattern, or field of specific properties that cannot be derived from the summation of the component parts.

Module

A unit of measurement used for standardizing the dimensions of building materials or regulating the proportions of an architectural composition.

Half-Story

A usable living space within a sloping roof, usually having dormer windows for lighting.

Medallion

A usually oval or circular tablet, often bearing a figure or ornament in relief.

Crowfoot (Drawing)

A v-shaped mark the apex of which is a reference point.

Diagonal Vanishing Points

A vanishing point for a set of horizontal lines receding at 45 degree angles to the picture plane in linear perspective; not at the center, as used in two-point perspectives.

Measuring Point

A vanishing point for a set of parallel lines used in transferring scaled measurements in the picture plane to lines receding in linear perspective.

Porte Cochere

A vehicular passageway leading through a building of screen wall into an interior courtyard.

Lanai

A veranda, esp. one used as a living room.

Kakemono

A vertical hanging scroll containing either text or a painting, intended to be viewed on a wall and rolled when not in use. Image: B

Megalith

A very large stone used as found or roughly dressed, esp. in ancient construction work.

Propylaeum

A vestibule or gateway of architectural importance before a temple area or other enclosure, such as the entrance structure to the Acropolis in Athens.

Outlook

A view from a particular place, or the place offering a view.

After Image

A visual sensation that persists after the stimulus that caused it is no longer operative or present.

Glaze

A vitreous layer or coating fused to clay body to color, decorate, waterproof, or strengthen its surface.

Enamel

A vitreous, usually opaque, decorative or protective coating applied by fusion to the surface of metal, glass, or pottery.

Alure

A walk or passage, as along a cloister or behind the parapets of a castle.

Advancing Color

A warm color that appears to move toward an observer, giving an illusion of space.

Aspect

A way in which something may he viewed or regarded. Being looked at.

Cercis

A wedge-shaped section of seats between two stepped passageways in an ancient Greek theater. Image: F

Folly

A whimsical or extravagant structure built to serve as a conversation piece, lend interest to a view, or commemorate a person or event, found esp. in 18th-century England.

Pediment

A wide, low-pitched gable surmounting a colonnade or a major division of a facade.

Ell/El

A wing at right angles to the length of a building.

Theory

Abstract thought or speculation resulting in a system of assumption or principles used in analyzing, explaining, or predicting phenomena and proposed or followed as a basis of action.

Practice

Actual performance or application of principles, as distinguished from theory.

Visual Acuity

Acuteness/sharpness of vision as determined by a comparison with the normal ability to define certain letters at a given distance, usually 20ft (6.0m).

Paradise

An atrium or cloister beside a church.

Visual Perception

An awareness derived by the visual system in response to an external stimulus.

Enfilade

An axial arrangement of doorways connecting a series of rooms so as to provide a vista down the entire length of the suite.

Isometric Projection

An axonometric projection of a three dimensional object having its principal faces equally inclined to the picture planes so that its three principal axes are equally shortened; usual angle at 30 degrees.

Trimetric Projection

An axonometric projection of a three-dimensional object inclined to the picture plane in such a way that all three principal axes are foreshortened at a different rate.

Dimetric Projection

An axonometric projection of a three-dimensional object inclined to the picture plane in such a way that two of its principal axes are equally foreshortened and the third appears longer or shorter than the other two.

Megaron

An early Greek dwelling type: a long rectangular central hall in a Mycenean palace complex, which may have served as a temple. Parts consist of an open porch, a vestibule, and a large hall with a central hearth, and a throne.

Spatial Edge

An edge of an object or surface separated from its background by an interval of space, delineated by a thicker line or by a sharp contrast in value or texture.

Temple

An edifice or place dedicated to the worship or presence of a deity.

Thermae

An elaborate public bathing establishment of the ancient Greeks and Romans, consisting of hot, warm, and cool plunges, sweat rooms, and athletic and other facilities. Image: Baths of Caracalla

Shoin

An elevated bay or projected window with a raised sill serving as a desk for writing or reading usually placed at a right angle to the tokonama in the reception room of a shoin-sukuri style residence. Image: A

Altar

An elevated place or structure upon which sacrifices are offered or incense burned in worship, or before which religious rites are performed.

Balcony

An elevated platform projecting from the wall of a building and enclosed by a railing or parapet.

Analytique (Drawing)

An elevation drawing or facade, surrounded by a decorative arrangement of drawings of important details and sometimes a plan or section of the facade.

Vesica Piscis

An elliptical, pointed figure (or a fusiform) used esp. in early Christian art as an emblem of Christ. Also called mandorla.

Seal

An embossing stamp used by a licensed architect, engineer, or other design professional on contract drawings and specifications to show evidence of registration in the country/state where the work is to be performed.

Void

An empty space contained within or bounded by mass.

Annulet

An encircling band, molding, or fillet, on a capital or shaft of a column. Image: 8

Bagh

An enclosed garden in Indian architecture.

Close

An enclosed place, esp. the land surrounding or beside a cathedral.

Society

An enduring and cooperating large-scale community of people having common traditions, institutions, and identity, whose members have developed collective interests and beliefs through interaction with one another.

Model

An example serving as a pattern for imitation or emulation in the creation of something.

Engawa

An extension of the floor on one or more sides of a Japanese-style house, usually facing a garden and serving as a passageway or sitting space. Image: C

Porch

An exterior appendage to a building, forming a covered approach or vestibule to a doorway.

Axis of Symmetry

An imaginary line about which a figure, body, or composition is symmetrical.

Contour Line

An imaginary line jointing points of equal elevation on a surface, or its representation on a topographic plan or map.

Picture Plane

An imaginary transparent plane, coexistent with the drawing surface, on which the image of a three-dimensional object is projected. In linear perspective, any line or plane coincident with the picture plane can be drawn to exact scale.

Stave Church

An indigenous Scandinavian church of the 12th and 13th centuries, having a timber frame, plank walls, a tiered, steeply pitched roof, and few windows.

Detail

An individual, minute, or subordinate part of a whole.

Esonarthex

An inner narthex when two are present.

Charette/Charrette

An intense effort to complete a design project within a specific time.

Tone

An intermediate value of a color between a tint and a shade.

Cross

An object or figure consisting essentially of an upright and transverse piece at right angles to each other, often used as a symbol of Christianity.

Mask

An often grotesque representation of a head of face, used as an architectural ornament. Also called mascaron.

Porcelain Enamel

An opaque, glass coating bonded to metal by fusing at high temperature. Also called, vitreous enamel.

Hippodrome

An open or roofed track or arena for chariot and horse racing in ancient Greece.

Piazza

An open square or public place in a city or town, especially in Italy.

Pronaos

An open vestibule before the cella of a classical temple. Also, anticum. Image: 4

Terrace

An open, often paved area connected to a house or building and serving as an outdoor living area.

Deck

An open, unroofed porch or platform extending from a house or other building.

Greek Theater

An open-air theater, usually hollowed out of the slope of a hillside with a tiered seating area around and facing a circular orchestra backed by the skene, a building for the actor's use.

Colossal Order

An order of columns more than one (1) story in height. Also called, giant order.

Archetype

An original model or pattern on which all things of the same kind are copied or based.

Anaglyph

An ornament carved or embossed in low-relief/bas-relief.

Rosette

An ornament having a generally circular combination of parts resembling a flower or plant. Also called, rose.

Scroll

An ornament having a spiral or convoluted form resembling a partly or loosely rolled parchment.

Anthemion

An ornament of honeysuckle or palm leaves in a radiating cluster. Also called honeysuckle.

Griffe

An ornament projecting from the round base of a column toward a corner of a square or polygonal plinth. Also called spur.

Acanthus

An ornament, such as on the Corinthian capital, patterned after the large, toothed leaves of a Mediterranean plant of the same name.

Parterre

An ornamental arrangement of flower beds of different shapes and sizes.

Guilloche

An ornamental border formed of two or more curved bands that interlace to repeat a circular design.

Console

An ornamental bracket, usually formed with scrolls and taller than its projection.

Modillion

An ornamental bracket, usually in the form of a scroll with acanthus, used in series beneath the corona of a Corinthian, Composite, or Roman Ionic cornice. Image: 2

Baldachin (Ciborium)

An ornamental canopy of stone or marble permanently placed over the altar in a church.

Base Molding

An ornamental molding above the plinth of a pedestal, pillar, or wall.

Egg and Dart

An ornamental motif for enriching an ovolo or echinus, consisting of a closely set, alternating series of oval and pointed forms. Image: 1

Dancette

An ornamental zigzag, as in molding.

Longitudinal Section

An orthographic projection of a section made by cutting through the longest axis of an object.

Cross Section

An orthographic projection of a section made by cutting transversely, esp. at right angles to the long axis of an object. Also called transverse section.

Oblique Section

An orthographic projection of a section made by cutting with a plane that is neither parallel nor perpendicular to to the long axis of the object.

Section (Drawing)

An orthographic projection of an object or structure as it would appear if cut through by an intersecting plane to show its internal configuration, usually drawn to scale.

Elevation

An orthographic projection of an object or structure on a vertical picture plane parallel to one of its sides (usually along the walls), usually drawn to scale.

Plan/Plan View

An orthographic projection of the top or section of an object or structure on a horizontal plan usually drawn to scale.

Anteroom

An outer room that leads to a larger, more important room, often used as a waiting area.

Profile

An outline of a form or structure seen or represented from the side.

Profile

An outline of an object formed on a vertical plane passed through the object at right angles to one of its principal horizontal dimensions.

Prospect

An outlook over a region or in a particular direction, or the place that commands such a view.

Cartouche

An oval or oblong, slightly convex surface, usually surrounded with ornamental scrollwork, for receiving a painted or low-relief decoration.

Crypt

An underground chamber or vault used as a burial place, esp. one beneath the main floor of a church.

Scheme

An underlying organizational pattern or structure for a design.

Antefixae

An upright ornament at the eaves of a tile roof concealing the foot of a row of convex tiles that cover the joints of the flat tiles.

Stele

An upright stone slab or pillar with a carved or inscribed surface used as a monument or a marker, or as a commemorative tablet in the face of a building. In ancient Egypt, it was used to commemorate military victories. Image: Found in ancient Greece

Porte (Porta)

Ancient Roman gateway with three (3) uses: 1. As a protective wall and commemorative monument; 2. As an ornamental portal to forum or market places; 3. As as arch built at main street intersections; Image: Porte S. Andre, Autun, France

Cloaca Maxima

Ancient Rome's main storm drainage system; one of the world's earliest sewage systems. Built during the time of Julius Caesar.

Proportion

The comparative, proper, or harmonious relation of one part to another or to the whole with respect to magnitude, quantity, or degree. The equality between two ratios in which the first of the four terms divided by the second equals the third divided by the forth.

Direction

The line along which something is moving, pointing, or facing, with reference to the point towards which it is directed.

Architrave

The lowermost division of a classical entablature, resting directly on the column capitals and supporting the frieze. Image: 6

Base

The lowermost portion of a wall, column, pier, or other structure, usually distinctively treated and considered as an architectural unit. Image: 9

High Altar

The main altar of the church.

Decumanus

The main east-west route in an ancient Roman town or military camp. This is where civically important structures are aligned.

Cardo

The main north-south route in an ancient Roman town or military camp where the market/economic/business related structures are aligned.

Atrium

The main or central inner hall of an ancient Roman house, open to the sky at the center and usually having a pool for the collection of rainwater. Also called, cavedium.

Proxemics

The study of the symbolic and communicative role of the spatial separation between individuals maintained in various social and interpersonal situations, and how the nature and degree of architecture, with regards to spatial arrangement, relates to environmental and cultural factors.

Gesture Drawing

The technique of drawing a single or multiple lines freely and quickly as a subject is scanned and perceptions of volume, mass, movement and significant details are projected onto the drawing surface. In contrast to contour drawing, gesture drawing generally proceeds from the WHOLE to the PARTS.

Cross-Contour Drawing

The technique of drawing lines to represent a series of cuts across the surface of a form rather than its edges.

Contour Drawing

The technique of drawing lines to represent the contours of a subject, without shading or modeling of form.

Modeling (Drawing)

The technique of rendering the illusion of volume, depth, or solidity on a two-dimensional surface by shading.

Achromatic

The term indicating a total lack of chroma and used to describe black and white. It denotes the transmission of light without separating it into constituent colors a.k.a. without color. It has no saturation, and therefore no hue, such as white, black, or gray.

Descriptive Geometry

The theory of making projections of three-dimensional objects on a plane surface in order to deduce their geometric properties and relationships.

Space

The three-dimensional field in which objects and events occur and have relative position and direction, esp. a portion of that field set apart in a given instance or for a particular purpose.

Binocular Vision

The three-dimensional, stereoscopic vision resulting from the use of both eyes at the same time. Convergence - The coordinated turning of the eyes inward to focus on a nearby point. Accommodation - The process by which the human eye changes focus for objects at various distances, involving changes in the shape of the crystalline lens.

Tympanum

The triangular space enclosed by the horizontal and raking cornices of a pediment, often recessed and decorated with sculpture.

Romulus and Remus

The two brothers that were suckled by a she-wolf and was believed to have found the city of Rome.

Bell

The underlying part of a foliated capital, between the abacus and neck molding. Image: 1

Substructure

The underlying structure forming the foundation of a building or other construction.

Beam Ceiling

The underside of a floor showing the supporting beams and finished to form a ceiling.

Soffit

The underside of an architectural structure such as an arch, a balcony, or overhanging eaves. Image: 10

Fibonacci Series

The unending sequence of numbers where the first two terms are 1 and 1 and each succeeding term is the sum of the two immediately preceding. Also called the Fibonacci sequence.

Architectonics

The unifying structure or concept of an artistic work.

Necking

The upper part of a column, just above the shaft and below the projecting part of the capital, when differentiated by a molding, groove, or the omission of the fluting. Image: 7

Cornice

The uppermost member of a classical entablature, consisting typically of a cymatium, corona, and bed molding. Image: 4

Columniation

The use or arrangement of columns in a structure.

Plinth

The usually square slab beneath the base of a column, pier, or pedestal. Image: 13

Personal Space

The variable and subjective distance at which one person feels comfortable talking to another. Also called, personal distance (but less than intimate space).

Superstructure

The vertical extension of a building or other construction above the foundation.

Cathetus

The vertical guideline through the eye of a volute in an Ionic capital, from which the spiral form is determined. Image: 7

Texture

The visual and esp. tactile quality of a surface, apart from its color or form.

Poché (Drawing)

The walls, columns, and other solids of a building that are cut in a floor plan or section drawing, indicated usually in black or by hatching.

Pantheon

The world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. It served as a temple, church, and tomb for the past centuries. The building was sited in an area north of the old city center known as Campus Martius.

Trilithon

Two upright megaliths supporting a horizontal stone.

Lacus (Locus)

Type of Ancient Roman Fountain: designed similar to a large basin of water

Salientes

Type of Ancient Roman Fountain: similar to a large basin of water with sprouting jets Image: Trevi Fountain, Rome, Italy

Half Bathroom (Powder Room)

Type of Bathroom: Sink + Toilet

Full Bath

Type of Bathroom: Sink + Toilet + Shower + Tub

Three-Quarter Bath (3/4 Bath)

Type of Bathroom: Sink + Toilet + Tub or Shower

Forum Romanum (Roman Forum)

Type of Forum: Oldest forum in Rome; Open space, rectangular in shape, enclosed by different institutional and public buildings, serving as the city's marketplace and center of public business.

Imperial Forum

Type of Roman Forum: Processional and interconnected with other forums; No streets and no spatial or axial connections between the spaces; the elements are simply bonded to each other to create a sequence of open, colonnaded, and enclosed spaces;

Quarry Tile

Un-glazed ceramic floor tile having a natural clay body. Also called, promenade tile.

Paver Tile

Un-glazed ceramic floor tile similar in composition to ceramic mosaic tile but thicker and larger in surface area.

Design Drawing

Any of the drawings made to aid the visualization, exploration, evaluation and communication of a concept in the design process.

Order

Any of the five (5) styles of classical architecture--Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite--characterized by the type and arrangement of columns and entablatures employed.

Sightline

Any of the lines projecting from the eye of the viewer to various points on an object in linear perspective.

Aisle

Any of the longitudinal divisions of a church, separated from the nave by a row of columns or piers. Image: 5

Cauliculus

Any of the ornamental stalks rising between the acanthus leaves of a Corinthian capital, from which the volutes spring. Image: 4

Metope

Any of the panels, either plain or decorated, between the triglyphs in the Doric frieze. Also called, intertriglyph. Image: 2

Pharaoh

Any of the rulers of ancient Egypt who were believed to be divine and had absolute power. Image: King Tut

Hollow Tile

Any of various cellular building units of fired clay, concrete, or gypsum, used for building walls, floors, and roofs, or for fireproofing steelwork.

Ceramic Tile

Any of various fired clay tiles used for surfacing walls, floors, and countertops.

Ceramic

Any of various hard, brittle, heat-resistant, and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing a nonmetallic mineral, such as clay, at a high temperature. The presence of clay is why these types of tiles are usually not homogenous.

Molding

Any of various long, narrow, ornamental surfaces with uniform cross sections and a profile shaped to produce modulations of light, shade, and shadow. Almost all derived at least in part from wood prototypes, as those in classical architecture, or stone prototypes, as those in Gothic architecture. By extension, the term now refers to a slender strip of wood or other material having such a surface and used for ornamentation and finishing.

Ceramic Ware

Any of various products made by firing clay or similar materials in a kiln, such as brick, tile, and pottery.

Paraline Drawing

Any of various single-view drawings characterized by parallel lines remaining parallel to each other rather than converging as in linear perspective.

Trimmer

Any of various specially shaped ceramic tiles for finishing an edge or angle.

Perspective

Any of various techniques for representing three dimensional objects and spatial relationships on a two-dimensional surface as they might appear to the eye.

Crown Molding

Any ornamental molding terminating the top of a structure or decorative feature.

Subbasement

Any story or floor below the main basement of a building.

Insula

Apartment Block An ancient Roman apartment building of flats for all but the wealthiest citizens, often having a ground floor occupied by shops and businesses.

Forum of Trajan

Apollodorus of Damascus. Forum, Basiclica, Multi-Level Market Building (Shopping Mall); Brick and concrete (architecture); marble (column). Rome, Italy.

Aspect

Appearance to the human eye or mind.

Eye

Appreciative or discriminating visual perception.

Loggia

Arcaded or colonnaded porch or gallery attached to larger structures.

Alignment

Arrangement in or adjustment according to a straight line.

Postiche

Artificial, counterfeit, or false, as of an architectural ornament that is added superfluously or inappropriately.

Trajan's Basilica (Basilica Ulpia)

It was an ancient Roman basilica located in the Forum of Trajan. It separated the temple from the main courtyard in the Forum of Trajan with the Trajan's Column to the northwest. It was named after Roman emperor Trajan whose full name was Marcus Ulpius Traianus. Rome, Italy

Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus

It was the most important temple in Ancient Rome, located on the Capitoline Hill. It was surrounded by the Area Capitolina, a precinct where numerous shrines, altars, statues and victory trophies were displayed.

Habagat

Kind of weather occurring during the winter months, characterized by heavy strato-cumulus clouds in the lower levels, associated with showers and occassional heavy drizzles.

Doma

Main Room of a Megaron Image: 2

Victor Horta and Henri Van de Velde

Main contributors of Art Nouveau

Kerfing

Making a series of parallel saw cuts partway through the thickness of a piece of wood to enable the piece to bend toward the kerfed side.

Speculation

Meditation or reflection on a subject or idea, resulting in a conclusion inferred from incomplete or inconclusive evidence. (Superficial opinion)

Rhythm

Movement characterized by a patterned repetition or alteration of formal elements or motifs in the same or a modified form.

Transition

Movement, passage, or change from one form, state, or place to another.

Tokonama

Picture recess: a shallow, slightly raised alcove for the display of a kakemono or flower arrangement. One side of the recess borders the outside wall of the room through which light enters, while the interior side adjoins adjoins the tana. As the spiritual center of a traditional Japanese house, the __________________ is located in the most formal room. Image: D

Point

The major idea, essential part or salient feature of a narrative or concept.

Transept

The major traverse part of a cruciform church, crossing the main axis at a right angle between the nave and the choir.

Expression

The manner in which meaning, spirit, or character is symbolized or communicated in the execution of an artistic work.

Form

The manner of arranging and coordinating parts of a composition so as to produce a coherent image.

Chapter House

The place where the chapter of a cathedral or monastery meets, usually a building attached to or a hall forming part of the cathedral or monastery.

Accouplement

The placement of two columns or pilasters very close together. Also called, coupled column.

Organization

The systematic arranging of interdependent or coordinated parts into a coherent unity or functioning whole.

Altar

The table in a Christian church upon which the Eucharist, the sacrament celebrating Christ's Last Supper, is celebrated. Also called, communion table. Image: 6

Christianity

The religion founded on the teachings of Jesus Christ, including the Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox churches.

Shading

The rendering of light and dark values in a drawing to create the illusion of the three-dimensionality, represent light and shadow, or give the effect of color.

Movement

The rhythmic quality of a composition suggesting motion by represented gestures or by the relationship of structural elements.

Frigidarium

The room in an ancient Roman thermae containing a bath of unheated water.

Caldarium

The room in an ancient Roman thermae containing hot water for bathing.

Oculus

The round central opening of a dome (Pantheon). Also, a small round window in a Gothic cathedral.

Chevet

The rounded east end of a Gothic cathedral; including the apse and ambulatory.

Bema

The sanctuary space surrounding the altar of an Eastern Orthodox church.

Technics

The science of an art or of the arts in general.

Tectonics

The science or art of shaping, ornamenting, or assembling materials in construction.

Networks

The Fifth Element of Ekistics: It is mainly the natural and man-made links. Facilitating the functioning of the settlements and developments. It comprises of water and power supply systems, sewage and drainage, and communication and transportation systems.

Nature

The First Element of Ekistics: It provides a foundation for the development of settlements. It is the framework within which settlement functions and flourishes. It explains the aspects related to geological and topographical resources, soil and water resources, plant and animal life, and the climate.

Shells

The Fourth Element of Ekistics: It consists of structures created by human. The purpose is to provide housing, community services, shopping, recreation, civic and business needs, industry, and transportation.

Ark of the Covenant

The chest containing the two stone tablets inscribed with the Ten Commandments, carried by the Hebrews during their desert wanderings after the Exodus.

Echinus

The circular molding under the cushion of an Ionic capital between the volutes, usually carved with an egg-and-dart pattern. Also called, cymatium. Image: 8

Orchestra

The circular space in front of the stage in the ancient Greek theater, reserved for the chorus. Also called, konistra. Image: A

Inflection

A bend, angle, or similar change in the shape of a configuration, by means of which a change of relationship to some context or condition is indicated.

Reason

A faculty or power of comprehending inferring or thinking in an orderly, rational way.

Mock-Up

A full-sized model of a building or structure, built accurately to scale for study, testing, or teaching.

View

A particular manner or mode of looking at or regarding something. Looking at something.

Phase

A particular stage in a process of change or development.

Draft

A preliminary version of a plan or design.

Program

A procedure for solving a problem, such as a statement setting forth the context, conditions, requirements, and objectives for a design project. The detailing of means to an end.

Design Process

A purposeful activity aimed at devising a plan for changing an existing situation into a future preferred state, esp. the cyclical, iterative process comprising: initiation, preparation, and synthesis.

Datum

An assumed, given, or otherwise determined fact or proposition from which conclusions may be drawn or decisions made.

Prototype

An early and typical example that exhibits the essential features of a class or group and on which later stages are based or judged.

Purpose

The reason for which something exists or is done, made, or used.

Synectics

The study of creative processes, esp. as applied to the stating and solution of problems that involves free use of metaphor and analogy in informal interchange within a small group of diverse individuals.

Devise

To form in the mind by new combinations or applications of existing ideas or principles;

Visualize

To form or recall a mental image of.

Refine

To improve or elaborate in order to make more fine or precise.

Project

To regard an idea or concept as having some form of objective reality outside the mind. Also, to present for consideration.

Test

To subject a system or process to such conditions or operations as will lead to a critical evaluation of abilities or performance in subsequent acceptance or rejection.

Develop

To work out, expand, or realize the capabilities or possibilities of so as to bring gradually to a fuller or more advanced or effective state.

Code of Hammurabi

A Babylonian legal code instituted by Hammurabi in the mid-18th century BCE, based on principles absorbed from Sumerian culture.

Chi-Rho

A Christian monogram and symbol formed by superimposing the first two letters of the Greek word for Christ (Khristos). Also called chrismon.

Cyma Reversa

A Cyma having the convex part projecting beyond the concave part. Also called Lesbian cyma.

Openwork

Ornamental or structural work having a latticelike nature or showing openings through its substance.

Strapwork

Ornamentation composed of folded, crossed, and interlaced bands, sometimes cut with foliations.

Foliated

Ornamented with foils or representations of foliage. Also foliate.

Sphaeristerium

Part of a Gymnasium (Roman): Ball games Image: 3

Korykeion

Part of a Gymnasium (Roman): Boxing Image: 6

Dromos

Part of a Gymnasium (Roman): Running track Image: 1

Konisterion

Part of a Gymnasium (Roman): Sanding and powdering Image: 11

Exedra

Part of a Roman Basilica and Thermae: Semi-circular apses on the sides with raised seats used for lectures and where libraries are located Image: 6

Navis Media

Part of a Roman Basilica: Also called, nave Image: 2

Porticus

Part of a Roman Basilica: Also called, portico, colonnade Image: 5

Chalcidicum

Part of a Roman Basilica: The vestibule or portico of a public building opening on to the forum, as in the basilica of Eumachia at Pompeii, and the basilica of Constantine at Rome, where it was placed at one end Image: 4

Unctuaria

Part of a Thermae and Gymnasium: Room containing the ungents (balms) and oils, massage

Xystus

Part of a Thermae: A large open space with trees, statues, and fountains; part was used as a stadium for foot-racing and where athletic sports took place Image: 34

Balneum

Part of a Thermae: Bathing pools; Also, a private bath in Roman palaces and houses containing: tepidarium, calidarium, frigidarium; Image: 25

Apodyterium

Part of a Thermae: Changing/dressing room Image: 22

Frigidarium

Part of a Thermae: Cold, unheated baths Image: 32

Schola

Part of a Thermae: Conversation rooms Image: 28

Vestibulum

Part of a Thermae: Entrance hall Image: 20

Ambulatio

Part of a Thermae: Gym/exercise Image: 24

Caldarium

Part of a Thermae: Hot baths, hot water baths Image: 29

Tepidarium

Part of a Thermae: Lukewarm baths Image: 31

Destrictarium

Part of a Thermae: Place in a bath for removing oil, sweat, and dirt from one's body Image: 26

Tabernae

Part of a Thermae: Shops, restaurants Image: 39

Heliocaminus

Part of a Thermae: Solar-heated room Image: 30

Laconicum

Part of a Thermae: Sweating rooms (dry) Image: 27

Sudatorium

Part of a Thermae: Sweating rooms (wet) Image: 27

Natatio

Part of a Thermae: Swimming pool Image: 33

Palaestra

Part of a Thermae: Wrestling area (exercise) Image: 23

Cubiculum/Cubicula

Parts of a Domus: bedroom/s

Triclinium

Parts of a Domus: dining room

Atrium

Parts of a Domus: entrance court, open to the sky, with a water cistern collector (impluvium) at the center

Peristylium

Parts of a Domus: inner colonnaded court with garden

Cucina

Parts of a Domus: kitchen

Tablinum

Parts of a Domus: open living room

Prothyrum

Parts of a Domus: porch or vestibule entrance

Oecus

Parts of a Domus: reception room

Alae

Parts of a Domus: recesses for conversation

Impluvium

Parts of a Domus: rectangular basin in a Roman house that is placed in the open-air atrium in order to collect rainwater

Porta Pompae

Parts of an Amphitheater (Roman): Ceremonial gate Image: 22

Podium

Parts of an Amphitheater (Roman): Dignitaries' enclosure (ringside) Image: 6

Vomitorium

Parts of an Amphitheater (Roman): Exit, Escape route Image: 14

Porta Libitinesis

Parts of an Amphitheater (Roman): Funerary gate Image: 23

Porte Sanavivaria

Parts of an Amphitheater (Roman): Gate of life Image: 24

Media Cavea

Parts of an Amphitheater (Roman): Middle seats (Lower box) Image: 8

Ima Cavea

Parts of an Amphitheater (Roman): Premium/Noble seats Image: 7

Porta Triumphalis

Parts of an Amphitheater (Roman): Triumphal gate Image: 21

Hypogeum

Parts of an Amphitheater (Roman): Underground spaces for trap doors for animals and gladiators with lifts, aqueduct connections to fill the theater with water. Image: 25

Summa Cavea

Parts of an Amphitheater (Roman): Upper Tier (Upper box) Image: 9

In Lignis

Parts of an Amphitheater (Roman): Upper wooden tier, peanut gallery Image: 10

Visuospatial

Pertaining to perception of the spatial relationships among objects with reference to time, place, and people.

Kiva

A large underground or partly underground chamber in a Pueblo Indian village, used by the men for religious ceremonies or councils.

Room

A portion of space within a building, separated by walls or partitions from other similar spaces.

Spline

A thin metal strip inserted into edges of two acoustical tiles to make a butt joint between them.

Prostas

A Greek dwelling type entered from the street via a passage to an open courtyard, around which all spaces are arranged; the principal rooms are accessed via a niche-like anteroom or prostas.

Line (Drawing)

A thin, continuous mark made in a surface with a pencil, pen, or brush, as distinguished from shading or color.

Idea

A thought or notion resulting from mental awareness, understanding, or activity.

Passage (Drawing)

An area, section, or detail of a work, esp. with respect to its qualities of execution.

Peristyle

A Greek dwelling-type whose open courtyard is surrounded by colonnades on all sides, often more luxurious than a prostas or pastas house. Same rooms as in a prostas.

Hogan

A Navaho Indian dwelling constructed usually of earth and logs and covered with mud and sod.

Scale (Drawing)

A PROPORTION determining the relationship of a representation to that which it represents.

Basilica

A Roman building-type, rectangular in shape with an apse at either end, used as a meeting place, courthouse, market place, and lecture hall.

Atrium House

A Roman dwelling type in which the building mass surrounds a main central space, the atrium, open to the sky.

Cortile

A large or principal courtyard of an Italian palazzo.

Color Scheme

An arrangement or pattern of colors conceived of as forming an integrated whole.

Mural

A large picture painted on or applied directly to a wall or ceiling surface.

Hall

A large room or building for public gatherings or entertainment.

Tumulus/Barrow

An artificial mound of earth or stone, esp. over an ancient grave.

Trajan Column

A Roman Doric column commemorative of the Dacian War, when Trajan was able to conquer Dacia. It is made entirely of marble with a total height of 115' 17" and a shaft 12"-diameter with a spiral staircase. Located in Trajan's Forum. Rome, Italy

Canephora

"Basket-carrying"; a carved statuesque column of a draped female figure carrying a basket, or with a basket on her head.

Kerf

A groove cut into edges of an acoustical tile to receive a spline or t-shaped member of a supporting grid.

Antic

A grotesque sculpture of animal, human, or foliated forms, such as a gargoyle.

Gargoyle

A grotesquely carved figure of a human or animal, esp. one with an open mouth that serves as a spout and projects from a gutter to rainwater clear of a building.

Cluster Housing

A group of buildings and esp. houses built close together to form relatively compact units on a sizable tract in order to preserve open spaces larger than the individual yard for common recreation.

Prairie School

A group of early 20th-century architects, notably Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed houses and other buildings that emphasized horizontal lines responding to the flatness of the Midwestern prairie.

System

A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements or parts that function together as a whole to accomplish a goal.

Bungalow Court

A group of three or more detached; one-story, single-family dwellings, arranged with common utilities and accessories under a common ownership.

Terra Cotta

A hard, fired clay, reddish-brown in color when un-glazed, used for architectural facings and ornaments, tile units, and pottery.

Porcelain

A hard, vitreous, translucent ceramic material consisting essentially of kaolin, feldspar, and quartz, fired at a very high temperature.

Cairn

A heap of stones piled up as a monument, tombstone, or landmark. It is also few stones placed on top of each other as a place marker. Also, carn.

Star of David

A hexagram used as a symbol of Judaism. Also called Magen David, Mogen David.

Necropolis

A historic burial ground, esp. a large, elaborate one of an ancient city.

Structural Clay Tile

A hollow tile of fired clay having a parallel cells or cores, used in building walls and partitions.

Ground Line (Drawing)

A horizontal line representing the intersection of the ground plane and the picture plane in linear perspective. Also called base line.

Picture Mold

A horizontal molding near a ceiling from which pictures can be suspended. Also called picture rail.

Chair Rail

A horizontal molding on an interior wall for preventing the backs of chairs from rubbing against and damaging the wall surface.

Bulkhead

A horizontal or inclined door over a stairway giving access to a cellar. (Kevin Murphy's new basement room in F for Family had a ____________ type access.)

Ground Plane

A horizontal plane of reference from which vertical measurements can be taken in linear perspective, usually the plane supporting the object depicted or on which the viewer stands.

Sod House

A house built of strips of sod (layers of grass), laid like brickwork, and used esp. by settlers on the Great Plains when timber was scarce.

Tract House

A house forming part of a real-estate development, usually having a plan and appearance common to some or all of the houses in development.

Split-Level

A house having a room or rooms somewhat above or below adjacent rooms, with the floor levels usually differing by approximately half a story.

Detached Dwelling

A house having no wall common with another house.

Duplex

A house having separate apartments for two families, esp. a two-story house having a complete apartment on each floor and two separate entrances.

Semi-Detached Dwelling

A house joined by a party wall to another house or a row of houses i.e. a duplex.

Housing Unit

A house, apartment, suite of rooms, or a single room occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters.

Exedra

A large apsidal extensions of the interior volume of an Eastern Orthodox church.

Triumphal Arch

A large arched monument constructed in a public urban place to commemorate a great event, usually a victory in war.

Block

A large building divided into a number of separate apartments, offices, or shops. Such as, "apartment block".

Torus

A large convex, semicircular molding, commonly found directly above the plinth of the base of a classical column (also above a scotia in an Attic base). Image: 5

Hypostyle Hall

A large hall having many columns in rows supporting a flat roof, and sometimes a clerestory; prevalent in ancient Egyptian and Achaemenid (Persian) architecture .

Basilica

A large oblong building used as a hall of justice and public meeting place in ancient Rome, typically having a high central space lit by a clerestory and covered by timber trusses, and a raised dais (raised platform for speaking) in a semicircular apse for the tribunal, This Roman edifice served as a model for early Christian churches.

Constancy

A perceptual phenomenon in which apparent differences in size are ignored in order to identify and categorize things, regardless of how distant they are, leading to the perception of a class of objects as having uniform size and constant color and texture. Also, the tendency to see familiar objects as having a standard shape, size, color, or location, regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, or lighting. The impression tends to conform to the object as it is assumed to be, rather than to the actual stimulus presented to the eye.

Bronze Age

A period of human history that began c. 4000-3000 BCE, following the Stone Age but preceding the Iron Age, characterized by the use of bronze implements.

Color

A phenomenon of light and visual perception that may be described in terms of an individual's perception of hue, saturation, and lightness for objects, and hue, saturation, and brightness for light sources.

Successive Constrast

A phenomenon of visual perception in which intense exposure to one color or value leads to the sensation of its complement, which is projected as an afterimage on another color or surface viewed immediately thereafter. Simply, it refers to the way in which two different colors affect each other. The theory is that one color can change how we perceive the tone and hue of another when the two are placed side by side.

Simultaneous Contrast

A phenomenon of visual perception in which the stimulation of one color or value leads to the sensation of its complement, which is projected instantaneously on a juxtaposed color or value. This kind of contrast intensifies complementary colors and shifts analogous colors toward each other's complementary hue, esp. when the juxtaposed colors are similar in value. When two colors of contrasting value are juxtaposed, the lighter color will deepen the darker color while the darker color will lighten the lighter one.

Place

A physical environment having particular characteristics or used for a particular purpose.

Pictograph

A pictorial sign or symbol.

Mosaic

A picture or decorative pattern made by inlaying small, usually colored piece of tile, enamel, or glass in mortar.

Respond

A pier or pilaster projecting from a wall as a support for an arch or lintel, esp. at the termination of an arcade or colonnade.

Refuge

A place affording shelter, protection, or safety from danger or distress.

Repose

A place of rest and tranquility.

Threshold

A place or point of entering or beginning.

Architrave

A plain lintel on the entablature. Also, a beam that spans between piers or columns or between a pier, column, and wall. Above it is the frieze (little strip of wall) then the cornice in a Greek/Roman temple.

Reflected Plan

A plan of a room as seen from above but having its ceiling surfaces and elements projected downward upon it so that what would appear to the right when seen from below, appears on the plan to the left. Also called, reflected ceiling plan.

Floor Plan

A plan of a room, suite, or entire floor of a building as seen from above after a horizontal section is cut and the upper portion removed, typically showing the form and arrangement of interior spaces and their enclosing walls, windows and doors.

Site Plan/Plot Plan

A plan showing the form, location, and orientation of a building or group of buildings on a site, usually including the dimensions, contours, landscaping, and other significant features of the plot.

Framing Plan

A plan showing the pattern, elements and connections of the structural frame for a floor or roof of a building, using a system of symbols and drafting linework.

Area Plan

A plan showing the principal elements of a design project in the wider context of its surrounding environment.

Grading Plan

A plan showing the proposed finish contours and elevations of the ground surface of a construction site.

Roof Plan

A plan showing the top view of a building, esp. the form of its roof.

Plinth Block

A plinth for stopping the architrave of a door or window above the floor.

Center

A point or place upon which interest, activity, or emotion focuses.

Center of Vision

A point representing the intersection of the central axis of vision and the picture plane in linear perspective; on the picture plane.

Vanishing Point

A point toward which receding parallel lines appear to converge in linear perspective, located at the point where a sightline, parallel to the set of lines, intersects the picture plane.

Totem Pole

A pole or post carved and painted with totemic figures, erected by Indians of the northwest coast of North America, esp. in front of their house.

Portico

A porch having a roof supported by columns, often leading to the entrance of a building.

Breezeway

A porch or roofed passageway open on the sides, for connecting two buildings or parts of a building.

Porte Cochere

A porch roof projecting over a driveway at the entrance to a building and sheltering those getting in or out of vehicles. Also, a carriage porch.

Narthex

A portico or vestibule before the nave of an early Christian or Byzantine church, occupied by those not yet christened. Image: 1

Hierarchy

A system of elements ranked, classified, and organized one above the another, according to importance or significance.

Hypocaust

A system of flues in the floor or walls of ancient Roman buildings, especially baths, that provided central heating by receiving and distributing the heat from a furnace.

Typology

A systematic classification or study of types according to structural features.

Process

A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. Everything done to reach a goal.

History

A systematic, often chronological narrative of significant events as relating to a particular people, country or period, often including an explanation of their causes.

Steeple

A tall ornamental structure, usually ending in a spire and surmounting the tower of a church or other public building.

Spire

A tall, acutely tapering pyramidal structure surmounting a steeple or tower.

Obelisk

A tall, four-sided shaft of stone that tapers as it rises to a pyramidal point, originating in ancient Egypt as a sacred symbol of the sun-god Ra and usually standing in pairs astride temple entrances.

Aerial Perspective

A technique for rendering depth or distance by muting the hue, tone, and distinctness of objects perceived as receding from the picture plane. Also called atmospheric perspective.

Continuity of Outline

A technique for representing depth or distance by emphasizing the continuity of the contour of a shape perceived as being in front and concealing a part of another behind it.

Texture Perspective

A technique for representing depth or distance by gradually increasing the density of the texture of a surface perceived as receding from the picture plane.

Vertical Location

A technique for representing depth or distance by placing distant objects higher in the picture plane than objects perceived as being closer.

Size Perspective

A technique for representing depth or distance by reducing the size of objects perceived as receding from the picture plane.

Greek Temple

A temple built as a shrine to the ancient Greek god or goddess to whom it was dedicated. It was the main type of structure built during the Hellenic period. Since the temple was not intended for internal worship, it was built with special regard for external effect. It stood on a stylobate of three or more steps, with a cella containing the statue of the deity and front and rear porticoes, the whole being surmounted by a low gable roof of timber, covered in terracotta or marble tiles.

Pantheon

A temple dedicated to all the gods of a people.

Ziggurat

A temple-tower in Sumerian and Assyrian architecture, built in diminishing stages of mud-brick with buttressed walls faced with burnt brick, culminating in a summit shrine or temple reached by a series of ramps; thought to be of Sumerian origin, dating from the end of the 3rd millenium BCE.

Tower of Babel

A temple-tower, presumed to be a great ziggurat at Babylon, which no longer survives, through it was seen and described by the Greek historian Herodotus in the 5th century BCE. "And they said to one another, 'Let us make brick and burn it thoroughly.' And they had brick for stone, and bitumen (asphalt) for mortar. And they said, 'Let us build a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.'" - Genesis 11:4

Wetu

A temporary domed hut of red cedar and grass used by northeastern North American tribes.

Teepee

A tent of the American Indians made usually from animal skins laid on a conical frame of long poles and having an opening at the top for ventilation and a flap door.

Tension

A tenuous (shaky/weak) balance maintained in an artistic work between opposing forces or elements, often causing anxiety or excitement.

Pons

A term for bridges in ancient Rome. Simple, solid, and practical construction designed to resist the rush of water. Image: Bridge of Augustus, Rimini, Italy

Ceramic Bond

A thermochemical bond between materials resulting from exposure to temperatures approaching the fusion point of the mixture.

Tatami

A thick straw mat, covered with smooth, finely woven reeds and bound with plain or decorated bands of silk, cotton, or hemp, serving as a floor covering and a standard for designating room size in a traditional Japanese house. These mats typically measure 3ft x 6ft (910mm x 1820mm), but vary in actual dimensions according to region and method for determining column spacing.

Dosseret

A thickened abacus or supplementary capital set above a column capital to receive the thrust of an arch, usually found in Byzantine architecture.

Dosseret

A thickened abacus or supplementary capital set above a column capital to receive the thrust of an arch. Also called, impost block.

Bond Coat

A thin coat of mortar for bonding ceramic tile to a backing/sheathing.

Segmental Pediment

Also called round or curved pediments, these pediments contrast with triangular pediments in that they have a round cornice replacing two sides of the traditional triangular pediment. A ______________________________ might complement or even be called a curvilinear tympanum.

Stack Effect

Also called the chimney effect, is the tendency for air or gas in a shaft to rise when heated, creating a draft that draws in cooler air or gas from below.

Caryatid

Also, kore, a carved statue of a draped female figure which functions as a column.

Wigwam

An American Indian dwelling, usually of a round or oval shape, formed of poles overlaid with bark, rush mats, or animal skins.

Basilica

An Early Christian church, characterized by: 1) Long, rectangular plan 2) High colonnaded nave lit by a clerestory 3) Timbered gable roof 4) Two or four lower side aisles 5) Semicircular apse 6) Narthex at the end 7) Other features: atrium, bema, smaller semi-circular apses terminating the aisles

Igloo

An Eskimo house, usually built of blocks of hard snow or ice in the shape of a dome, or when permanent, of sod, wood, or stone. These snow homes keep warm by using trapped air molecules in the ice as insulation from keeping warmth from moving out. Remember, being cold is just a release of warmth in the body. When cut in section, the shape is actually a catenary.

Ornament

An accessory, article, or detail that lends grace or beauty to something to which it is added or of which it is an integral part.

Grey

An achromatic color between white and black.

Metal Pan

An acoustical tile consisting of a steel or aluminum pan having a perforated face and containing a separate layer of sound-absorbing material.

Civilization

An advanced state of human society marked by a relatively high level of cultural, technical, and political development.

Diazoma

An aisle between the lower and upper tiers of seats in an ancient Greek theater, concentric with the orchestra and the outer wall and communicating with the radial aisles. Image: E

Ambulatory

An aisle encircling the end of the choir or chancel of a church in a Gothic cathedral.

Lotus Capital

An ancient Egyptian capital having the shape of a lotus bud.

Palm Capital

An ancient Egyptian capital shaped like the crown of a palm tree.

Osirian Column

An ancient Egyptian column incorporating the sculptures figure of Osiris, the Egyptian goddess of death and resurrection. Image: Found at the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

Pastiche

An artistic composition consisting of forms or motifs borrowed from different sources.

Collage

An artistic composition of often diverse elements in unlikely or unexpected juxtaposition.

Tactile Texture

The physical, dimensional structure of a surface, apart from its color or form.

Pattern

An artistic or decorative design, esp. one having a characteristic arrangement and considered as a unit, of which an idea can be given by a fragment.

Mortuary Temple

An ancient Egyptian temple for offerings and worship of a deceased person, usually a deified king. In the New Kingdom, cult and funerary temples had many features in its common: an avenue of sphinxes leading to a tall portal guarded by a towering pylon, an axial plan with a colonnaded forecourt, and a hypostyle hall set before a dark, narrow sanctuary in which stood a statue of the deity, and walls lavishly decorated with pictographic carvings in low (bas-relief) or sunken relief (cavo-relief). Many of the major temples grew by accretion due to the pious ambitions of successive pharaohs, who believed in the afterlife and were determined to create an enduring reputation through their buildings i.e. Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Seti I, Ramesseum, etc.

Cult Temple

An ancient Egyptian temple for the worship of a deity, as distinguished from a mortuary temple i.e. Temple of Horus, and Temple of Philae (Isis), as seen in image.

Mastaba

An ancient Egyptian tomb made of mud brick, rectangular in plan with a flat roof and sloping sides, from which a shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers.

Gymnasion

An ancient Greek center for sports, with buildings, playing areas, and baths. Included: courts, bathing tanks, dressing rooms, exedrae (conversing), ephebium (club/lectures), stores, and resting places. Prototype for the Roman, "Thermae"

Bouleuterion

An ancient Greek council hall; a covered meeting place of the democratically elected councils.

Stadion

An ancient Greek elongated sports venue with rounded ends, surrounded on all sides by banked spectator stands; venue for foot racing. Image: Nemea Stadion

Odeon

An ancient Greek or Roman building built for music: singing exercises, musical shows, poetry competitions, and the like.buildings built for music: singing exercises, musical shows, poetry competitions, and the like. Image: Ephesus Odeon, Turkey

Stoa

An ancient Greek portico (colonnaded walkway), usually detached and of considerable length, used as a promenade or meeting place around public places.

Stoa

An ancient Greek portico, usually detached and of considerable length, used as a promenade or meeting place around public places. Image: Stoa of Attalos, Athens, Greece

Opus Reticulatum

An ancient Roman masonry wall faced with small pyramidal stones set diagonally with their square bases forming a netlike pattern.

Castrum

An ancient Roman military camp having streets laid out in a grid pattern.

Maison Carree

An ancient Roman temple in Nîmes, southern France; it is one of the best-preserved Roman temples to survive in the territory of the former Roman Empire. Nimes, France

Graffito

An ancient drawing or writing scratched on stone, plaster, or other hard surface.

Totem

An animal, plant, or natural object serving as an emblem of a family or clan by virtue of an ancestral relationship.

Walk-Up

An apartment above the ground floor in a building that has no elevator.

Studio Apartment

An apartment consisting of a single, multi-functional room, a kitchen or kitchenette, and a bathroom. Also called, efficiency apartment.

Condominium

An apartment house, office building, or other multiple-unit complex, the units of which are individually owned, each owner receiving a recordable deed to the individual unit purchased, including the right to sell or mortgage that unit, and sharing in the joint ownership of any common elements, such as hallways, elevators, mechanical and plumbing systems, or the like. Image: Park Central Towers, AyalaLand Premier

Garden Apartment

An apartment on the ground floor of an apartment building having access to a backyard or garden.

Penthouse

An apartment or residence on the top floor or roof of a building, often set back from the outer walls and opening into a terrace.

Flat

An apartment or suite of rooms on one floor forming a residence.

Duplex Apartment

An apartment with rooms on two connected floors i.e. Trump Tower, 5401. Also called, duplex. Not to be confused with a loft, lofts are residential occupancies converted from warehouses and factories with large unobstructed spaces.

Relief

An apparent projection from a flat background due to contrast, creating the illusion of three dimensions.

Ergonomics

An applied science concerned with the characteristics of people that need to be considered in the design of devices and systems in order that people and things will interact effectively and safely. Also, human engineering.

Serendipity

An aptitude for making desirable and unexpected discoveries by accident.

Blind Arcade

An arcade having no actual openings, applied as decoration to a wall surface.

Interlacing Arcade

An arcade, esp. a blind one, composed of arches resting on alternate supports and overlapping in series where they cross.

Triforium

An arcaded story in a church, between the nave arches and clerestory and corresponding to the space between the vaulting and the roof of an aisle.

Crawl Space

An area in a building having a clearance less than human height, but accessible by crawling, esp. such a space below the first floor that is enclosed by the foundation walls.

Court

An area open to the sky and mostly or entirely surrounded by walls or buildings.

Promenade

An area used for a stroll or walk, esp. in a public place, as for pleasure or display.

Presentation Drawing

Any of a set of design drawings made to articulate and communicate a design concept or proposal, as for exhibition, review, or publication.

Billet

Any of series of closely spaced cylindrical forms ornamenting a hollow molding or cornice.

Drum

Any of several cylindrical stones laid one above the other to form a column or pier.

Tile Accessory

Any of the ceramic or non-ceramic articles designed to be affixed to or inserted in tilework, such as tower bars, soap holders, and the like.

Functional Dimension

Any of the dimensions determined by bodily position and movement, such as reach, stride, or clearance.

Structural Dimension

Any of the dimensions of the human body and its part.

Caisson

Another term for coffers in ancient Roman architecture.

In-Antis

Anta; Columns are between anta at the front of the temple. Image: A (Columniation: Distyle)

Prostas

Anteroom of a Prostas

Apartment House/Building

Any building or portion thereof, which is designed, built, rented, leased, let or hired out to be occupied, or which is occupied as the home or residence of three or more families living independently of each other and doing their own cooking in the building, and shall include flats and apartments.

Amenity

Any feature that provides or increases comfort, convenience, or pleasure i.e. gyms, spas, etc.

Measuring Line

Any line coincident with or parallel to the picture plane, as the ground line, which can be used to take measurements in linear perspective.

Hypotrachelium

Any member between the capital and the shaft of a classical column.

Opus Sectile

Any mosaic of regularly cut material.

Bay

Any of a number of principal compartments or divisions of a wall, roof, or other part of a building marked off by vertical or transverse (horizontal) supports.

Dogtooth

Any of a series of closely spaced, pyramidal ornaments, formed by sculptured leaves radiating from a raised center, used in early English Gothic architecture.

Dentil

Any of a series of closely spaced, small, rectangular blocks forming a molding or projecting beneath the coronas of Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite cornices. Image: 2

Piloti

Any of a series of columns supporting a building above an open ground level.

Scallop

Any of a series of curved projections forming an ornamental border.

Venetian Dentil

Any of a series of small rectangular blocks (dentils) alternating with sloping surfaces on an archivolt or molding.

Primary Color

Any of a set of colors, such as red, yellow, and blue, regarded as generating all other colors.

Chapter

As assembly of the monks in a monastery, or the members of a religious house or order.

Re-Evaluation

Assessing how well an implemented solution in use satisfies the specified goals and criteria.

1.62 m (5.3 ft)

Average Height of a Filipino Man

152 cm (4.98 ft)

Average Height of a Filipino Woman

Refrigerator and Sink

Between what appliances/fixtures of the kitchen work triangle should the food prepping area of the kitchen be located?

Hadrian's Villa

Canopus and Serapeum Tivoli, Italy

Economy

Careful, thrifty, and efficient use and management of resources.

Gymnasium

Center for sports with buildings, playing areas, and baths in ancient Rome. Image: Gymnasium of Hadrian, Ephesus, Turkey

Hearth

Central component of a Megaron Image: 4

Glazed Wall Tile

Ceramic tile having a non-vitreous body and a bright, matte, or crystalline glaze, used for surfacing interior walls and light-duty floors.

Additive

Characterized or produced by addition, accumulation, or uniting, often resulting in a new identity.

Subtractive

Characterized or produced by removal of a part or portion without destroying a sense of the whole.

Amhi-Antis

Double Anta; Columns are between anta at the front and rear of the temple. Image: B (Columniation: Distyle)

Corps de Logis

In French architecture, the term describing the central element of a building as opposed to its subsidiary wings and pavilions.

Topiary

Clipped or trimmed into ornamental and fantastic shapes, or the work of art of such clipping.

Smalto

Colored glass or enamel, esp. in the form of minute squares, used in mosaic work.

Columnar Placement

Columnar Placement

Roman Concrete

Combined volcanic ash--called Pozzolana--and line with sand, water, and gravel. Advantages: - Strong, cheap, easy-to-use; - Does not require quarrying, cutting, or transportation unlike stone; - Can be mixed on the building site; - Can be casted in a mold of virtually any shape;

Synthesis

Combining separate, often diverse parts or elements so as to form a single or coherent whole.

0.75m

Comfortable Seating Width for Tables: Ends

0.61m

Comfortable Seating Width for Tables: Sides

Entablature

Consists of the architrave, frieze and cornice.

Drafting/Mechanical Drawing

Drawing done with the aid or such instruments as T-squares, triangles, compasses, and scales, esp. for the systematic representation and dimensional specification of architectural and engineering structures. Also called, mechanical drawing.

Connection

Contextual, causal, or logical relations or associations of something observed or imagined.

Agreement

Correspondence in size, shape, or color among the elements in a work or art.

Villa

Country House A large classical Roman country house with an estate; originally divided into two parts, the pars ubana, or living area, and pars rustica, or working area.

Sta. Maria Rotonda

Current name of the Pantheon in Rome, Italy as it was converted into a church.

Arcuate

Curved or arched like a bow; a term used in describing the arched or vaulted structure of a Romanesque church or Gothic cathedral, as distinguished from the trabeated architecture of an Egyptian hypostyle hall or Greek Doric temple.

Sgraffito

Decoration produced by cutting or scratching through a surface layer of paint or plaster to reveal a ground of contrasting color.

High-Rise

Describing a building having a comparatively large number of stories and equipped with elevators.

Mid-Rise

Describing a building having a moderately large number of stories, usually 5 to 10, and equipped with elevators.

Low-Rise

Describing a building having one, two, or three stories and usually no elevator.

Blind

Describing a recess in a wall having the appearance of a window (blind window) or door (blind door), inserted to complete a series of windows or to provide symmetry of design.

Live-Work

Describing a residential unit that integrates space for professional, commercial, or industrial work activities.

Accessible

Describing a site, building, or facility designed and constructed to comply with accessibility guidelines (i.e. BP 344)

Pale

Designating a color having high lightness and low saturation.

Brilliant

Designating a color having high lightness and strong saturation.

Deep

Designating a color having low lightness and strong saturation.

Cool

Designating a color inclined toward or dominated by green, blue, or violet.

Warm

Designating a color inclined toward or dominated by red, orange, or yellow.

Multi-Family Dwelling

Designed or suitable for use by several or many families. Image: The Imperium, Capitol Commons

Dark

Designing a color having low lightness and low saturation, and reflecting only a small fraction of incident light.

Bisque

Earthenware or porcelain that has been fired once but not glazed. Also called biscuit.

Ambo (Lectern)

Either of the two raised stands from which the Gospels or Epistles were read or chanted in an early Christian church.

Parascenium

Either of two wings flanking and projecting forward from the skene of an ancient Greek theater, containing apartments for the actors. Image: D

Thyroreion

Entrance passageway of a Prostas

Prothyron

Entrance porch of a Prostas

Equipoise

Equal distribution of weight, relationship, or forces.

Thermae

Establishments that were built for washing, as well as exercising, entertaining, and conducting business in an ancient Roman city.

Feedback

Evaluative information about an action or process, prompting a return to a preceding phase for alteration or correction.

Tana

In Japanese residential architecture, a recess with built-in shelving, usually adjoining a tokonama. Image: H

Hard-Burned

Fired at a high temperature to near vitrification and having relatively low absorption and high compressive strength. Product: Vitreous

Soft-Burned

Fired at a low temperature and having relatively high absorption and low compressive strength. Product: Semi-Vitreous

Glaze-Fired

Fired to fuse a glaze to a clay body.

Bisque-Fired

Fired to harden a clay body.

Juan Nakpil

First National Artist for Architecture, 1973 Founder of the Philippine Architects Society Works: Arellano University, Manila Jockey Club, UP Admin and Main Lib, Rizal Theater, Capitol Theater, Magsaysay Building, SSS, renovated Quiapo Church, reconstructed the Rizal House, Philippine Trust Building

Nimbus

Floating ring or halo;

Alameda

In Latin America, a boulevard, park, or public garden having a promenade lined with shade trees.

Circus

In Roman architecture, a long U-shaped or enclosed arena for chariot and horse racing; Similar to Greek hippodrome;

Tuscan (Etruscan) Order

The Etruscans' simplified version of the Doric Order with smooth-shafted columns, a simple capital, base and entablature.

Hypothesis

Formulating a tentative assumption in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences.

Temple of Mars Ultor ("The Avenger")

Found in the Forum of Augustus Rome, Italy

Allee

French term for a broad walk planted with trees.

Animated

Full of life, activity, movement, or spirit.

Stained Glass

Glass colored or stained by having pigments baked onto its surface or by having various metallic oxides fused into it while in a molten state.

Domus Aurea

Golden House of Nero It was a vast landscaped palace built by Emperor Nero in the heart of ancient Rome after the great fire in 64 AD had destroyed a large part of the city and the aristocratic villas on the Palatine Hill. It was buried underground after the death of Nero. Rome, Italy

Architectural Terra Cotta

Hard-burned, glazed or un-glazed terra cotta, hand-molded or machine-extruded to order as a ceramic veneer for walls or for ornamentation.

Repose

Harmony in the arrangement of parts or colors that is restful to the eye.

Eurythmy

Harmony of proportion or movement

Decastyle

Having 10 columns on one or each front.

Dodecastyle

Having 12 columns on one or each front.

Distyle

Having 2 columns on one or each front. Image: Athenian Treasury, Delphi

Tristyle

Having 3 columns on one or each front.

Tetrastyle

Having 4 columns on one or each front.

Pentastyle

Having 5 columns on one or each front.

Hexastyle

Having 6 columns on one or each front; most common. Image: Temple of Hera, Selinus

Heptastyle

Having 7 columns on one or each front.

Octastyle

Having 8 columns on one or each front. Image: Parthenon, Athens

Enneastyle

Having 9 columns on one or each front.

Pseudoperipteral

Having a colonnade at one or each end, with engaged columns at the side. Image: H

Semi-Vitreous

Having a moderate water absorption of slightly under 6%.

Prostyle

Having a portico on the front only. Image: D (Columniation: Tetrastyle)

Peripteral

Having a single row of columns on all sides. Image: G (Columniation: Hexastyle)

Non-vitreous

Having a water absorption greater than 7%.

Pseudodipteral

Having an arrangement of columns suggesting a dipteral structure but without the inner colonnade. Image: I

Pycnostyle

Having an intercolumniation of 1 ½ diameters.

Systyle

Having an intercolumniation of 2 diameters.

Eustyle

Having an intercolumniation of 2 ¼ diameters.

Diastyle

Having an intercolumniation of 3 diameters.

Araeostyle

Having an intercolumniation of 4 diameters.

Low-Key (Drawing)

Having chiefly dark tones with little contrast.

High-Key (Drawing)

Having chiefly light tones with little contrast.

Real

Having objective, verifiable, and independent existence, as opposed to being artificial or illusory.

Monochromatic

Having only one color or exhibiting varying intensities and values of a single hue.

Polychromatic

Having or exhibiting a variety of colors.

Displuviate

Having roofs sloping downward toward the compluvium.

Isocephalic

Having the head of all figures at approximately the same level. Also, isocephalous.

Dipteral

Having two rows of columns on all sides. Image: F

Constantino Doxiadis

He was a Greek architect and town planner and was known to be the major proponent and "Father of" Ekistics, the science of human settlements. He was also the known lead planner of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan.

Stoneware

High-fired, opaque, vitrified ceramic ware.

20

How many each of flutes and arrises are there in a Doric column shaft?

Parthenon

Image: 1

Cornice/Cap

Image: 10

Altar of Athena

Image: 12

Base Molding

Image: 12

Odeon of Herodes Atticus

Image: 15

Stoa of Eumenes

Image: 16

Theatre of Dionysus Eleutherus

Image: 18

Odeon of Pericles

Image: 19

Erecthion

Image: 3

Statue of Athena Promachos

Image: 4

Propylaea

Image: 5

Temple of Athena Nike

Image: 6

Temenos

In ancient Greece, a piece of ground specially reserved and enclosed as a sacred space i.e. Acropolis, Athens or Delphi (as seen in image).

Visual Inertia

In architecture theory, this refers to the degree of concentration and stability of a form. It is dependent on the geometry of the form and its orientation relative to the ground plane or line.

Hadrian's Wall

In present day Scotland, built to keep barbarian invaders from Roman Britannia. Punctuated with forts, customs stops, signal posts and on either side, a 30 foot moat for added protection, and military camps. Soldiers were posted on its top which functioned as a road.

Open Pediment

In this type of pediment, the usual strong horizontal line of the pediment is absent or nearly absent.

Flexible Plan

In this type of plan, buildings have movable corridor walls and movable partitions of full height construction with doors leading from rooms to corridors.

Open Plan

In this type of plan, buildings have rooms and corridors delineated by use of tables, chairs, desks, bookcases, counters, low height partitions, or similar furnishings. Flexible types of plans without exit access doors between rooms and corridors, but movable shall also be regarded as such.

Graffiti

Inscriptions or drawings spray-painted or sketched on a public surface, such as a sidewalk or wall of a building.

Temple of Venus and Rome

It is thought to have been the largest circular temple in Ancient Rome. Located on the Velian Hill, between the eastern edge of the Forum Romanum and the Colosseum, it was dedicated to the goddesses Venus Felix and Roma Aeterna. Rome, Italy

Buttress

It means to support, prop up, or strengthen; a supporting structure.

Circus Maximus

It was a large Roman stadium primarily used for chariot races. Rome, Italy

Roman

Is this a Greek or Roman Ionic Capital?

Analogy

It is a similarity in some particulars between things otherwise dissimilar; specifically a logical inference based on the assumption that if two things are known to be alike in some respects, then they will probably be alike in other respects.

Florentine Pediment

It is a type of pediment that consists of a semicircular form placed above the entablature, and as wide as the enclosing columns or pilasters. Usually a simple ban of moldings runs around it, and the semicircular field below is often decorated with a shell, although sometimes molded panels and even figures are found. Little rosettes and leaf and flower forms are usually used to fill the corner between the ends of the semicircle and the cornice below, and also as a finial at the top.

Pinnacle

It is an architectural ornament originally forming the cap or crown of a buttress or small turret, but afterwards used on parapets at the corners of towers and in many other situations. It looks like a small spire and was mainly used in Gothic architecture.

Metaphor

It is an object, activity or idea used in place of another to suggest a likeness in between them.

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)

It is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of travertine limestone, tuff, and brick-faced concrete, it was the largest amphitheatre ever built at the time and held 50,000 spectators. 1st Story - Doric 2nd Story - Ionic 3rd Story - Corinthian 4th Story - Composite Rome, Italy

Theater Orange

It is one of the best preserved of all Roman theatres, and served the Roman colony of Arausio (or, more specifically, Colonia Julia Firma Secundanorum Arausio: "the Julian colony of Arausio established by the soldiers of the second legion") which was founded in 40 BC. Playing a major role in the life of the citizens, who spent a large part of their free time there, the theatre was seen by the Roman authorities not only as a means of spreading Roman culture to the colonies, but also as a way of distracting them from all political activities. It is still in use today and home of the summer opera festival. Vaucluse, France

Palace of Diocletian

It is part fortified camp, part city, and part villa. It is in the form of a slightly irregular rectangle (8 acres) protected by walls and gates with towers projecting from the western, northern, and eastern facades. Often called "A City in a House" Split, Croatia

LBX (Load-Bearing Structural Clay Tile)

Load-bearing structural clay tile suitable for masonry walls exposed to weathering or frost action.

LB (Load-Bearing Structural Clay Tile)

Load-bearing structural clay tile suitable for masonry walls not exposed to frost action, or in exposed masonry where protected by a facing of 3in (76.2mm) or more of stone, brick, terra cotta, or other masonry.

14.5 degrees North

Location of Metro Manila

Coherent

Logically or aesthetically ordered or integrated to afford comprehension or recognition.

Earthenware

Low fired, opaque, non-vitreous (not glasslike) ceramic ware.

Andron

Men's dining room in a Prostas

Grisaille (Gray)

Monochromatic painting in shades of gray to produce a three-dimensional effect.

Thermae of Diocletian

Most grand and sumptuous of all ancient Roman thermaes; 3000 bathers;

Proximity

Nearness in place, order, or relation.

Trevi Fountain

Nicola Salvi

Pont du Gard

Nimes, France

Euclidean Space

Ordinary two- or three-dimensional space in which Euclid's definitions and axioms apply. Also, Cartesian space. Hint: Cartesian is a mathematical term, while Euclid is a famous mathematician.

Hathor-Headed Capital

Noting an ancient Egyptian column having as its capital the head of Hathor, the Egyptian goddess of love and happiness, often represented with the head and horns of a cow. Also, hathoric.

Clithral

Of or pertaining to a classical style temple that is roofed over.

Hypethral/Hypaethral

Of or pertaining to a classical temple that is wholly or partly open to the sky.

Sacred

Of or pertaining to religious objects, rites, or practices, as opposed to the secular or profane (secular).

Abstract

Of or pertaining to shapes and forms having an intellectual and affective content dependent solely on their INTRINSIC lines, colors, and relationship to one another.

Organic

Of or pertaining to shapes and forms having irregular contours that appear to resemble those of living plants or animals.

Nonobjective

Of or pertaining to shapes and forms not representing natural or actual objects. Also, nonrepresentational.

Geometric

Of or pertaining to shapes and forms that resemble or employ the simple rectilinear or curvilinear elements of geometry.

Barrier-free

Of or pertaining to spaces, buildings, and facilities fully accessible and usable by all people, including the physically handicapped.

Dutch Colonial

Of or pertaining to the domestic architecture of Dutch settlers in New York and New Jersey in the 17th century, often characterized by gambrel roofs having curved eaves over porches on the long sides.

Secular

Of or pertaining to the temporal or worldly rather than the sacred or spiritual. Also, profane.

Ambulatory

Of or related to walking or capable of walking;

Graphic

Of or relating to pictorial representation, esp. that which depicts in a clear and effective manner.

Neolithic

Of or relating to the last phase of the Stone Age, characterized by the cultivation of grain crops, domestication of animals, settlement of villages, manufacture of pottery and textiles, and use of polished stone implements; thought to have begun c. 9000-8000 BCE.

Prehistoric

Of, pertaining to, or existing in the time prior to the recording of human events, knowledge of which is gained mainly through archaeological discoveries, study, and research.

Forum Romanum

Oldest forum of ancient Republican Rome containing a market place, business district, senate, and public buildings.

Coffer

One of a number of recessed, usually square or octagonal panels in a ceiling, soffit, or vault. Also called caisson, lacunar, lacunaria.

Complementary Color

One of a pair of opposing colors on a color wheel, perceived as completing or enhancing each other.

Row House

One of a row of houses having at least one sidewall in common with a neighboring dwelling, and usually uniform or nearly uniform plans, fenestration, and architectural treatment.

Rowhouse

One of a row of houses in a city joined by common sidewalls (party walls).

Terrace House

One of a row of houses situated on a terraced site.

Shoji

One of a series of sliding translucent panels used in Japanese architecture between the exterior and the interior, or between two interior spaces, consisting of a light wooden framework covered on one side with rice paper; the lower section is occasionally filled by a thin wooden panel. Image: G

Gutta/Guttae

One of a series of small, droplike ornaments, attached to the undersides of the mutules and regulae of a Doric entablature. Also called, drop. Image: 11

Composite Order

One of the five (5) classical orders, popular esp. since the beginning of the Renaissance but invented by the ancient Romans, in which the Corinthian order is modified by superimposing four (4) diagonally set Ionic volutes on a bell of Corinthian acanthus leaves.

Filigree

Ornamental openwork of delicate or intricate design. Also filagree.

Alternative

One of the propositions or courses of action to be chosen from a set of two or more mutually exclusive possibilities. You have options.

Tessera

One of the small pieces of colored marble, glass, or tile used in mosaic work.

Fascia

One of the three (3) horizontal bands making up the architrave in the Ionic order. Image: 3

Hue

One of the three dimensions of color: the property of light by which the color of an object is classified as being red, yellow, green, or blue, or an intermediate between any contiguous pair of these colors; basically denotes an object's color.

Saturation/Intensity

One of the three dimensions of color: the purity or vividness of a hue. When a color is fully saturated, the color is in its purest, brightest form. Defined by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage as the colorfulness of an object based on its brightness.

Parados

One of the two side passageways to an ancient Greek theater, between the stage and the seating area, through which the chorus entered the orchestra. Image: C

Loft

One of the upper floors of a warehouse or factory typically unpartitioned and sometimes converted or adapted to other uses, such as living quarters, artists' studios, or exhibition galleries.

Triglyph

One of the vertical blocks separating the metopes in a Doric frieze, typically having two vertical grooves or glyphs on its face, and two chamfers or hemiglyphs at the sides. Image: 1

Analogous Color

One of two or three closely related colors on a color wheel.

Contrast

Opposition or juxtaposition of dissimilar elements in a work of art to intensify each element's properties and produce a more dynamic expressiveness.

Opus Mixtum

Opus: consisted of bands of "tufa" introduced at intervals in the ordinary brick facing or alteration of rectangular blocks with small squared stone blocks;

Opus Reticulatum

Opus: fine joints were in diagonal lines like the meshes of a net;

Opus Quadratum

Opus: made up of rectangular blocks of stone with or without mortar joints but frequently secured with dowels and cramps;

Opus Incertum

Opus: made up of small stones laid in a loose pattern, roughly assembling the polygonal work;

Opus Siliceum

Opus: polygonal masonry, cyclopean masonry; Pelasgic masonry;

Opus Testaceum

Opus: triangular bricks (in plan), specially made for facing walls;

Opus

Plural: Opera, "work" (Latin); An artistic composition or pattern, especially as used in relation to Roman stonework and walling construction.

Prodomos

Porch of a Megaron Image: 1

Domus

Private House The patrician townhouse; has party walls on its flanks and an enclosed back area, its principal opening to the exterior is located on the street front.

Salient

Prominent or conspicuous

Amphiprostyle

Prostyle on both fronts. Image: E (Columniation: Tetrastyle)

Thermae of Carcalla (Antoine Baths)

Public baths in ancient Rome begun by the emperor Septimius Severus in AD 206 and completed by his son the emperor Caracalla in 216. Among Rome's most beautiful and luxurious baths, designed to accommodate about 1,600 bathers, it continued in use until the 6th century. The extant ruins, together with modern excavations and restorations (including conspicuous reconstructions), are the most extensive of any surviving Roman bathing establishments and consist centrally of a block of large vaulted bath chambers covering an area of 750 by 380 feet (230 by 115 metres), with courts and auxiliary rooms, surrounded by a garden with space used for exercise and games.

Logeion

Raised area between parascenia and orchestra; stage in front of the skene.

Thalamus

Rear chamber for sleeping in a Megaron Image: 3

Zashiki

Reception room: the main room in a traditional Japanese house, used for receiving and entertaining guests. Its importance is evident in the presence of the tokonama, tana, and shoin.

Olfactory

Relating to or based on the sense of smell.

Haptic

Relating to or based on the sense of touch.

Ratio

Relation in magnitude, quantity, or degree between two or more similar things.

Ectype

Reproduction of the original. Also, a replica.

Vitreous

Resembling glass, as in transparency, hardness, brittleness, luster, or having low or no porosity.

Reticulate

Resembling or covered with a network of regularly intersecting lines.

Arch of Constantine

Rome, Italy

Arch of Septimus Severus

Rome, Italy

Arch of Titus

Rome, Italy

Basilica of Maxentius (Basilica of Constantine)

Rome, Italy

Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (Basilica Nova)

Rome, Italy

Temple of Fortuna Virilis

Rome, Italy

Theater of Marcellus

Rome, Italy

Hecatompedon

Term meaning "100-footer"; describing the massive Naos of the Parthenon in Athens.

Texture

The characteristic of a structure given to a surface or substance by the size, shape, arrangement, and proportions of the parts.

Cavo-Relievo

Sculptural relief in which the highest points of the modeled forms are below or level with the original surface. Also called sunk relief.

Alto-Relievo

Sculptural relief in which the modeled forms project from the background by at least half their depth. Also called high relief.

Mezzo-Relievo

Sculptural relief intermediate between high and bas-relief. Also called demirelief, half relief.

Bas-Relief

Sculptural relief that projects very slightly from the background. Also called basso-relievo, low relief.

Auditorium/Cavea

Seats

Action

Selecting and implementing the most suitable solution.

Curia

Senate House, located in the Forum (Ancient Rome); Similar to the Greek Prytaneion. Image: Curia Julia

Prytaneion

Senate house; a public town hall for the citizens of ancient Greece, containing state banquet halls and hospitality suites.

Analysis

Separating of a whole into its constituent parts or elements, esp. as a method of studying the nature of the whole and determining its essential features and their relations.

Scribbling

Shading by means of a network of random, multidirectional lines.

Stippling/Pointillism

Shading by means of dots, small spots, or short strokes.

Hatching

Shading composed of fine lines drawn in close proximity.

Crosshatching

Shading composed of two or more series of intersecting parallel lines.

Post

Short piece of wall that supports something and is long as if is thick; Short column;

Evaluation

Simulating, testing, and modifying acceptable alternatives according to specified goals and criteria.

Ceramic Mosaic Tile

Small ceramic tile having a porcelain or natural clay body, glazed for surfacing walls or un-glazed for use on both floors and walls, and usually, face or back-mounted on sheets to facilitate handling and speed installation.

FTX (Structural Facing Tile)

Smooth structural facing tile suitable for exposed exterior and interior masonry walls and partitions where low absorption and stain resistance are required, and where a high degree of mechanical perfection, minimum variation in face dimensions, and narrow color range are desired.

Shelter

Something beneath, behind, or within which a person is protected from the storms or other adverse conditions.

Symbol

Something that stands for or represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention, deriving its meaning chiefly from the structure in which it appears.

Radial Organization

Spaces arranged like radii or rays from a central space or core.

Linear Organization

Spaces extended, arranged, or linked along a line, path, or gallery.

Centralized Organization

Spaces gathered about or coming together at a large or dominant central space. Image: Floor plan of the Villa Rotunda, 1778

Clustered Organization

Spaces grouped, collected, or gathered closely together and related by proximity rather than geometry.

Grid Organization

Spaces organized with reference to a rectangular system of lines and coordinates. Image: Nakagin Capsule Tower, Kisho Kurokawa

Contour Interval

The DIFFERENCE in elevation represented by each contour line on a topographic plan or map.

Apotheca

Storage/wine storage in ancient Greece.

Emphasis

Stress or prominence given to an element of a composition by means of contrast, anomaly, or counterpoint.

Structural Facing Tile

Structural clay tile having a glazed surface, used for facing walls and partitions, esp. in areas subject to heavy wear, moisture, and strict sanitation requirements.

FTS (Structural Facing Tile)

Structural facing tile suitable for exposed exterior and interior masonry walls and partitions where moderate absorption, slight variation in face dimensions, minor defects in surface finish, and medium color range are acceptable.

Adobe

Sun-dried brick made of clay and straw, commonly used in regions with little rainfall.

Lacunaria

Sunk panels found in the ceiling of Greek and Roman temples. Also called, coffers.

Bilateral Synmetry

Symmetry resulting from the arrangement of similar parts on opposite sides of a median axis.

Radial Symmetry

Symmetry resulting from the arrangement of similar, radiating parts about a center point or axis.

Column

Tall post that is circular in shape. (Old Definition)

Pier

Tall post that is square in shape. (Old Definition)

Society

The Third Element of Ekistics: It is formed by the second element, human. It consists of indicators such as population composition and density, social stratification, cultural patterns, education, health and welfare, economic development, law, and administration.

Etruscan Architecture

The architecture of the Etrurian civilization in west-central Italy from the 8th-3rd centuries BCE, before the rise of Rome. Its construction methods, esp. that of the true stone arch, influenced later Roman architecture.

Shaft

The central part of a column or pier between the capital and the base. Image: 8

Man (Human)

The Second Element of Ekistics: Initially this element was termed as, Anthropos. It is the major demand seeker among other elements. Directed by moral values, and influences the environment in an attempt to fulfil his biological and emotional needs and his senses.

Classical Architecture

The architecture of ancient Greece and Rome, on which the Italian Renaissance and subsequent styles, such as the Baroque and the Classic Revival, based their development.

Adaptability

The ability of such elements as counters, sinks, and grab bars to be altered so as to accommodate the needs of individuals with or without disabilities, or individuals having different types or degrees of disabilities.

Discrimination

The ability or power to see or make fine distinctions.

Visual Literacy

The ability to apprehend and interpret pictures, drawings, or other visual images.

Orientation

The ability to locate oneself in one's environment with reference to time, place, and people.

Creativity

The ability to transcend traditional ideas, patterns, or relationships and to initiate meaningful new ideas, forms, or interpretations.

Access

The ability, freedom, or permission to approach, enter, or use.

Selective Absorption

The absorption of certain wavelengths of the light incident on a colored surface, the remaining portion being reflected or transmitted.

Perception

The act of faculty of apprehending by means of the senses or of the mind.

Vision

The act or power of anticipating that which will or may come to be.

Sight

The act or power of sensing with the eyes.

Repetition

The act or process of repeating formal elements or motifs in a design.

City Planning/Urban Planning/Town Planning

The activity or profession of determining the future physical arrangement and condition of a community, involving an appraisal of the current conditions, a forecast of future requirements, and proposals for legal, financial, and constructional programs to implement the plan.

Visual Angle

The angle that an object or detail subtends (forms) at the point of observation, usually measured in minutes of arc.

Foreshortening

The apparent contraction or distortion of a represented line or shape that is not parallel to the picture plane, conveying an illusion of extension or projection in space.

Parallax

The apparent displacement or change in direction of an observed object caused by a change in the position of the observer that provides a new line of sight.

Convergence

The apparent movement of parallel lines towards a common vanishing point as they recede, used in linear perspective to convey an illusion of space and depth. Parallel lines perpendicular to the picture plane (along sightlines) will appear to converge at the center of vision. Parallel lines parallel to the picture plane retain their orientation and will not appear to converge. Parallel lines that are horizontal and not perpendicular to the picture plane will appear to converge somewhere along the horizon line.

Visual Texture

The apparent texture of a surface resulting from the combination and interrelation of colors and tonal values.

Roman Architecture

The architecture of the ancient Roman people, characterized by massive brick and concrete construction employing such features as the semicircular arch, the barrel and groin vaults, and the dome, a simplicity and grandeur of massing often combined with elaborate detailing, the elaboration of the Greek orders as purely decorative motifs for the adornment of facades and interiors, and the use of marble linings, mosaics, and molded stucco in interiors. Emphasized monumental public buildings instead of temples dedicated to the gods. Despite rich ornamentation, the exteriors remain austere (formal).

Precinct

The area within the walls or perceived boundaries of a particular building or place i.e. jail.

Composition

The arranging of parts or elements into proper proportion or relation so as to form a unified whole.

Fresco

The art or technique of painting on a freshly spread, moist plaster surface with pigments ground up in water or a limewater mixture. Also, a picture or design so painted.

Interior Design

The art, business, or profession of planning the design and supervising the execution of architectural interiors, including their color schemes, furnishings, fittings, finishes, and sometimes architectural features.

Freehand Drawing

The art, process, or technique of drawing by hand without the aid of drafting instruments or mechanical devices, esp. for the representation of perceptions or the visualization of ideas.

Drawing

The art, process, or technique of representing an object, scene, or idea by means of lines on a surface.

Urban Design

The aspect of architecture and city planning that deals with the design of urban structures and spaces.

Space Planning

The aspect of architecture and interior design that deals with the planning, layout, design, and furnishing of spaces within a proposed or existing building.

Colorfulness

The attribute of a visual perception according to which the perceived color of an area appears to be more or less chromatic.

Parti

The basic scheme or concept for an architectural design, represented by a diagram.

Tribune

The bishop's throne, occupying a recess or apse in an early Christian church.

Holy Ark

The cabinet in a synagogue in which the scrolls of the Torah are kept, set into or against the wall that faces toward Jerusalem.

Resolution

The capability of our visual system to distinguish two separate but adjacent objects or sources of light in our field of view or simply being able to distinguish individual objects when placed beside other objects.

Shade and Shadows

The casting and rendering of shade and shadows esp. in orthographic views to convey light, surface, form, and depth.

Return

The continuation of a molding, projection, or other part at an angle, usually 90 degrees, to the main part.

Dynamic Fit

The correspondence between the sensory experience of bodily presence and movement, and the size, shape and proportion of space.

Static Fit

The correspondence between the size and the posture of human body and a building element or article of furniture.

Ambulatory

The covered walk of an atrium or cloister. Image: 3

Design

The creation and organization of formal elements in a work of art.

Originality

The creative ability to imagine or express in an independent and individual manner.

Cymatium

The crowning member of a classical cornice, usually a cyma recta. Image: 1

Value

The degree by which a color appears to reflect more or less of the incident light (or light shining on it), corresponding to the lightness of the perceived color. Also, refers to how light or dark a color is. Higher values suggest a lighter color (more white) and lower values suggest a darker color (more black).

Chroma

The degree by which a colour differs from a grey of the same lightness or brightness, corresponding to saturation of the perceived colour. Defined by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage as the colourfulness of an area judged as a proportion of the brightness of a similarly illuminated area that appears white or highly transmitting.

Accessibility

The degree to which a product, device, service, or environment is available to people having disabilities or special needs.

Fenestration

The design, proportioning, and disposition of windows and other exterior openings of a building.

Lightness

The dimension of a color by which a color appears to reflect more or less of the incident light, varying from black to white for surface colors and from black to colorless for transparent volume colors.

Brightness

The dimension of a color that is correlated with luminance and by which visual stimuli are ordered continuously from very dim to to very bright. Pure white has the highest maximum ______________, while pure black has the minimum ______________.

Capital

The distinctively treated upper end of a column, pillar, or pier, crowning the shaft and taking the weight of the entablature or architrave. Image: 7

Spectrum

The distribution of energy (in the form of light) emitted by a radiant source, arranged in order of wavelengths, esp. the band of colors produced when sunlight is refracted and dispersed by a prism, comprising ROYGBIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). Red having the longest wavelength, and violet having the shortest.

Key (Drawing)

The dominant tonal value of a drawing or painting.

Analytical Drawing

The drawing of lines to represent the three-dimensional structure and geometry of a form, proceeding generally from the whole to the constituent parts.

Hermitage

The dwelling of a hermit; more generally, a secluded place of residence or habitation for a religious person or group.

Stone Age

The earliest known period of human culture, preceding the Bronze Age and the Iron Age and characterized by the use of stone implements and weapons.

Line

The edge or contour of a shape.

Movement

The effect or illusion of motion conveyed by the relationship of structural elements in a design or composition.

Frieze

The horizontal part of a classical entablature between the cornice and architrave, often decorated with sculpture in low relief. Image: 5

Entablature

The horizontal section of a classical order that rests on the columns, usually composed of: a cornice, frieze, and architrave. Image: 14

Arch Order

The engaged columns and entablature framing an arch, as in a triumphal arch.

Field of Vision

The entire field encompassed by the human eye when it is trained in any particular direction. Also called visual field.

Symmetry

The exact correspondence in size, form, and arrangement of parts on opposite sides of a dividing line or plane, or about a center or axis.

Shell

The exterior framework or walls and roof a building.

Imagination

The faculty of forming mental images or concepts of what is not present into the senses or perceived in reality.

Perspective

The faculty of seeing things in their true relations or of evaluating their relative significance.

Cone of Vision

The field of vision radiating outward from the eye of the viewer in linear perspective, defined by sightlines forming a 15 to 30 degrees angle with the central axis of vision. The cone of vision serves as a guide in determining what can be drawn in linear perspective without the appearance of distortion.

Uraeus

The figure of the sacred asp, depicted on the headdress of ancient Egyptian rulers and deities as an emblem of supreme power.

Trim

The finished woodwork or the like used to decorate, border, or protect the edges of openings or surfaces.

Louise Blanchard Bethune

The first American woman known to have worked as a professional architect. She was born in Waterloo, New York. Blanchard worked primarily in Buffalo, New York and partnered with her husband at Bethune, Bethune & Fuchs.

Jose Herrera

The first UAP national president.

Benjamin Henry Latrobe

The first educated and taught architect to come to America from England. He built the Bank of Pennsylvania and Baltimore Cathedral and was up-to-date with European professional architecture.

Yolanda D. Reyes

The first female UAP national president and first to receive the Likha Gold Medal Award.

Aida-Cruz Del Rosario

The first female architecture graduate of the University of Santo Tomas and first licensed architect in the Philippines.

Tomas Mapua

The first licensed and registered architect in the Philippines in 1921 with the PRC license number 00001.

Dynamics

The pattern of change, growth, or development of an object or phenomenon.

Initiation

The first step in the Design Process where you identify a problem and its social, economic, and physical context.

Temple of Solomon

The first temple of Jerusalem, completed c. 950 BCE by Phoenician artisans under the direction of King Solomon and destroyed by King Nebuchadnezzar II in 586 BCE. Based on Canaanite and Phoenician prototypes, it consisted of three main parts all decorated with massive carvings in ivory, gold, and cedar: 1) Outer Hall (ULAM) 2) Main Sanctuary (HEKHAL) 3) Holy of Holies (DEBIR)

Ekistics

The five (5) principles surrounding the concept include: 1) Maximization of human potentials 2) Minimization of efforts (in terms of time, energy, resource, routes) 3) Optimization of human's protective space 4) Optimization of human's relation with his environment; and 5) Optimization in the synthesis of previous principles.

Abacus

The flat slab forming the top of a column capital, plain in the Doric style, but molded or otherwise enriched in other styles. Image: 5

Ground Floor/First Floor (US)

The floor of a building at or nearest to ground level. In Britain, the other term for it is used as what other countries know as the second floor.

Atrium

The forecourt of an early Christian church, flanked or surrounded by porticoes (roofed and colonnaded walkway or ambulatory). Image: 2

Acropolis

The fortified high area or citadel of an ancient Greek city.

Facade

The front of a building or any of its sides facing a public way or space, esp. one distinguished by its architectural treatment.

Furnishings

The furniture, fittings, and other decorative accessories, such as curtains and carpets, for a house or room. They are not immediate necessities.

Chorus

The group of actors in ancient Greece that served as major participants in or commentators on the main action of the drama.

Urban Heat Island Effect

The heat that cities generate as a result of having many buildings that reflect heat on each other and surrounding areas. Too few trees or other vegetation promotes this further as plants provide a cooling effect through transpiration (or the moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere).

Pictorial Space

The illusion of space or depth on a two-dimensional surface by various graphic means, such as aerial perspective, continuity of outline, or vertical location.

Holy of Holies (Debir)

The innermost chamber in the biblical Tabernacle and the Temple of Jerusalem where the Ark of the Covenant was kept. Also, sanctum sanctorum.

Adyton

The innermost chamber within the cella of a Greek or Roman temple, reserved for priests and oracles i.e. Heraion of Samos (Temple of Hera I). Not all temples have this inner chamber.

Culture

The integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Crossing

The intersection of the nave and transept in a cruciform church.

Furniture

The large movable equipment, such as tables and chairs, used to make a house, office, or other space suitable for living or working.

Synthesis

The last step in the Design Process where you discover constraints and opportunities, and hypothesizing possible alternative solutions.

Resolution Acuity

The measure of your ability to resolve a target's critical feature or gap.

Anthropometry

The measurement and study of the size and proportions of the human body.

Judgment

The mental ability to perceive distinctions, comprehend relationships, or distinguish alternatives.

Optical Mixing

The merging of juxtaposed dots or strokes of pure colors when seen from a distance to produce a hue often more luminous than that available from a premixed pigment. It is when the viewer perceives color in an image as a result of two or more colors that are positioned next to, or near each other. The perceived color is not actually on the surface, rather the proximity of two colors i.e. blue and yellow, create green through an optical illusion from proximity.

Clear Floor Space

The minimum unobstructed floor area required to accommodate a single wheelchair and occupant.

Antae

The molded projecting structural ends of the walls forming the pronaos or epinaos (opisthodomos) of an ancient Greek temple.

Bed Molding

The molding or group of moldings immediately beneath the corona of a cornice. Image: 3

Lamassu

The monumental stone sculptures of human-headed, winged bulls or lions that guarded the entrances to Mesopotamian palaces and temples.

Westwork

The monumental west-facing front of a Carolingian, Ottonian, or Romanesque church, treated as a tower or towers containing a low entrance hall below and a chapel open to the nave above.

Ambiance

The mood, character, or atmosphere of an environment or milieu (person's social environment).

Corinthian Order

The most ornate of the five (5) classical orders, developed by the Greeks in the 4th century BCE but used more extensively in Roman architecture, similar in most respects to the Ionic, but usually of slenderer proportions and characterized esp. by a deep bell-shaped capital decorated with acanthus leaves and an abacus with concave sides.

Imhotep

The name of the architect who designed the Step Pyramid of King Djoser, Egypt.

Local Color

The natural color of a particular object as it would appear in white light.

Function

The natural or proper action for which something is designed, used, or exists.

Camouflage

The obscuring of a form or figure that occurs when its shape, pattern, texture, or coloration is similar to that of its surrounding field or background.

Proposal

The offering of a plan for consideration, acceptance, or action.

Reflected Color

The perceived color of an object, determined by the wavelengths of the light reflected from its surface after selective absorption of other wavelengths of the incident light.

Mass

The physical volume or bulk of a solid body.

Doric Order

The oldest and simplest of the five (5) classical orders developed in Greece in the 7th century BCE and later imitated by the Romans, characterized by: a fluted column having no base, a plain cushion-shaped capital supporting a square abacus, and an entablature consisting of a plain architrave, a frieze of triglyphs and metopes, and a cornice, the corona of which has mutules on its soffit. In the Roman version, the columns are more slender and usually have bases, the channeling is sometimes altered or omitted, and the capital consists of a band-like necking, an echinus, and a molded abacus.

Environmental Design

The ordering of the physical environment by means of architecture, engineering, construction, landscape architecture, urban design, and city planning.

Harmony

The orderly, pleasing, or congruent arrangement of the elements or parts in an artistic whole.

Structure

The organization of elements or parts in a complex system as dominated by the general character of the whole.

Projet

The original scheme for a design presented in the form of a sketch outlining its specific character, to be developed in detail in later studies.

Axonometric Projection

The orthographic projection of a three-dimensional object inclined to the picture plane in such a way that its three principal axes are foreshortened.

Shape

The outline or surface configuration of a particular form or figure. While form usually refers to the principle that gives unity to a whole and often includes a sense of mass or volume, shapes suggests an outline with some emphasis on the enclosed area or mass.

Ceiling

The overhead interior surface or lining of a room, often concealing the underside of the floor or roof above.

Accessible Parking

The parking spaces and passenger loading zones located on an accessible route and complying with the accessibility laws (i.e. BP 344).

Choir

The part of a church occupied by the singers of a choir, usually part of the chancel.

Presbytery

The part of a church reserved for the officiating clergy.

Dado

The part of a pedestal between the base and the cornice or cap. Also called, die. Image: 11

Shade

The part of a solid that receives no light because they are tangent to or turned away from a theoretical light source.

Trachelium

The part of the necking between the hypotrachelium and the capital of a classical column.

Foreground

The parts or portion of a scene situated in the front, nearest to the viewer.

Pteroma

The passage between the pteron and the cella. Image: 2

Circulation

The passage of persons or things from one place to another or through an area.

Territoriality

The pattern of behavior associated with defining and defending a territory or domain.

Central Plan

The plan for a building organized around a large or dominant space, usually characterized by two axes crossing each other at right angles.

Bimah

The platform in a synagogue from which services are conducted such as where the Torah is read. Also, almenar or bema.

Fancy

The play of the mind through which visions are summoned, esp. mental inventions that a whimsical, playful, and characteristically removed from reality

Balance

The pleasing or harmonious arrangement or proportion of parts or elements in a design or composition.

Tabernacle

The portable sanctuary in which the Jews carried the Ark of the Covenant throughout their travels in the desert until the building of the Temple of Jerusalem by Solomon.

Visual Cortex

The portion of the cerebral cortex of the brain that receives and processes impulses from the optic nerves. The cortex of the brain is divided into lobes.

Chancel/Choir

The portion of the church surrounding the altar, usually enclosing the clergy; area behind the altar or communion rail.

Construction Drawings

The portion of the contract documents showing an accurate graphic or pictorial form of the design, location, dimension, and relationships of the elements of a project. Also called, contract drawings or working drawings.

Orientation

The position of a building on a site in relation to true north, to points on the compass, to a specific place or site feature, or to local conditions of sunlight, wind, and drainage.

Creative Imagination

The power of recombining former experiences in the creation of new images directed at a specific goal or aiding in the solution of a problem. Envision!

Reproductive Imagination

The power of reproducing images stored in the memory under the suggestion of associated images. Visualize!

Intuition

The power or faculty of knowing without evident rational thought and inference.

Cella/Naos

The principal chamber or enclosed part of a classical temple, where the cult image was kept. Image: 5

Cathedral

The principal church of a diocese, containing the bishop's throne called the cathedra. Image: Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France

Corona

The principal member of the cornice that projects to support the extension of the roof.

Nave

The principal or central part of a church, extending from the narthex to the choir or chancel (area around the altar) and usually flanked by aisles. Image: 4

Piano Nobile

The principal story of a large building, such as a palace or villa, with formal reception and dining rooms, usually one flight above the ground floor.

Transformation

The process of changing in form or structure through a series of discrete permutations and manipulations in response to a specific context or set of conditions without a loss of identity or concept.

Firing

The process of hardening or glazing ceramic ware by heating in a kiln to a specified temperature.

Universal Design

The process of planning, designing, and creating products, buildings, and environments that are accessible to all individuals, including those with disabilities or special needs, to the greatest extent possible given current materials, technologies, and knowledge.

Projection (Drawing)

The process or technique of representing a three-dimensional object by projecting all its points by straight lines, either parallel or converging, to a picture plane.

Corona

The projecting, slablike member of a classical cornice, supported by the bed molding and crowned by the cymatium. Image: 2

Relief

The projection of a figure or form from the flat background on which it is formed.

Echinus

The prominent circular molding supporting the abacus of a Doric or Tuscan capital. Image: 6

Forum

The public square or marketplace of an ancient Roman city, the center of judicial and business affairs, and a place of assembly for the people, usually including a basilica and a temple.

Aspect Ratio

The ratio of its sizes in different dimensions. For example, the ratio of a rectangle is the ratio of its longer side to its shorter side - the ratio of width to height, when the rectangle is oriented as a "landscape".

Epinaos/Opisthodomos

The rear vestibule of a classical temple. Also, posticum. Image: 6

Background

The receding part of a visual field against which a figure is perceived. They are the parts or portions of a scene situated at the rear as opposed to the foreground. Also called ground.

Preparation

The second step in the Design Process where you collect and analyze relevant information and establishing goals and criteria for an acceptable solution.

Kinesthesia

The sensory experience of bodily position, presence, or movement derived chiefly from stimulation of nerve endings in muscles, tendons, and joints. Also, kinaesthesia, kinesthesis.

Form

The shape and structure of something as distinguished from its substance or material.

Arris

The sharp edge formed by the meeting of two concave flutes usually seen in Doric columns.

Central Axis of Vision

The sightline indicating the direction in which the viewer is looking in linear perspective, perpendicular to the picture plane.

Content

The significance or meaning or an artistic work, as distinguished from its form.

Visual Scale

The size and proportion of an element appears to have relative to other elements of known or assumed size.

Human Scale

The size or proportion of a building element or space or an article of furniture, relative to the structural or functional dimension of the human body.

Mechanical Scale

The size or proportion of something relative to an accepted standard of measurement.

Running Slope

The slope parallel to the direction of travel.

Cross Slope

The slope perpendicular to the line of travel.

Chancel

The space about the altar of a church for the clergy and choir, often elevated above the nave and separated from it by a railing or screen.

Plenum

The space between a suspended ceiling and the floor structure above, esp. one that serves as a receiving chamber for conditioned air to be distributed to inhabited spaces or for return air to be conveyed back to a central plant for processing.

Tympanum

The space between an arch and the horizontal head of a door or window below, often decorated with sculpture. Image: Amiens Cathedral (West Portal)

Intercolumniation

The space between two adjacent columns, usually the clear space between the lower parts of the shafts, measured in column diameters. Also, a system for spacing columns in a colonnade based on this measurement.

Contradiction

The state or condition of being opposed, inconsistent, or logically incongruous.

Juxtaposition

The state or position of being placed close together or side by side, so as to permit comparison or contrast.

Opposition

The state or position of being placed opposite another, or of lying in corresponding positions from an intervening space or object.

Complexity

The state or quality of being a whole composed of complicated, intricate, or interconnected parts.

Similarity

The state or quality of being alike in substance, essentials, or characteristics.

Unity

The state or quality of being combined into one, as the ordering of elements in an artistic work that constitutes a harmonious whole or promotes a singleness of effect.

Continuity

The state or quality of being continuous, such as that exhibited by a line, edge, or direction.

Uniformity

The state or quality of being identical, homogenous, or regular.

Ambiguity

The state or quality of being susceptible to uncertainty of meaning or multiple interpretation.

Variety

The state or quality of having varied or diverse forms, types, or characteristics.

Monotony

The state or quality of lacking variety.

Body

The structural portion of a ceramic article or the clay material or mixture from which it is made.

Modify

To change the form, character, or qualities of in order to give a new orientation to or serve a new end.

Select

To choose from a number of alternative by fitness or preference.

Merge

To combine, blend, or unit gradually by stages so as to blur identity or distinctions.

Adjacent Spaces

Two spaces abutting or contiguous with each other, esp. when having a common boundary or border.

Interlocking Spaces

Two spaces interwoven or fit into each other so as to form a zone or field of shared space. Image: Mezzanine interwoven with hallway and stairway area

Shade (Color)

This occurs when black is added to a color.

Tint

This occurs when white is added to a color in an increase of value. Any pure hue with white added to it is also called this, but sometimes, when much white is added it is called a pastel.

Linked Spaces

Two spaces joined or connected by a third intervening space.

Acoustical Tile

Tile made in various sizes and textures from a soft, sound-absorbing material, such as cork, mineral fiber, or glass fiber. Standard Size: 0.60 x 1.20

Engage

To address and hold fast by influence or power.

Inform

To animate or permeate with a particular form, substance, quality, or distinction.

Evaluate

To ascertain or assess the significance, worth, or quality of, usually by careful appraisal and study.

Anthropomorphize

To ascribe human form or characteristics to non-human things or beings.

Claim

To assert or demand recognition or possession.

Plant

To attach or fasten a molding to a surface.

Engrave

To carve, cut, or etch designs on a hard surface, as that of a metal, stone, or the end grain of wood.

Simulate

To create a likeness or model of something anticipated for testing and evaluation.

Purfle

To decorate a shrine or tabernacle with miniature architectural forms to produce a lacy effect.

Inlay

To decorate by setting pieces of wood, ivory, or the like into a surface, usually at the same level.

Address

To direct the efforts or attention of.

Surround

To enclose or encompass on all sides.

Implement

To ensure the fulfillment of by means of a definite plan or procedure.

Communicate

To express, convey, or interchange ideas, information, or the like by writing, speaking, or through a common system of signs or symbols, esp. in a way that is clearly and readily understood.

Front

To face in a specific direction or look out upon.

Envision

To form a mental picture of a future responsibility.

Conceive

To form an idea or conception in the mind;

Contrive

To form in an artistic or ingenious manner;

Vitrify

To make a clay body vitreous by firing at a specified temperature.

Checker

To mark or decorate with a squared pattern.

See

To perceive with the eyes. The act of seeing is a dynamic and creative process. It is capable of delivering a stable, three-dimensional perception of the moving, changing images that make up our visual world. There are three steps in the swift and sophisticated processing that results in the images that we see: Reception - our eyes receive energy input in the form of light Extraction - basic visual features are extracted from this input Inference - on the basis of these extracted features, inferences are made about our world

Emboss

To raise, mold, or carve a surface design in relief.

Dentils

Tooth-like blocks in Ionic and Corinthian cornices.

Thesaurus

Treasury house of ancient Greece.

True

True or False: Crepidoma - Greece Podium - Rome

True

True or False: Polar ice caps are what regulate the temperature of the atmosphere by reflecting heat back into the atmosphere.

True

True or False: The Abu Simbel Temples were made to commemorate the Battle of Kadesh against the Hittites won during the reign of Ramesses II.

Homogenous

Uniform in structure throughout or composed of parts that are all of the same nature or kind.

Regular

Uniformly or evenly formed or arranged.

Pastas

Veranda of a Prostas

1800 x 2100

What are the dimensions of a California king bed? Answer in milimeters (mm).

600 x 1400

What are the dimensions of a crib? Answer in milimeters (mm).

1350 x 2000

What are the dimensions of a double/full bed? Answer in milimeters (mm).

2000 x 2000

What are the dimensions of a king-sized bed?Answer in milimeters (mm).

1500 x 2000

What are the dimensions of a queen-sized bed? Answer in milimeters (mm).

900 x 1900

What are the dimensions of a single mattress? Answer in milimeters (mm).

990 x 1900

What are the dimensions of a twin mattress? Answer in milimeters (mm).

Domus

What do you call an ancient Roman one-story home for the wealthy?

Insulae

What do you call ancient Roman apartment blocks, constructed of concrete with wooden-beam floors, where the poor would live?

A

What is the comfortable walking time and approximate distance for rural dwellers? A. 1 Hour, 5 Kilometers B. 30 Minutes, 3 Kilometers C. 2 Hours, 8 Kilometers D. 20 Minutes, 1 Kilometer

D

What is the comfortable walking time and approximate distance for urban dwellers? A. 1 Hour, 5 Kilometers B. 30 Minutes, 3 Kilometers C. 2 Hours, 8 Kilometers D. 20 Minutes, 1 Kilometer

C

What is the most stable shape? A. Circle B. Square C. Triangle D. Rectangle

Galilee

What part of the Ely Cathedral is this?

Pinnacle

What part of the Gothic cathedral are these?

Refrigerator, Sink, Stove

What specific appliances/fixtures does the kitchen work triangle comprise of?

Monochromatic

What type of combination is: Crimson, Carmine, and Scarlet?

Double Complementary (Color)

What type of combination is: Orange, Red-Orange, Blue, and Blue-Green?

Polychromatic

What type of combination is: Orange, Yellow, Green, Red, and Blue-Green?

Analogous (Color)

What type of combination is: Orange, Yellow-Orange, and Yellow?

Complementary (Color)

What type of combination is: Red and Green?

Split Complementary (Color)

What type of combination is: Red, Violet, and Yellow-Green?

Triad (Color)

What type of combination is: Red, Yellow, and Blue?

Triad (Color)

What type of combination is: Yellow-Green, Red-Orange, and Blue-Violet?

Preparation, Cooking, and Washing

What work areas does the kitchen work triangle comprise of?

Westminster Abbey

Where can this Lady chapel be found?

Apteral

Without a colonnade along the sides. Image: A, B, D, & E

Palaestra

Wrestling house; a place used for the instruction and practice of wrestling and athletics. Prototype for the Roman, "Thermae"

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (Vitruvius)

Wrote De architectura (On Architecture), known today as the "Ten Books on Architecture". Architecture must have three things: firmitas, utilitas, and venustas (durability, usefulness, and beauty)

Plate Rail

a rail or narrow shelf fixed along a wall and grooved to hold plates esp for ornament or display.

New Kingdom

the period in the history of ancient Egypt, 1550-1200 BCE, comprising the 18th to 20th dynasties, characterized by the predominance of its capital at Thebes.