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An elderly client asks her health care provider if the reason she has developed aortic stenosis is because she drank so much milk as a child growing up on a farm. Which of the following responses is most accurate?

"Atherosclerosis is a long process that eventually results in calcification of heart valves."

The ED nurse explains to the orientee that extremes of temperature can cause cell injury. The nurse knows that the orientee understands when he states which of the following?

"Exposure to cold may lead to hypoxic tissue injury."

Which of the following statements by a student demonstrates a sound understanding of the cellular processes of hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

"I know that cells like neurons have little capacity for hyperplastic growth."

A client who has a diagnosis of lung cancer is scheduled to begin radiation treatment. The nurse knows that which of the following statements listed below about potential risks of radiation is most accurate?

"Some clients experience longer-term irritation of skin adjacent to the treatment site."

A patient is admitted with cold exposure. Which of the following will the nurse explain as physiologic changes seen by the patient? Select all that apply.

"Vasoconstriction leads to decreased blood flow to tissues." "Cold decreases edema."

Which of the following clients are at high risk for developing dilated cardiomyopathy?

44 year old noncompliant female who forgets to take her hypertensive medications.

Many molecular mechanisms mediate cellular adaptation. Some are factors produced by other cells and some by the cells themselves. These mechanisms depend largely on signals transmitted by chemical messengers that exert their effects by altering the function of a gene. Many adaptive cellular responses alter the expression of "differentiation" genes. What can cells do because of this?

A cell is able to change size or form without compromising its normal function

Which of the following clients would be an example of cellular atrophy?

A middle-aged female experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation

A client is experiencing muscle atrophy following two weeks in traction after a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following factors has most likely contributed to the atrophy of the client's muscle cells?

A reduction of skeletal muscle use secondary to the traction treatment

An elderly client has experienced some hypoxia as a result of chronic respiratory problems. Knowing that oxygen-deprived cells result in an accumulation of lactic acid in the cells, physiologically, the client may experience:

Altered cell membrane permeability

A home health nurse is making a visit to a family with an 8 month old infant with severe motor deterioration. The physician has diagnosed the infant with Tay-Sachs disease. The parents are asking the nurse why this happened. The nurse will base her answer knowing the root cause of Tay-Sachs is:

An enzyme defect causing abnormal lipid accumulation in the brain

The nurse is caring for a toddler brought into the emergency department for suspected lead toxicity. Which of the following is the cardinal indicator of lead toxicity?

Anemia

Which of the following statements is true regarding drug therapy and its effects on the body?

Antineoplastic cells directly damage cells

A client tells the nurse she takes vitamin E and vitamin C daily. She further explains that the purpose is to inhibit the reactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with biological structures and prevent the uncontrolled formation of ROS. The nurse identifies this process as a function of:

Antioxidants

A nurse is teaching a group of older adults about the value of including foods containing antioxidants in their diet. Which of the following statements best captures the rationale underlying the nurse's advice?

Antioxidants inhibit the actions of reactive oxygen species.

The nurse is providing care for a client with a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The nurse recognizes which of the following mechanisms are suspected to play a role in the cellular death associated with ALS?

Apoptosis

The obstetric nurse explains to the client that when she stops breast feeding, her breast tissue will reduce in size. The nurse understands that this regression is due to which of the following?

Apoptosis

Which of the following statements would a nurse tell a patient to best describe apoptosis?

Apoptosis is the natural removal of injured or worn out cells

When confronted with a decrease in work demands or adverse environmental conditions, most cells are able to revert to a smaller size and a lower, more efficient level of functioning that is compatible with survival. This decrease in cell size is known as:

Atrophy

Which of the following processes can cause cells adapt to changes in threats to survival? Select all that apply.

Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia

A community health care nurse is teaching a group of female high school students about the importance of regular papanicolaou (Pap) smears. The nurse recognizes that what fact underlies the rationale for this teaching?

Cancer of the uterine cervix develops incrementally at a cellular level.

Which of the following happens when a cell is confronted with a decrease in work demands?

Cell becomes smaller

Normal physiologic process involves the necessary removal of irreversibly damaged cells .Select the option that best describes this process.

Cell death

The student is reviewing the aging process. One group of theories of aging involves the shortening of telomeres until a critical minimal length is attained and then senescence ensues. These theories are known as which of the following?

Cellular theories

The nurse is caring for a patient brought to the emergency department by emergency medical personnel after choking on a peanut and collapsing. The emergency personnel were able to partially clear the obstruction, but the patient experience prolonged hypoxia. The nurse anticipates that the resulting cerebral infarction will lead to which of the following?

Coagulation necrosis

The practitioner examines his client's foot and observes the great toe to be black and dry. The practitioner explains to the client that the dead tissue is caused by which of the following?

Coagulation necrosis

A patient is admitted with frostbite. Which of the following will the nurse tell the patient about the changes that have occurred due to cold exposure?

Cold increases blood viscosity and thrombosis

A patient has suffered nerve damage in his right arm. Which of the following can the nurse expect to happen to the muscles in that arm?

Decrease in the size of the cells (atrophy)

A nurse is the emergency department admits a male client who has experienced severe frostbite to his hands and toes after becoming lost on a ski hill. The nurse recognizes that which of the following phenomena has contributed to his tissue damage?

Decreased blood flow has induced hypoxia

A client's condition has resulted in a decrease in work demands of most cells in the body; the anticipated result would be:

Decreased size of organelles

The provider removes a cast from a teenager's arm. The client asks why the muscle in the arm is smaller than it was. The provider explains that this reduction is caused by which of the following?

Disuse

A patient's lab report returns and a nurse is explaining to the patient the significance of the changes. The nurse states that the finding is implicated as a precursor of cancer. Which of the following finding was most likely on the lab report?

Dysplasia

The cardiologist examines a client's echocardiogram and determines that the client has aortic stenosis. The cardiologist explains that a frequent cause of this valve disease is which of the following?

Dystrophic calcification

A group of elderly residents were commenting on how many cell functions decline with age. One resident commented that many of his friends who lived under large electromagnetic towers seemed to experience aging at an accelerated rate in comparison with residents who lived nearby in lakefront housing. This observation is the basis for which theory on aging?

Error theory associated with DNA damage

When performing an assessment on a school-aged child, the nurse notes that the mucous membranes along the gum margins have a noticeable blue-colored line. At this point, the nurse should ask the parents about possible:

Exposure to lead

Mercury is a toxic substance, and the hazards of mercury-associated occupational and accidental exposures are well known. What is the primary source of mercury poisoning today?

Fish such as tuna and swordfish

Biologic agents differ from other injurious agents in that they are able to replicate and can continue to produce their injurious effects. How do Gram-negative bacteria cause harm to the cell?

Gram-negative bacilli release endotoxins that cause cell injury and increased capillary permeability

Which of the following assessments supports the finding of lead toxicity?

Hemaglobin 9 g/dL

A 7 year old boy is admitted to the hospital with a suspected diagnosis of lead toxicity. Which of the following assessment findings is most congruent with the client's diagnosis?

Hemoglobin 9.9 g/dL

Select the statement the best describes apoptosis.

Highly selective in eliminating injured or aged cells

Metastatic calcification takes place in normal tissues as the result of increased serum calcium levels (hypercalcemia). Anything that increases the serum calcium level can lead to calcification in inappropriate places such as the lung, renal tubules, and blood vessels. What are the major causes of hypercalcemia?

Hyperparathyroidism and immobilization

A nurse working with a pregnant woman explains that breast size increases as a result of which of the following physiological manifestations?

Hyperplasia

A patient asks why her breasts are enlarged during pregnancy. Which of the following is the best answer?

Hyperplasia due to estrogen stimulation

A client has developed heart failure. The doctor reviews the client's chest x-ray and notes that the heart has enlarged. The changes in the size and shape of the heart are the result of:

Hypertrophy

A nurse is assessing a patient who is a body builder. The nurse documents the increased size of the patient's muscle as resulting from which of the following?

Hypertrophy

The nurse explains to the hypertensive client that the increased workload required to pump blood against an elevated arterial pressure results in a progressive increase in left ventricular muscle mass. This is an example of which of the following?

Hypertrophy

A patient who has donated a kidney to his son asks what will happen to the patient's remaining kidney? Which of the following is the nurse's best response?

Hypertrophy will occur as the kidney's workload increases

The nurse is conducting a physical assessment of a homeless man during a night when the windchill factor is -10 degrees Fahrenheit. When assessing the man's fingers and toes for frostbite, the nurse looks for which of the following types of cellular injury?

Hypoxic

Which of the following causes hypertrophy?

Increase in workload

A client was stranded when his automobile broke down while traveling in the mountains. The client had to walk 15 miles to the nearest gas station, and the outside temperature was 20 degrees. The client was at risk for:

Increased blood viscosity and vasoconstriction

Which of the following would help a nurse best describe a finding of hypertrophy on a lab report?

Increased size of the cell

Which of the following statements most accurately conveys an aspect of cell injury due to impaired calcium homeostasis?

Injured cells ten to accumulate calcium

A client has developed dystrophic calcification as a result of macroscopic deposition of calcium salts. The tissue that would be most affected would be:

Injured tissue

The nurse assesses a client and determines that the client has poor nutritional health. The client is at greatest risk for:

Injury

The radiologist is reviewing potential types of radiation therapy for a client. Select the type of radiation that directly breaks down chemical bonds in a cell.

Ionizing radiation

A patient who has undergone radiation therapy is expected to have some necrosis of cells. Necrosis is which of the following types of side effect?

Irreversible cell damage

A client has an increased serum lactic acid level. The physician understands this is indicative of which of the following?

Ischemia

A client has developed cell atrophy. The most likely cause would be:

Ischemia

Which of the following statements is true concerning hyperplasia?

It is a response to a stimulus

Small amounts of lead accumulate to reach toxic levels in the human body. Lead is found in many places in the environment and is still a major concern in the pediatric population. What would the nurse teach the parents of a child who is being tested for lead poisoning?

Keep your child away from peeling paint

The parents of an anemic 4-year-old child tell the pediatrician that the child has been behaving differently and having abdominal discomfort. Realizing that the family lives in an older, urbanized community, the provider tests the child for which of the following?

Lead

Which of the following statements is true in relation to lead exposure?

Lead is absorbed through the GI tract or the lungs

A yellow-brown pigment that accumulates in neurons and may be a sign of cellular stress is

Lipofuscin

The nurse is reviewing the admission assessment of a client admitted with jaundice and abdominal pain .The client tells the nurse that he injured the back about 6 weeks ago and has been taking 750 mg of acetaminophen every 4 hours each day for pain relief. The nurse recognizes that client may have sustained damage of the:

Liver

A mother rushes her 4-year-old child to the emergency department after she found an empty Tylenol (acetaminophen) bottle beside her child. The nurse is trying to explain why it is so important to give the child Ipecac to induce vomiting in order to prevent:

Liver failure

Intracellular buildup of substances that can be either normal or toxic occurs in which of the following areas of the cell?

Lysosome

The nurse is counseling a heavy smoker about the dangers of smoking. The nurse tells the smoker that the due to persistent irritation of the lungs from carcinogens, columnar cells may turn into squamous cells as a method of adaptation known as which of the following?

Metaplasia

The provider explains to the client, who smokes, that cells in the trachea are substituted with cells that are better able to survive. This process is known as which of the following?

Metaplasia

A patient with hyperparathyroidism has hypercalcemia. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Metastatic calcification

A client receives a phone call from her gynecologist's office nurse and is informed that her Pap test results identified mild dysplasia. The best explanation for the nurse to provide would be:

Minor degrees of dysplasia are associated with chronic irritation or inflammation. However, we will need to do additional diagnostic studies to confirm the diagnosis

A client with diabetes who is diagnosed with a gangrenous right heel ulcer presents with a wound that has no line of demarcation, is spreading rapidly, and has a foul odor. The health care worker recognizes these manifestations as:

Moist gangrene

Which of the following exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy?

Muscle mass increase with exercise

The client comes to the emergency department with skin burns and tells the practitioner that they were caused by a diathermy treatment. The practitioner understands that the burns were caused by which of the following?

Nonionizing radiation

A client has developed an abnormal buildup of fatty changes in the liver due to an intracellular collection of triglycerides. The client is most likely experiencing:

Normal cellular accumulation

Mechanical forces that produce tissue trauma would be classified as which type of cellular injury?

Physical agent

The physical therapist is evaluating a male client who has increased his muscle mass by exercising. The therapist understands this physiologic process is known as which of the following?

Physiologic hypertrophy

The emergency department physician is reviewing electrical injuries. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

Resistance to electrical current is greatest in the bone.

Which of the following enzymes listed below are responsible for cancer cells ability to prevent aging of the cells and contributes to cellular immortality that is so characteristic of this disease process?

Telomerase.

A patient with pulmonary hypertension has hypertrophy of the heart's right ventricle. Which of the following explanations is appropriate to tell the patient?

The cells enlarge in your heart from the increased workload

Which of the following children is at greatest risk of lead toxicity?

The child with a lead level of 10 µg/mL

A patient is admitted with an electrical burn and a fractured arm. Which of the following causes the fracture related to the burn?

The client had violent muscle contractions during the electrical injury

A 68 year old male client with aortic stenosis secondary to calcification of the aortic valve is receiving care. Which of the following statements best captures an aspect of this client's condition?

The client has possibly undergone damage as a result of calcification following cellular injury.

Which of the following should be included in the teaching plan of care for the parents of a child diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease?

The disorder involves accumulation of abnormal lipids.

Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?

The endotoxin found in the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria may activate the extrinsic pathway.

While presenting a talk to the parents of preschoolers at a local day care center, the nurse is asked about electrical injury to the body. She would know to include what in her response?

The most severe damage is caused by lightning and high-voltage wires

Which of the following describes how atrophied cells survive?

Through decreased oxygen consumption

A patient has suffered an electrical injury to the hand. Which of the following will the nurse expect to find?

Tissue damage at the skin site where the current entered the body

A pregnant client is attending a nutrition class for first-time moms. During the class, the instructor stressed that they should avoid consumption of which food that may cause brain damage from methyl mercury exposure?

Tuna

Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?

Uterine enlargement during pregnancy

Which of the following lab findings would most concern the nurse? Select all that apply.

a. Apoptosis b. Necrosis

Which of the following should a nurse stress when teaching patients to avoid exposure to lead in the environment? Select all that apply.

a. Avoid flaking paint b. Lead can contaminate soil c. Root vegetables can contain more lead than other vegetables

Which of the following causes atrophy? Select all that apply.

a. Disuse b. Denervation c. Decreased blood flow

Question: Critical to the wound healing process are the transitions in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Place the following steps in the proper order from the transitional process of the ECM to delivery to site of injury.

a. ECM components are degraded by proteases (enzymes) b. Some of the proteases are highly specific and cleave particular proteins at a small number of sites c. Structural integrity of the ECM is retained while healing occurs d. Actions of proteases are tightly controlled by being produced in an inactive form e. Proteases is activated by certain chemicals present at the site of injury f. Chemicals are rapidly inactivated by tissue inhibitors once injury is healed

Antioxidants are natural and synthetic molecules that inhibit the reactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Which of the following are antioxidants? Select all that apply.

a. Vitamin e b. Vitamin C c. Selenium

Hypertrophy may occur as the result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions. The increase in muscle mass associated with exercise is an example of physiologic hypertrophy. Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of disease conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory. Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of the urinary bladder from long-continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the myocardial hypertrophy that results from valvular heart disease or hypertension. What is compensatory hypertrophy?

a. When one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to comensate for the loss

Which of the following statements should a nurse include when teaching a class on health promotion? Select all that apply.

• "Air and water pollution contain chemicals capable of tissue injury." • "Tobacco smoke can cause tissue injury."

Which of the following statements is true concerning dysplasia? Select all that apply.

• Dysplasia results in cell growth that produces a vary of specific tissue cell shapes. • Dysplasia is known to frequently exist in the respiratory tract. • Dysplasia is a strong precursor of cancer. • Dysplasia can result from chronic irritation.

The nurse anticipates cellular injury from hypoxia for which of the following? Select all that apply.

• Lack of atmospheric oxygen • Cardiac dysfunction • Respiratory disease • Anemia