developmental psych final
Match the description with the corresponding STI. Clara has recently been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. She has fevers frequently and has chronic fatigue. She is also losing weight at an alarming rate. Given this information, it is likely that Clara has been diagnosed with
AIDS
Which of the following statements about semantic memory, episodic memory, and aging is true?
Episodic memory declines more than semantic memory in older adults.
how does identity develop in adolescence? what are the two theories we discussed in lecture?
Erikson's view: identity vs. identity confusion --> experiment with different roles and personalities Marcia believes: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, or identity achievement; connected to crisis/ exploration or commitment
Which of the following is true of changes in sensory functioning in late adulthood?
For adults who are 75 years and older, there is a significant loss of hearing at high and middle frequencies.
What strategies positively impact memory?
Organization and imagery
True or False? Conflicts arising in adolescence is thought to have an adaptive value to provide psychological distancing between parents and adolescents.
True
Which of the following negatively influences self-esteem during late adulthood? Select all that apply. a). Declining health. b). Having a low religious commitment. c). Answer Being institutionalized. d). Being widowed e). Being highly conscientious. f). Being physically impaired.
a). Declining health. b). Having a low religious commitment. c). Answer Being institutionalized. d). Being widowed f). Being physically impaired.
Which of the following statements is true of the pubertal changes? Select all that apply a). Estradiol is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development. b). The growth spurt occurs approximately two years earlier for girls than for boys. c). The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at 11½ years for boys. d). In the United States, the average age of menarche has declined significantly since the mid-nineteenth century. e). The mean age at the beginning of the growth spurt in girls is 11.
a). Estradiol is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development. b). The growth spurt occurs approximately two years earlier for girls than for boys. d). In the United States, the average age of menarche has declined significantly since the mid-nineteenth century.
Match the description with the correct attachment style. Rose's ex-boyfriend, Peter, describes her as clingy and dependent. During their relationship, she always told him that she loved him and wanted to rush into marriage. She also kept tabs on Peter and was jealous of all his female friends and colleagues.
anxious
Match the Erikson conflict with the appropriate resolution and/or culmination in old age (3 points) According to Erikson, the positive resolution of trust versus mistrust culminates in _____ in old age?
appreciation of interdependence and relatedness
According to Dr. Laura Carstensen, older people...
are more likely to engage with sadness more comfortably.
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following is true of the emotion trajectory?
it's high during infancy
According to the paradox of aging described by Dr. Laura Carstensen, match the behavior with the appropriate age group ("young" or "old"). Invest in sure things
old
According to the paradox of aging described by Dr. Laura Carstensen, match the behavior with the appropriate age group ("young" or "old"). Know what's important
old
According to the paradox of aging described by Dr. Laura Carstensen, match the behavior with the appropriate age group ("young" or "old"). Live in the moment
old
According to the paradox of aging described by Dr. Laura Carstensen, match the behavior with the appropriate age group ("young" or "old"). Savor life
old
After her husband's death, Lorna had to start dealing with her finances. She has had to learn to balance a checkbook and pay the bills—things that her husband always did when he was alive. According to the dual-process model of coping with bereavement, Lorna is experiencing
restoration-oriented stressors.
According to the cross-sectional study regarding selective optimization with compensation theory, which outlined the top four priorities for each age group, _____ showed up for the first time on the most important list for those who were 85 to 105 years old.
thinking about life
What are some of the experiences related to being a grandparent during this life stage?
three prominent meanings are attached to being a grandparent: - source of biological reward and continuity - source of emotional self-fulfillment - remote role
Match the Erikson conflict with the appropriate resolution and/or culmination in old age (3 points) Which of the following is a positive resolution of the psychological conflict of autonomy versus shame?
will
what does communication and support look like with individuals who are dying?
- "proper dying": making sure they're comfortable with plan, truthfulness and honesty as a provider that allows patient to be part of the process - maintaining a sense of identity, continuity with ones past, clarifying meaning of ones life, maintaining and enhancing close relationships - they may be able to complete plans and projects, make arrangements for survivors, and participate in decisions about a funeral and burial - they have the opportunity to reminisce and converse with others - health care providers being truthful, honest about prognosis, allow for closure and patient participation in decision making
what were the key findings of the 1994 Sex in America study?
- Americans' sexual lives are far more conservative than previously believed - Americans fall into three categories: 1/3 have sex twice a week or more, 1/3 a few times a month, 1/3 a few times a year or not at all - married (and cohabitating) couples have sex more often than non-cohabiting couples - most Americans do not engage in kinky sexual acts - adultery is the exception rather than the rule - men think about sex far more often than women do
Seven-year-old Matthew's mother met with an accident recently and passed away. Matthew has started asking his father about his mother's whereabouts, and he cries for her all the time. Matthew's father is trying his best to pacify him with toys and other gifts, but he knows that sooner or later he must deal with this situation. Which of the following is the best strategy for dealing with Matthew's questions? Select all that apply. - The father should describe death with statements such as "she went to rest" or "she is sleeping". - The father should treat the topic of the mother's death as unmentionable. - The father should pay attention to Matthew's nonverbal cues and take the lead in bringing up the subject. - The father should be honest about the mother's death. - The father should distract Matthew with other pursuits. - The father should engage in joint problem solving surrounding questions that do not have easy answers in order to allow Matthew to arrive at satisfying conclusions.
- The father should pay attention to Matthew's nonverbal cues and take the lead in bringing up the subject. - The father should be honest about the mother's death. - The father should engage in joint problem solving surrounding questions that do not have easy answers in order to allow Matthew to arrive at satisfying conclusions.
what is dementia? what are two diseases that are types of dementia discussed in lecture?
- a global term for several neurological disorders involving irreversible decline in mental function severe enough to interfere with daily living - Alzheimers disease is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical function; involves a deficiency in the brain messenger chemical called acetylcholine - Parinksons disease is another type of dementia that is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis; triggered by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain; main treatment involves enhancing the effect of dopamine and later administering the drug L-dopa
what is the dual-process model of coping with bereavement?
- a model of coping with bereavement that emphasizes oscillation between two main dimensions - loss-oriented stressors: focus on the deceased individual and can include grief work in both positive (brought relief) and negative (yearning for lost loved one) reappraisal of the loss - restoration-oriented stressors: change of identity, wife --> widow, mastering new skills
what are the Kubler Ross Stages for dying? what may happen at each stage?
- denial and isolation: person denies she or he is really going to die - anger: anger, resentment, rage, envy - bargaining: a dying person develops hope that death can be postponed - depression: when the dying person comes to accept the certainty of her or his death, a period of depression or preparatory grief may appear - acceptance: the dying person develops a sense of peace
reasons why adolescents don't get enough sleep
- electronic media - caffeine - changes in the brain - early school start times
what are some of the physical changes in emerging adulthood and how does this impact mortality rates?
- emerging adults have more than twice the mortality rate of adolescents - more chronic health problems - engage in more health-compromising behaviors - more likely to be obese - more likely to have a mental disorder than adolescents
what are the key STIs discussed in lecture? what are some key facts about them?
- genital herpes - AIDS - genital warts - syphilis - chlamydia - gonnorrhea
what are the two main aspects of adolescent egocentrism?
- imaginary audience: "on stage" - personal fable: uniqueness and invincibility "won't happen to me"
MALE what are some key changes in puberty? what hormones are responsible? when do these changes occur?
- increase in body size with a gain in muscle - more aerobic efficiency - shoulders broaden - longer legs -appearance of body hair and pubic hair -voice change -testosterone is associated in boys with genital development, increased height, and deepening of the voice - starts 10-13 1/2 years and ends around 13 to 17
what were the types of lovein Sternberg's Triangle of Love?
- infatuation -affectionate love - fatuous love - consummate love
what is life expectancy? how is it different from life span?
- life expectancy: the number of years the average person born in a particular year will probably live - life span: the maximum number of years an individual can live
what are the three common vision changes and diseases in late adulthood?
- macular degeneration: shows how individuals with this eye disease can see their peripheral field of vision but can't clearly see what is in their central visual field **look at image on study guide questions - most cataracts develop slowly over the course of years; clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye; main symptom is blurry vision; having cataracts can be like looking through a cloudy window - presbyopia: gradual loss of your eyes' ability to focus on nearby objects
FEMALE what are some key changes in puberty? what hormones are responsible? when do these changes occur?
- marked weight and height gains - growth spurt occurs about 2 years earlier - pubic hair growth, breast growth, hips broaden, more fat - estradiol is a type of estrogen that in girls is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development - menarche: a girl's first menstruation; usually occurs between ages 9-15 - the average age of menarche has declined significantly since mid-nineteenth century (hormones in food and living with non family members of opposite sex has been linked to this)
adolescence and suicide: what are some risk and protective factors?
- mental illness, trauma, abuse, drug use - community, sports, adult that believes in them (doesn't have to be a parent) **look in notes
adolescence and suicide: key statistics
- native americans - females more likely to attempt, males more likely to succeed *look for rest in notes!
what are some factors that impact older adults who remain in the work force?
- older adults who work beyond retirement age are motivated by factors involving financial status, health, knowledge, and purpose in life - healthier, better-educated, higher-educated older adults can work longer - cognitive ability is one of the best predictors of job performance in older adults - older workers also have lower rates of absenteeism, fewer accidents, and higher job satisfaction - a cognitively stimulating work context promotes successful aging
what differences did Dr. Castel discoer about younger and older people's learning?
- older adults: selectively focus on what is important, summarizing schemes and knowledge to remember new information - aging more a change in focus - getting better at being aware of what we need to know and what older adults can rely on from others ex. the logos/fire extinguishers, present point values, grocery store prices **look these up in notes
what are the 5 big personality factors?
- openness to experience: - conscientiousness: - extraversion: - agreeableness: - neuroticism (emotional stability: * they are also related to health, intelligence and cognitive functioning, achievement and work, and relationships
what are some of the physical changes seen in middle adulthood? what trends have been seen compared to previous generations?
- skin wrinkles and sags, age spots - hair thins and greys - nails thicken and become more brittle - teeth yellow - individuals lose height and gain weight - increase in obesity - progressive bone loss - presbyopia: "old eyes" - presbycusis: "old hearing" - high blood pressure, hight cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease increase considerably - today's 50 year olds are in better shape, more alert, and more productive than their 40 year old counterparts from a generation or two earlier
what were the 6 common pathways Hetherington found people took after divorce?
- the enhancers: more often female; "grew more competent, well-adjusted, and self fulfilled" following divorce - the good-enoughs: the largest group; some strengths, some weaknesses - the seekersL motivated to find new mates as soon as possible the libertines: more casual sex, but often grew disillusioned and wanted a stable relationship - the competent loners: successful and active, with little interest in sharing their lives - the defeated: problems before divorce, these problems increase with the break up which was due to the added stress of a failed marriage that they struggled to handle ex. drinking problem, the divorce cost them support and they are further restricted in their own growth
what is and what are the types of advanced care planning?
- the process of patients thinking about and communicating their preferences about end-of-life care - living will: a legal document that reflects the patient's advance care planning - advance directive: a document such as a living will that indicates whether life-sustaining procedures should or should not be used to prolong an individual's life when death is imminent - physician orders for life-sustaining treatment (P O L S T): a more specific document that translates treatment preferences into medical orders
what is delateralization?
- when an older adult brain uses two hemispheres/regions of the brain, where previously only one was used to complete a memory related task - key here is this is adaptive! - ** review image!
at what age are humans able to conclude that death is final?
4-5
According to "The Revolutionary Truth About Kids and Gender", up to _% of transgender children are rejected by their parents which contributes to the up to _ times more risk of taking their own life.
60; 9
Which of the following groups has the highest number of suicide attempts?
American Indian/Alaska Native female adolescents
Match the description with the corresponding STI. This STI has a preventative vaccine named Gardasil
HPV
Middle adulthood, the developmental period for adults ranging 40 to 45 years of age to 60 to 65 years of age, is often characterized by which of the following? Select all that apply. a). Greater awareness of the young-old polarity b). Reaching and maintaining career satisfaction c). The last child leaving the parental home d). Becoming a grandparent e). Declining physical skills
a). Greater awareness of the young-old polarity b). Reaching and maintaining career satisfaction c). The last child leaving the parental home d). Becoming a grandparent e). Declining physical skills
Which of the following is a key feature of emerging adulthood? Select all that apply. a). Self-focus. b). Identity exploration. c). Instability. d). Resilience. e). Feeling in-between. f). Interaction with peers and partners.
a). Self-focus. b). Identity exploration. c). Instability. e). Feeling in-between.
All of the following are typical signs of aging for the average adult in middle adulthood except? a). Trouble with far away vision b). Nails thicken c). Ineffective immune system functioning is linked to less sleep d). Lose height and gain weight e). Sarcopenia
a). Trouble with far away vision
Which of the following scenarios will most likely aid an inhibited child in being outgoing, sociable, and emotionally stable as an adult? a). peer groups with other inhibited children with common interests, so the child feels accepted b). the child continuously encountering noisy, chaotic environments that allow no escape from stimulation c). the school being "overmanned," so inhibited children are less likely to be tolerated and more likely to feel undervalued d). caregivers using inappropriate "low-level control" and attempting to force the child into new situations
a). peer groups with other inhibited children with common interests, so the child feels accepted
Fluid intelligence is the --- and may --- in middle adulthood.
ability to reason abstractly; decline
Alzheimer's disease involves a deficiency in an important brain messenger chemical called ____ whereas Parkinson's is triggered by degeneration of _____ -producing neurons in the brain.
acetylcholine; dopamine
All of the following are sub concepts which describe biological understandings of death except: Agonality Applicability Finality Nonfunctionality Universality Causation
agonality
According to the Big Five factors of personality, match the factor with the appropriate description. Jason's friends describe him as softhearted, trustworthy, and helpful. Jason is most likely to score high on
agreeableness
Match the description with the correct attachment style. In his meeting with a counselor, Dalton revealed that he was uncomfortable being close to others. He finds it difficult to trust people completely and doesn't allow himself to depend completely on them. He gets nervous if someone tries to get too intimate with him.
avoidant
Which of the following statements regarding adolescent substance use is NOT true? a). Academic success is a strong buffer to substance use/abuse in adolescence. b). Adolescents who experiment with drugs or alcohol are more likely to have experiences with abuse or family mental health issues. c). Marijuana is the illicit drug that is most widely used. d). Those who abuse drugs during adolescence are more likely to have started taking drugs earlier.
b). Adolescents who experiment with drugs or alcohol are more likely to have experiences with abuse or family mental health issues.
All of the following likely have a positive influence on achievement except: a). Grit b). Fixed mindset c). Goal-setting, planning, and self-monitoring d). Growth mindset
b). Fixed mindset
Haruto is a 103-year-old centenarian living in Okinawa, Japan. He leads a healthy life. Which of the following factors has most likely contributed to his longevity. Select all that apply. a). Haruto follows a diet rich in meat, eggs, and dairy products. b). Haruto engages in spiritual practice. c). Haruto has retired from his job. d). Haruto's risk of dying from different forms of cancer is lower in Okinawa than in the United States and Japan e). Haruto avoids physically vigorous activities.
b). Haruto engages in spiritual practice. d). Haruto's risk of dying from different forms of cancer is lower in Okinawa than in the United States and Japan
Which of the following statements regarding chronic disorders applies to men? Select all that apply. a). Smoking is riskier for them. b). It is less common for them to be obese. c). They typically die 5 years younger. d). They engage in more health-promoting behaviors. e). They are more likely to die from the 15 leading causes of death (excluding Alzheimers).
b). It is less common for them to be obese. c). They typically die 5 years younger. e). They are more likely to die from the 15 leading causes of death (excluding Alzheimers).
Which of the following are the top 3 for chronic health problems for individuals 65+? Select all that apply. a). diabetes b). arthritis c). hearing impairments d). heart conditions e), chronic sinus problems f), visual impairments g). hypertension
b). arthritis c). hearing impairments g). hypertension
Most of us reach our peak physical performance...
before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26.
Which of the following statements is true of adolescent sexuality in the United States? Select all that apply. a). Attitudes towards sexuality are more conservative in the United States with limited exposure to sexuality. b). The majority of Americans report having their first sexual intercourse before the age of 10. c). Insatiable curiosity about sexuality is normal in adolescence. d). Oral sex is a common occurrence among American adolescents. e). Childhood impulsivity is associated with earlier sexual activity in adolescents.
c). Insatiable curiosity about sexuality is normal in adolescence. d). Oral sex is a common occurrence among American adolescents. e). Childhood impulsivity is associated with earlier sexual activity in adolescents.
Gary, a cisgender male, got divorced after seven years of marriage. He is highly stressed and is using the fight-or-flight manner to respond to stress. Gary is most likely to cope using all of the following except a). aggressively lash out. b). withdraw from social contact. c). seek social alliances. d). drink more Scotch.
c). seek social alliances.
Match the Erikson conflict with the appropriate resolution and/or culmination in old age (3 points) According to Erikson, the positive resolution of the conflict of generativity versus stagnation culminates in _____ in old age.
caring for others, and empathy, and concern
Gloria is suffering from a condition that involves thickening of the lenses of her eyes. This causes her vision to become cloudy or distorted. Identify the condition that Gloria is suffering from.
cataracts
Meghan and her group of five girls are all enthusiastic gymnasts. They hang out together after school and go to the mall on weekends. They are all of the same age and have similar tastes in music and food and, as a result, enjoy each other's company. Which of the following terms best identifies this type of group?
clique
Which of the following is one of the best predictors of job performance in older adults?
cognitive ability
the most common daily hassle in midlife.
concerns about weight
According to the Big Five factors of personality, match the factor with the appropriate description. Carla is described by her coworkers as highly organized and meticulous. She has a strong sense of self-discipline. Carla is most likely to score high on
conscientiousness
Which of the following is one of John Gottman's seven main practices that help marriages succeed? Select all that apply. a). Create a gridlock. b). Avoid letting your partner influence you. c). Solve perpetual conflicts. d). Establish love maps. e). Create shared meaning.
d). Establish love maps. e). Create shared meaning.
When Kendall was in college, she discovered that she was pregnant. Since she was not ready to have a baby at that age, she went through a medical abortion. Following the procedure, Kendall felt very low and upset, and she could not grieve openly, as she wanted to keep her pregnancy a secret from everyone. Years later when she had a miscarriage, she started grieving for the baby she lost and for the baby she had aborted. Identify the type of grief Kendall is displaying.
disenfranchised grief
Those in [ Select ] ["early", "late"] adulthood, as well as [ Select ] ["women", "men"] , typically experience more fear of death and death related anxiety.
early, women
Following a divorce, Mildred goes back to college, renews old acquaintanceships, and takes up ballroom dancing. She starts focusing on her health and begins a fitness routine. A few months later, she meets an interesting person at a friend's party and enters into a romantic relationship with him. Based on Hetherington's research, Mildred is best described as a(n)
enhancer
The initial stage of the development of romantic relationships in adolescence is characterized by _____ at about _____ years of age.
entry into romantic attractions and affiliations; 11 to 13
According to the Big Five factors of personality, match the factor with the appropriate description. Describes whether an individual is fun-loving or somber
extraversion
Naina and Samir are a passionate couple. They are physically and sexually attracted to one another. They know that they can count on each other during the ups and downs of life, and they intend to maintain their relationship in the face of problems. However, they lack feelings of warmth or closeness toward each other and avoid sharing their thoughts. According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Naina and Samir are most likely experiencing
fatuous love
Match the Erikson conflict with the appropriate resolution and/or culmination in old age (3 points) Which of the following is a positive resolution of the psychological conflict of identity versus confusion?
fidelity
Most divorces occur in the _____ year of marriage.
fifth to tenth
If _____ are not developed during childhood, critical-thinking skills are unlikely to mature in adolescence.
fundamental skills
Ellie, a 15-year-old, needs to assess a risky situation to quickly get the gist of what is happening and glean that the situation is a dangerous context. She is unlikely to benefit from engaging in reflective, detailed, higher-level cognitive analysis about a decision, especially as it is a high-risk, real-world context where she would get bogged down in trivial detail. This kind of decision making is explained by the
fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model.
Match the description with the corresponding STI. This STI is characterized by discharge from penis or vagina and painful urination with the potential to lead to infertility
gonorrhea
fatuous love
has passion and commitment present, but intimacy is absent or low
infatuation
has passion present, but intimacy and commitment are absent or low
According to Valliant, individuals are more likely to be alive and happy at 75 to 80 years age when, at 50 years of age, they do which of the following?
have good coping skills
According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is a precursor to intimacy in romantic relationships during emerging adulthood?
identity development in adolescence
affectionate love
intimacy and commitment present, but passion is absent or low
Match the Erikson conflict with the appropriate resolution and/or culmination in old age (3 points) Which of the following is a positive resolution of the psychological conflict of intimacy versus isolation?
love
Cognitive _____ decline in old age, whereas cognitive _____ appear to improve.
mechanics; pragmatics
Most deaths that occur during adolescence are caused by suicide, homicide, and...
motor vehicle accidents.
According to the Big Five factors of personality, match the factor with the appropriate description. Describes an individual as either self-satisfied or self-pitying
neuroticism
do adolescents get enough sleep?
no! only 25% do
According to the Big Five factors of personality, match the factor with the appropriate description. Describes whether an individual is imaginative or practical
openess
consummate love
passion, intimacy, and commitment
Basilio, a cocaine addict, sustained severe and irreversible brain damage because of an accidental overdose of drugs. After spending weeks in the hospital, he did not show any signs of improvement. His wife and children then decided to request that hospital authorities remove his life-support system in order to allow Basilio to die. In this scenario, the withholding of the life-support system is an example of _____ euthanasia.
passive
The _____ is one area that shrinks more than others with aging.
prefrontal cortex
The double disadvantage suffered by ethnic minority adolescents includes
prejudice and poverty.
most common daily uplift in midlife.
relating well with lover
Match the description with the correct attachment style. Amy is not overly stressed out about her relationship with her boyfriend Danny. She trusts him and is sure that if there are any problems, they can talk it through and come to an understanding.
secure
The majority of sibling relationships in adulthood are close. What factors influence the sibling bond?
shared genes, long-term relationship, shared history, equality
what theory does Dr. Laura Carstensen incorporate in "older people are happier?" what were some of the positive behavior changes?
socioemotional selectivity theory 5 positive behavior changes: - live in the moment - know what's important - invest in sure things - deepen relationships - savor life
3rd leading cause of death for 10-19 year olds in the US
suicide
Match the description with the corresponding STI. Dylan was recently diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. The infection led to sores developing on his anus. Eventually, a skin rash broke out on the bottom of his feet. Given this information, it is likely that Dylan was diagnosed with
syphilis
According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status?
the existence or extent of their crisis or commitment
Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?
the imaginary audience
identity achievement
the status in which adolescent has gone through a identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity (i.e. certain role or value) that he or she has chosen
identity diffusion
the status in which the adolescent does no have a sense of having choices; he or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment
identity moratorium
the status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices yet.
identity foreclosure
the status in which the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future. Adolescents in this stage have not experienced an identity crisis. They tend to conform to the expectations of others regarding their future (e. g. allowing a parent to determine a career direction) As such, these individuals have not explored a range of options.
Match the Erikson conflict with the appropriate resolution and/or culmination in old age (3 points) Which of the following is the resolution an individual is most likely to experience if he or she is in the last stage of human development?
wisdom
According to the paradox of aging described by Dr. Laura Carstensen, match the behavior with the appropriate age group ("young" or "old"). Expand horizons
young
According to the paradox of aging described by Dr. Laura Carstensen, match the behavior with the appropriate age group ("young" or "old"). Meet new people
young
According to the paradox of aging described by Dr. Laura Carstensen, match the behavior with the appropriate age group ("young" or "old"). Take chances
young
