DEP CH.7

By age 6, the brain has reached about ______ of its adult size.

95%

The retention of information over time is defined as ______________.

Memory

Marta feels sorry for the white crayon because no one ever uses it and she thinks it must be sad. This is an example of Piaget's theory of __________________.

animism

Some experts believe that early childhood education programs should focus on both cognitive development and ______ development in order to meet all of a child's needs. physical socioemotional cultural nutritional

socioemotional

Which of the following is a government program that provides lower socioeconomic status children in the United States with skills for school success? Head Start Reggio Emilia Montessori No Child Left Behind

Head Start

Children who understand morphology rules use all of the following parts of speech, EXCEPT possessive nouns. conjunctions plural nouns. articles.

conjunctions

The awareness that an object does NOT change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as preoccupation. centration. conservation. preoperational thought.

conservation

According to Vygotsky's theory, the social _______________________ approach focuses on the social contexts of learning and the building of knowledge through social interactions. (Watch your spelling!)

constructivist

Match each activity with the appropriate age at which it can be achieved. 3 years old 4 years old 5 years old Climbing A low Jungle Gym Running Races with Friends Jumping and hopping

Jumping and Hopping Climbing A low Jungle Gym Running Races with Friends

Preschool children's control of attention is deficient. They are likely to pay attention to salient features rather than relevant features. background features rather than salient features. relevant features rather than salient features. background features rather than relevant features.

salient features rather than relevant features.

Vygotsky's theory maintained that language and ___________ develop independently before merging.

thought

Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years? Reggio Emilia's theory Information processing theory Vygotsky's theory Piaget's theory

Information processing theory Vygotsky's theory Piaget's theory

As Trevor learns about long division, his mother first needs to help him a lot. She gradually decreases the level of support as Trevor's ability in this area grows. This is an example of

scaffolding

Select all that apply The preoperational thought limitation called animism is best described by which statements? "The tree has deep roots and long branches." "The sunshine is happy." "Spring showers make the flowers grow." "Thunder is mad and yelling at us."

"The sunshine is happy." "Thunder is mad and yelling at us."

Rank the main causes of death among young children, from the highest incidence to the lowest incidence. Congenital Malformations Accidents Chromosomal Abnormalities Deformations

1) Accidents 2) Congenital Malformations 3) Deformations 4) Chromosomal Abnormalities

Experts recommend that young children get between ____________ and ____________ hours of sleep each night.

11 and 13

Perceptions, emotions, and desires are all mental states that children from ______ begin to understand. 6 month to 2 years of age 6 months to 18 months of age 3 to 5 years of age 18 months to 3 years of age

18 months to 3 years of age

Memory span in young children increased from about ______ in 2- to 3-year-old children. 1 digit to 3 digits 4 digits to 7 digits 2 digits to 5 digits

2 digits to 5 digits

In 2018 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines children and adolescents as obese when their body mass index (BMI) is at or above the ______ percentile. 92th 97th 85th 87th

97th

Which of the following statements best describe the concept of private speech? (select all that apply) A) According to Vygotsky, children who use private speech exhibit improved attention and performance. B) Piaget agreed with Vygotsky that private speech was a sign of maturity. C) According to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help with difficult problem-solving tasks. D) Vygotsky found private speech was a positive addition to children's development.

A) According to Vygotsky, children who use private speech exhibit improved attention and performance. B) According to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help with difficult problem-solving tasks. D) Vygotsky found private speech was a positive addition to children's development.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development? (Select all that apply) A) Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs. B) Children form stable concepts and begin to reason. C) Children are able to use words to describe their world. D) Children are able to understand the concept of reversibility.

A) Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs. B) Children form stable concepts and begin to reason. C) Children are able to use words to describe their world.

Which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children? A) Preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups B) Modeling healthy eating habits C) Maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine D) Allowing the child to bring a favorite toy to the table E) Having the television on during dinner

A) Preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups B) Modeling healthy eating habits C) Maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine

The main cause of death in children ages 1 through 4 is deformations chromosomal abnormalities. accidents. congenital malformations.

Accidents

Select all that apply Which of the following environmental factors strongly influence the child mortality rate worldwide? Adequate health care Access to clean water Access to leisure and play time Safety in child's environment

Adequate health care Access to clean water Safety in child's environment

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with UNUSUALLY short stature? Birth order Maternal smoking during pregnancy Congenital factors Growth hormone deficiency

Birth order

The percentage of young children who are overweight or at risk of being overweight in the United States has increased dramatically in recent decades. In the last several years there are indications that ______ preschool children are obese. A) no B) more C) fewer

C) fewer

Select all that apply Which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens? Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play. Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. Child-centered kindergartens downplay firsthand experiences.

Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play. Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned.

Select all that apply Vygotsky's theory of child development includes which of the following premises? Children actively construct their knowledge and understanding. Children develop cognitive skills through societal tools. Children's cultural environment influences their thinking process. Children primarily develop cognitive skills through their interactions with the physical world.

Children actively construct their knowledge and understanding. Children develop cognitive skills through societal tools. Children's cultural environment influences their thinking process.

Select all that apply According to Vygotsky, which of these statements concerning the development of internal and external speech are true? Children communicate externally before developing internal speech. The transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age. Children communicate internally before developing external speech. When self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing.

Children communicate externally before developing internal speech. The transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age. When self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing.

The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood. physiological evolutionary psychoanalytic cognitive

Cognitive

As a preschool child grows older, the increase in the child's weight and height each year in terms of percentage

Decreases

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is called ________.

Egocentrism

______ attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control involving action planning and allocating attention to goals during the toddler and preschool years. An increased appreciation of their surroundings, helps children prolong their ______ attention. Executive; sustained Sustained; executive Joint; executive Joint; sustained

Executive; sustained

True or false: If a preoperational child cannot conserve volume, the child also will not be able to conserve number.

False

True or false: When children are demonstrating knowledge of the rules of morphology, overgeneralization does not occur. True False

False

If a child has a human____________ hormone deficiency, he or she may not grow taller than 5 feet.

Growth

Project _________________ _____________________ is a U.S. government-funded program that provides education for low-income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school.

Head Start

The __________ _________ approach is a cognitive model that focuses on children's attention, memory, and problem-solving abilities.

Information Processing

Kiley is 3 years old. What type of artwork would you expect Kiley to create? Precise and fanciful Accurate and precise Inventive and precise Inventive and fanciful

Inventive and fanciful

The brain grows _______ in early childhood than in infancy.

Less Rapidly

Select all that apply Which of the following activities factor into children's literacy abilities? Listening Reading Writing Talking Sleeping

Listening Reading Writing Talking

Children and adolescents above the BMI's 97th percentile are classified as ________________, whereas children and adolescents in the 95th or 96th percentile are considered overweight.

Obese

Select all that apply Which of the following statements best describe the curriculum controversy in early childhood education? One side advocates for a focus on academics through the direct instruction approach. Some experts advocate for a focus on a both cognitive and socioemotional development, not just cognitive development. Some experts believe the programs do not put enough pressure on children to achieve. Some experts advocate for a child-centered, constructivist approach.

One side advocates for a focus on academics through the direct instruction approach. Some experts advocate for a focus on a both cognitive and socioemotional development, not just cognitive development. Some experts advocate for a child-centered, constructivist approach.

Growth hormone deficiency is the absence of the growth hormone produced by the gland to stimulate the body to grow

Pituitary Gland

A study of U.S. 2- and 3-year-olds found that ______ were the vegetable they were most likely to consume. broccoli carrots potatoes corn

Potatoes

What is one of the hallmark aspects of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's preoperational stage? Abstract reasoning Primitive reasoning Rational thought Symbolic thinking

Primitive reasoning

According to Vygotsky's theory, children use speech and language directed toward themselves and others for which of the following reasons? Problem solving Expressing behaviors Social communication Planning their behaviors

Problem solving Social communication Planning their behaviors

Which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood?

Running Jumping Climbing

According to Vygotsky, children who use a lot of private speech are more _____ than those who don't. cognitively advanced socially competent emotionally stable egocentric

Socially Competent

What are the two aspects of attention that develop in early childhood? Extended attention Sustained attention Novel attention Executive attention

Sustained attention Executive attention

According to Piaget, the first substage of preoperational thought is the ____________________________ ____________________________ substage, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

Symbolic , Function

Select all that apply According to Vygotsky, which of these statements concerning the development of internal and external speech are true? Children communicate internally before developing external speech. The transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age. Children communicate externally before developing internal speech. When self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing.

The transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age. Children communicate externally before developing internal speech. When self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing.

Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others? Erikson's psychosocial theory Psychoanalytic theory Theory of mind Bandura's social cognitive theory

Theory of mind

Regarding growth in early childhood, which of the following statements are true? There is slow, steady increase in the percentage of body fat. Head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy. There is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat. Girls are significantly smaller than boys in early childhood.

There is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat. Head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy.

True or false: Compared to Piaget's theory of children's cognitive development, Vygotsky's theory posits children as social creatures who develop their thinking through social interaction. True False

True

Which of the following characteristics and variables tend to be related to greater height in U.S. children?

Urban Middle-socioeconomic status Firstborn

Child-____________________ kindergartens focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional needs.

centered

The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called _________. (Watch your spelling!)

centration

Vygotsky's theory stressed the importance of sociocultural influences on children's development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate creative factors in learning. biological factors in learning. evolutionary factors in learning. contextual factors in learning.

contextual factors in learning.

Select all that apply The three mental states children begin to understand from 18 months to 3 years of age are emotions false beliefs perceptions desires

emotions perceptions desires

Consciously managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self control is accomplished by ________________ function..

executive

In early childhood, ____________________________ functioning involves developmental advances in cognitive flexibility, goal-setting, and cognitive inhibition. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

executive

Kiley is very anxious and ready for kindergarten. She is advanced in her developmental functioning. Kiley's readiness for school indicates advanced ________________________ functioning.

executive

Advances in ______ during the preschool years are linked with math skills, language development and school readiness. pragmatics autobiographical memory executive function

executive function

Literacy development among children is helped when children practice reading only at school with trained literacy professionals and never at home. have many chances to practice writing, reading, talking, and listening. can learn to read and write in supportive environments. already have a positive view of books when being taught how to read and write.

have many chances to practice writing, reading, talking, and listening. can learn to read and write in supportive environments. already have a positive view of books when being taught how to read and write.

The percentage of U.S. children who are overweight has ______ in recent decades. decreased dramatically decreased slightly increased slightly increased dramatically

increased dramatically

Research has shown that short-term memory ______ during early childhood. declines remains stable increases

increases

During their preschool years, young children demonstrate decreasing attention spans. increasing attention spans. no change in attention spans.

increasing attention spans.

The contemporary theory of cognitive development that focuses on a child's attention, memory, and problem-solving skills is called problem-solving. information processing. social-cultural processing. behavioral processing.

information processing.

Vygotsky asserted that language and thought remain independent of one another throughout development. are initially merged and then differentiate themselves from one another. remain merged throughout development. initially develop independently of each other and then merge.

initially develop independently of each other and then merge.

According to Piaget's preoperational stage, a child does not yet perform _____, which are defined as reversible mental actions. stages operations substages reflexes

operations

Preschool children tend to compare things in a haphazard way, whereas elementary school age children exhibit ______ by comparing two items systematically, one detail at a time. randomization playfulness planfulness impulsiveness

planfulness

The social problem of ______________________________ contributes greatly to the illness and mortality rates in developing countries.

poverty

Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of practicality. pragmatics. systems. structure.

pragmatics

Engagement in pretend play and the ability to represent objects that are not present are associated with the symbolic function substage, which is the first substage of the _______ stage of cognitive development. concrete operational preoperational formal operational sensorimotor

preoperational

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the preoperational stage. concrete operational stage. formal operational stage. sensorimotor stage.

preoperational stage.

The stage of Piagetian development that can be divided into the symbolic function substage and intuitive thought substage is called preoperational thought. postoperative thought. conservation. centration.

preoperational thought.

The failure to conserve demonstrates centration and an inability to mentally ________ actions.

reverse

The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to _________, another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as a changing level of support from a more skilled person like a parent or teacher.

scaffolding

According to Vygotsky, in early childhood children use private ______ to help solve tasks. behaviors thought speech actions

speech

Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in pragmatics. syntax. semantics. literacy.

syntax

Awareness and understanding of mental processes of others is called attention. executive function. information processing. theory of mind.

theory of mind.

Children should not only get the recommended amount of sleep per night, but the sleep should also be ______ sleep. non-REM uninterrupted interrupted sporadic

uninterrupted

A national study found that ______ of children's meals exceed recommendations for saturated and trans fats. 75% 45% 25% 30%

45%

A reduction in poverty and improvements in nutrition, sanitation, education, and health services would prevent many of the ________________ of young children.

Deaths

The preoperational thought substage that is called _______ preoperational thought is considered the period when children seek answers to all sorts of questions. (Remember to type only one word in the blank and watch your spelling.)

Intuitive

Television watching during mealtimes has a ______ effect on a child's eating habits.

Negative

Select all that apply What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood? Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting. Young children struggle with cultural issues related to speech. Young children are able to present competent narratives.

Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting. Young children are able to present competent narratives.

Multiple Choice Question What does Vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children? Social learning of modeling Zone of proximal development Scaffolding Reciprocal dialog

Zone of proximal development

All of the following would prevent many of the incidences of deaths among young children living in poverty around the world, EXCEPT ______. accessibility to health service adequate sanitation improvements in education a crackdown on generic medications

a crackdown on generic medications

When given appropriate cues and prompts, young children demonstrate that they can not remember a large quantity of information. not be trusted to testify in court. accurately remember only a small quantity of information. accurately remember a large quantity of information.

accurately remember a large quantity of information.

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called centration. information processing. attention. executive function.

attention.

Researchers have found that children with ___________________ have difficulty developing a theory of mind.

autism

The two most obvious physical changes seen in early childhood include a growth in height and an increase in________________ .

body weight

A child playing hide-and-seek thinks he can't be seen just because he can't see the person looking for him. This is an example of the thought limitation of egocentrism. conservation. animism. centration.

egocentrism

Preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of ________________________, which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence.

syntax

Select all that apply Which of these are words that could best describe a typical 3-year-olds' drawings? Realistic Fancifu Precise Symbolic Imaginative

Fanciful Symbolic Imaginative

Select all that apply Among the social interaction factors that advance children's theory of mind are: spending large amounts of time engaging in isolated, individual self-play living in a higher socioeconomic status family being securely attached to parents who engage children in mental state talk having older siblings and friends who engage in mental state talk

living in a higher socioeconomic status family being securely attached to parents who engage children in mental state talk having older siblings and friends who engage in mental state talk

Vygotsky believed that ______ is central to the transition from external to internal speech. self-talk scaffolding joint attention conservation

self-talk