Design & Maintenance Final 3340
2 types of soil erosion
-sheet erosion -gully erosion
Guideline for establishing a maintenance programs # 1
Maintenance objectives and standards must be established (goals and objectives)
Methods of sewage disposal systems:
*pit and chemical toilets *composting toilets *septic tanks *lagoons *Aerobic digestion
Guideline for establishing a maintenance program # 2
Maintenance should be performed with economy of time, personnel, equipment..
GIS allows managers to :
Measure Map Manage Model Monitor
Who does OSHA cover?
all private sector employees in all 50 states an terriories
Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CAD)
permit a designer to create consistent,accurate, easy to read drawings.
The purpose of OSHA is to...
provide national leadership in saving lives and preventing injuries and illnesses in the place of work
Global Positioning Software (GPS)
radio based navigation system based upon 24 satellites and their ground stations
Specific Queries
rapidly and efficiently retrieves data that meets certain criteria
corrective maintenance
reacting to maintenance problems after they occur
operational records should include:
records of performed maintenance, fuel consumption, repair records
Items that can be recycled:
*aluminum cans *glass bottles & jars *plastic containers *paper *rubber tires
Principal sources of nitrate:
urea ammonium nitrate sodium nitrate
Rotary mowers
used for general purpose cutting do a good job cutting coarse grass and weeds used when a cutting height of more than 1 inch is desired
sicklebar mower (AKA cutterbar)
used primarily for very tall grass such as on road shoulders and banks
Criteria for selecting maintenance equipment
* Purchase functional equipment *purchase quality equipment *consider availability of parts and service *consider fuel economy and energy conservation *check for safety *consider standardization of equipment *investigate cost and ease of maintenance *consider cost of the equipment
Criteria for the selection of trash receptacles should include the following:
*function: the kind of litter to be deposited is an important consideration. * Aesthetics- should be attractive and blend with the environment, but conspicuous to discourage littering * durability- must be able to withstand frequent handling and patron abuse *easy to handle: A number of smaller trash receptacles are better than a few large ones. a 30-35 gallon container has proved to be a reasonable size. *Securely fitting lid- for about 25 pounds of typical solid waste, the trash receptacle should be provided with a tight fitting lid to protect waste from rodents, insects, and other disease carrying vectors *easy to clean
Criteria for purchasing equipment
*personnel- personnel must be present who can operate the equipment *frequency of use *replacement parts and repair service *equipment storage space *equipment versatility *equipment size *equipment standardization
Alternative to fences:
*Shrubbery:barberry,privet,yew,ornamental & native trees * water *boulders or rock outcroppings
Springboards (aka diving boards)
*considered safer than a water slide Commonly 12 feet of water is required to have a springboard The fulcrum or pivot point must be locked in the forward position at all times.
Fire Protection Equipment:
*fire alarms *fire sprinkler system *fire extinguishers
What is recommended for building custodial care in a small park and recreation system:
*floor machines, 18 in *Vacuum Cleaner, domestic type *Vacuum cleaner, industrial type with attachments *floor machine, large, capable of scrubbing large areas (gymnasiums) *wall washing machine * Carpet-pile-lifter machine
Factors to determine types of fencing:
*function- what are you using the fence for *Initial cost of installation *durability *maintenance cost *Aesthetic considerations *safety
Types of fencing
*post and rail-(+)easy to mow/long lasting/ cheap/ easy to repair (-) weak/ easily damaged/ easily climbed *chain link fencing 1-galvanised/2-aluminum/3vinyl coated *woven wire (+) low cost (-) not durable *post and board fencing: (+) aesthetic qualities/good in stables (-) easy to climb-expensive to maintain *solid board fencing *brick/stone/ornamental iron
Criteria for selecting a disposal system:
*public health requirements *Quantity of sewage to be treated *initial construction or installation costs *operating cost *amount of maintenance required *land area available *absorption qualities of soil *water table level *presence or absence of a water course to handle treated effluent
4 basic types of mowers
*rotary *reel *flail *sickle bar
A preventative maintenance shop should contain the following:
- Maintenance and operating equipment manuals provided by manufacturers. -Technical drawings -Records, inventories of equipment -Supplies -Tools
The positive approach to hiring maintenance labor is predicated upon:
- hiring quality personnel -a good orientation program -an adequate initial and in service training program -good, responsive supervision -good communication with upper administration
Benefits of trees:
-Aesthetically pleasing -replace oxygen -climate control -windbreak -traffic control -food for animals and birds
Ways to increase employee retention in lower paying jobs
-Let employees participate in decision making -Let employees see your concern -Motivate with positive encouragement -Try participative leadership -Use a mentorship program -Recognize good performance
In general, OSHA standards require that employers:
-Maintain conditions or adopt practices to protect workers on the job -Be familiar with and comply with the standards applicable to their workplace. -Ensure that employees have and use personal protective equipment when required
In regards to safety, maintenance managers must realize:
-accidents can be prevented -Accident prevention costs less than costs of accidents
Selecting the right vehicle for trash collection includes
-amount of material to be collected -loading height of the vehicle -blowing trash -durability of the vehicle -ease of unloading
2 methods of preventative maintenance:
-area maintenance -crew maintenance
Methods to enforce litter control:
-educating the public -providing adequate trash receptacles -supporting anti-litter legislation -adopting special programs and ideas to combat the litter problem -incineration -recycling -bulk collection
educating the public can be done by:
-educational displays -talks by staff members to school or civic groups about solid waste education -display anti-litter posters
2 methods of assigning custodian work:
-individual cleaning -crew cleaning
Disadvantages to trees:
-leaves that fall and must be hauled away -landscaping is generally costly -increases mowing time of turf areas
Metal trash cans
-tend to rust very easily. _attach receptacle to permanent post, or set the receptacle on a concrete pad
Who does OSHA not cover?
-the self employed -immediate members of farming families that do not employ outside workers -employees who working conditions are regulated by other federal agencies under federal states -public employees in state and local governments- although some states have OSHA plans that cover their workers
A well developed maintenance service center will include:
-workshops -garage -storage buildings -outside storage space -fuel storage -wash pits -facilities for employee comfort
3 major elements for healthy turf grass
1) nitrogen: promotes leaf or blade growth. With a nitrogen deficiency, the blade of grass turns a light green or greenish yellow color. 2) phosphorous: promotes healthy root growth 3) potassium (aka potash):gives plant sugars, starches, protiens. Gives grass general vigor, and provides resistance to disease.
7 steps to safety:
1- Be enthusiastic in initiating a safety program 2- Assign someone to help with the details 3- Locate the hazards 4- Make the job safe 5- Control employee work habits 6-Keep safety records 7-Get employees into the act
7 key elements found in a job description
1- Job Title 2- Nature of Work 3- Supervision 4- Examples of Work 5- Requirements of Work 6-Physical Requirements 7- Minimum Education and Experience
3 levels of planning concepts
1- Master plan (conceptualized at the policy making level) 2- Concept plan (involves physical matters, is site specific, and incorporates factors associated with landscapes, layout, facility mix, and construction. 3- Planning stage( has a focus on operation and maintenance of all facilities. ** All levels are critical to sound planning
3 methods for assigning maintenance work
1- Unit maintenance 2- Specialized maintenance crew 3- Maintenance by contract
7 parts to the development of a maintenance plan:
1- complete inventory of park & recreation areas, facilities and equipment to be maintained 2- A written maintenance routine 3- A means for accomplishing nonroutine, nonrecurring maintenance work. 4- preventative maintenance 5-A schedule for assigning responsibility for each maintenance job 6- A system for job design and planning, accurate scheduling of maintenance work and workload control 7- As system of cost analysis and control
5 general objectives of park and recreation maintenance
1- facilities must have a clean,orderly appearance 2- must develop areas that are aesthetically pleasing and protect/maintain them 3-areas and facilities must be maintained to create a safe environment 4- Areas and facilities must be maintained to create a healthful environment 5- Promote good public relations by providing quality facilities
Top 5 Motivators for employee satisfaction
1-Wages 2-Job Security 3-Promotion and Job Growth 4-Good Working Conditions 5-Interesting work
Areas evaluated by a TCO process
1-intial purchase price of hardware (or cost of lease for software) 2-costs for training 3-costs of software/application upgrades required for compatibility 4-Support staff costs 5- costs of connectivity to existing networks 6- Costs of ongoing technical supports
Equipment records can be classified into 2 groups
1-inventory records 2-operational records
Database programs are used in 3 major ways to manage data:
1-specific queries 2- data analysis 3-report generation (tabular and visual)
Fences should be:
Avoided whenever possible
A maintenance manager should hire these basic personnel
Carpenter, Electrician, Mechanic, Painter
Classes of fire extinguishers:
Class A: wood, paper, rubber, many plastics. Contain water, foam, and dry chemicals. Max travel distance 75 ft Class B: liquids, gases, greases. Contain steam, foam, compressed gases. Max travel distance 50 ft Class C: electrical fires. Contains nonconducting flame suppressants such as halon Class D: combustible metals
Guideline for establishing a maintenance program #6
In the design and construction of park and recreation facilities, maintenance should be a primary consideration
Pool and Spa safety act
Law requires that all pools and spas must have a drain cover that complies with national standards to prevent bodily entrapment.
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
Guideline for establishing a maintenance program #4`
Park and recreation agencies must provide adequate personnel to carry out the maintenance function
Phases of Risk Management
Phase I: Risk identification and Assessment Phase II: Assessment of Risks Phase III: The Risk Management Plan
Guideline for establishing a maintenance program # 3
Scheduling maintenance work must be based on sound policies and priorities
Personnel used in maintenance work should be:
Skilled technicians rather than laborers
Secret to solving both types of soil erosion:
Slow movement of water and protect fragile surfaces. Establish a good vegetative cover of grass, shrubs, ground cover, or trees.
An agency investigates_________ first when considering the implementation of a particular computer application
Software
Crew Maintenance:
The crew combines to cover a large maintenance zone. This approach tends to overcome the limitations inherent in the single-person area method -advantages- *flexibility -disadvantages- *more difficult to determine responsibility *difficult to assign proper numbers of crew personnel
Guideline for establishing a maintenance program # 5
The maintenance department must assume the responsibility for public ans employee safety
TCO stands for
Total cost ownership
The standard competitive lap pool is:
a length of 25 yards, 25 meters, or 50 meters, depending on which sanctioning body you wish to comply with .
Area Maintenance:
a preventative specialist is responsible for a clearly defined ares -advantages- *more thorough coverage, resulting in early discovery of problems, and on-the spot repairs that save paperwork and travel times *allows for flexibility in scheduling *establishes the basis upon which personal job commitment grows -disadvantages- individuals must work alone
crew cleaning
advantages *greater specialization. More work is accomplished by fewer workers *morale is improved *custodial workloads are more equally distributed *unexpected absences cause less disruption
individual cleaning
advantages *pride of achievement *work is less monotonous *improved morale *responsibility for poor work
Turf maintenance equipment
aerifier- metal drum with spring loaded hollow core tines attached spiker- similar to aerifier, but has a solid steel spike that makes a hole in the ground, pushing soil particles together verticut machine renovator- used to prepare existing turf areas for reseeding
Geographical information system (GIS)
an organized collection of computer hardware, software and geographical data designed to effciently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information
An employee handbook should include...
an outline of the duties of each staff position, the minimum qualifications of each staff position, the minimum qualifications for appointment to these positions, the rules of employee conduct, and other information that clearly defines what management expects of each employee
Maintenance Contract
arrangement for maintenance service by an outside contract advantages -no capital investment in equipment -well trained specialists for each job -no in-house personnel problems disadvantages -loss of control as to how well jobs can be completed -cost may be higher
Diving wells must contain the following equipment:
bubbler systems, rope and harness systems, trampolines, and land based spring boards with crash pits
Preventative Maintenance includes the following items:
building surfaces-exterior/interior door closers door hinges drains exhaust fans fan belts faucets filters light bulbs light fixtures mechanical rooms motors pumps shower valves toilets
Trace elements necessary for high quality turf
calcium magnesium sulfur iron zinc magnesium molybdenum boron
Parks and Recreation agencies deal with 2 types of program opportunities
directed programs self directed programs
Materials used in facility construction must be:
durable easy to maintain easy to repair easy to replace
Specialized Maintenance
each crew is specialized for a certain job advantages -crew becomes very proficient at their specific type or work -makes good use of expensive equipment disadvantages -repetition of job monotonous for the crew -loss of travel time from area to area
Unit maintenance
each unit within the park and recreation system is responsible for its own maintenance advantages: -personnel become familiar with facility -easy to determine responsibilty - better coordinated effort -personnel tend to develop a loyalty to their assignment disadvantages - all personnel must learn to perform all tasks and use all equipment - does not make the most efficient of expensive equipment
A maintenance plan must be
easily interpreted by all field personnel
reel mower
gives the best quality cut used when low, smooth turf is desired *terrain must be smooth cutting height range og 1/2 half in to 2 1/2 in
Sheet erosion
gradual wearing away of topsoil caused by wind or water
The best design of an aquatics facilities
is to have seperate basins
Definition of Maintenance
keeping park and recreation areas and facilities in their original state or as so nearly as possible.
preventative maintenace
maintaining facilities before damage occurs
Data Analysis
manipulates data thorough counting, grouping, averaging, summing, aggregating and extrapolating. *very important to public sector maintenance managers as more local governments begin to utilize performance measures to gauge agency program success.
Hardware should be selected secondarily because
most software will only run on certain types of hardware
Major equipment jobs should be noted in 2 places:
on a dated tag attached to the equipment on the inventory record kept in the maintained shop
Much of the research in regards to vandalism is
rhetorical opinion rather than factual research.
inventory records
should include details for each piece of equipment owned such as: date of purchase, price , serial number, model number, warranty * should begin with a list of all equipment owned by the agency
Report generation
summarizes complicated data into 2 dimensional table format
Gully erosion
the second stage in the erosion process As small depressions and channels are formed by sheet erosion, channels are formed that gradually deepen into gullies that cut through the surface structure of the soil
Primary purpose of sewage disposal:
to sanitarily dispose of human waste from recreation areas and protect users from diseases transmitted through sewage.
New employees should be given the handbook...
when first hired, with the instructions to read it before their orientation
Preventative maintenance staff:
will come from a broad, multi-trade background and bring with them a expertise for analyzing equipment breakdowns, estimating work, coping with emergencies, and understanding operating instructions for complex electrical and mechanical equipment.
flail mower
will not throw objects that may injure persons or damage property