Developmental Psych Final

The fetus that Calista is carrying has reached the age of viability, meaning that it has a chance of surviving outside of the womb. Therefore, it can be inferred that Calista is _____ weeks pregnant.

24 to 25

Except for the sperm and the egg, all cells in the human body have _____ chromosomes.

46

_____is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics.

A phenotype

_____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

Accommodation

Paul has a gene-linked abnormality, and as a result he suffers from an X-linked inheritance disease. Because of this disease, Paul suffers from internal and external bleeding due to delayed blood clotting. Which of the following will effectively treat Paul's condition?

Blood transfusions

Mariah has suffered damage to the left frontal lobe of her brain. When she tries to speak, she struggles to produce words and is unable to say them correctly. Mariah has sustained injury to the

Broca's area.

_____ introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859.

Charles Darwin

Who is at the highest risk of SIDS?

Chaz who is three months old

Which of the following statements is true about Erik Erikson's trust-versus-mistrust stage of development?

Children who leave infancy with a sense of trust can still have their sense of mistrust activated at a later stage, perhaps if their parents get divorced.

Clark's eyes are brown in color. However, both his parents have eyes that are blue in color. According to the dominant-recessive genes principle, the most likely reason for Clark's eyes being brown in color is that

Clark's parents are carriers of genes contributing to brown eyes.

Identify a true statement about REM sleep in infancy.

Compared with non-REM sleep, a much greater amount of time is taken up by REM sleep in infancy than at any other point in the life span.

Which of the following statements is true of the outcomes for women who breast feed their infants?

Consistent evidence indicates a lower incidence of breast cancer in women who breast feed their infants.

Which of the following statements is true of crying?

Cries provide information about the health of the newborn's central nervous system.

_____ is a complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and contains genetic information.

DNA

Jason, a 4-year-old, has an intellectual disability and has shorter limbs than other children his age. His pediatrician observes that Jason has a protruding tongue and an extra fold of skin over his eyelids. Jason's mother informs the pediatrician that she was 30 at the time of Jason's birth and that he was born with a flat skull. From this information, the pediatrician will most likely diagnose Jason with

Down syndrome.

Which of the following statements is true of the activity of genes?

Events that occur inside of the cell can excite or inhibit genetic expression.

_____, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They help cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.

Genes

Which of the following statements is true of the forebrain?

It is the portion of the brain that is farthest from the spinal cord.

Which of the following is true of fragile X syndrome?

It occurs more frequently in males than in females.

Which of the following women has the highest probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome?

Jane, a 41-year-old Euro-American woman

Jeremy is a securely attached infant, while Jason is an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is true?

Jeremy is likely to have more self-confidence than Jason.

Baby Kendra, who is six days old, is presented with two breast pads: one that has been used by her mother and that smells of the mother and the other that has not been used at all. Which one will Kendra probably prefer?

Kendra will prefer the pad that has been used by the mother.

_____ means the capacity for change.

Plasticity

Which of the following statements is true of the effects of marijuana exposure on one's offspring?

Research has shown that offspring exposed to marijuana prenatally tended to use marijuana by age 14.

Giovanna was found to be Rh incompatible with her first child. To prevent her body from producing antibodies that would attack any future Rh-incompatible fetuses, her doctor gave her _____.

RhoGAM

_____ is the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object.

Size constancy

_____ and _____ are the two birth defects that occur when the neural tube fails to close 27 days after conception.

Spina bifida; anencephaly

In the context of technology, which of the following was invented in the 1950s and contributed to changing human life permanently?

Television

Marlena, who just found out she is pregnant, has very poor eating habits. Her total calorie intake is very low. She eats little protein and unbalanced amounts of vitamins and minerals. If she continues her present eating habits, which of the following is most likely to occur?

The baby is more likely to be malformed.

Which of the following is true of the stages of childbirth?

The first stage is the longest of the three birth stages.

According to Paul Baltes, which of the following is true of nonnormative life events?

They do not happen to all people.

Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to

a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

Infancy experts Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby stress that _____ is an important ingredient in developing a strong bond between the infant and the caregiver.

a quick, comforting response to the infant's cries

Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas and Chess, he would be classified as

a slow-to-warm-up child.

Schemes refer to

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gaining height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in?

adolescence

Identify the age group of women who are least likely to obtain prenatal care.

adolescence

The Apgar Scale is a method used to assess the health of newborns. A score of three would indicate

an emergency because the baby's survival is in doubt.

Two-year-old Anita has learned the word "dog" to identify the family pet Rover. Now, Anita says the word "dog" when she sees any animal. Anita has _____ these animals into her existing scheme.

assimilated

For cognitive change to occur, identify the two processes that must work in concert as a child experiences considerable movement between the states of cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium.

assimilation and accommodation

When do the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex begin to specialize?

at birth

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.

autonomy

Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that

begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in _____.

behavioral organization

A teratogen is any agent that can cause

birth defects.

Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a _____ pattern of growth.

cephalocaudal

When Alice speaks to her six-month-old nephew, her voice immediately takes on a higher pitch, her speech becomes slower, and she begins to use more simplistic words and phrases. This change in Alice's language behavior is an example of

child-directed speech.

When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was quite upset. He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children. This behavior continued for a few more days. Some days, Josh would throw tantrums right before his mother dropped him off, and on other days he would cry and scream after his mom left him at the preschool. According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, what type of temperament does Josh have?

difficult

Jenny is 4 years old. She becomes self-sufficient and develops school readiness skills. In this scenario, identify the developmental period that Jenny is most likely in.

early childhood

The second stage of childbirth begins with the ________ and ends with the ________.

emergence of the child's head; delivery of the child

When Abraham describes to his friend what he did during his last summer vacation, he relies on his _____ memory.

explicit

Tara holds her two-month-old daughter, Sonia, close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in

face-to-face play.

Jessica is a 25-year-old woman who often drinks alcohol. Now that she is pregnant, her doctor has advised her to avoid alcohol as it has been proven to cause abnormalities in the offspring. According to recent research, which of the following is a known abnormality?

facial deformities

Nikita is 18 months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions, _____.

fear

Melanie, a 4-year-old child, ties her shoelaces on her own and skillfully uses a fork and a spoon. In the context of motor development, which of the following is most likely involved in this scenario?

fine motor skills

During delivery, which of the following diseases is transmitted to a newborn through the birth canal?

genital herpes

Voletta is at the stage of pregnancy where the zygote has attached itself to the uterine wall. This scenario indicates the _____ stage of prenatal development.

germinal

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from playing in the backyard or the garden of their house. Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns

goodness of fit.

Farah showed her baby a colorful block. She then hid the block and showed it to the baby again and repeated the activity for some time. After the first few attempts, the baby, who initially paid close attention to the block, became disinterested in the block. In the context of attention, this scenario most likely demonstrates the process of

habituation

Carla's husband was 50 years of age when she became pregnant. Studies have shown that this paternal factor is connected to

increased risk of autism and schizophrenia in the baby.

Research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers

interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver

Jule's 23rd chromosome pair consists of an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. This indicates that Jule

is a male.

The blastocyst differs from the trophoblast in that the blastocyst

is composed of an inner layer of cells that will finally develop into the embryo.

Eleven-month-old Maya points to her cup when she wants some water to drink. Maya's behavior

is considered appropriate for her age.

Linguist Noam Chomsky said that children are born into the world with a _____, a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.

language acquisition device

On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) _____ approach.

life-span

Most individuals who have X-linked diseases are males because

males have only one copy of the X chromosome.

Rubella, also known as German measles, is a maternal disease that can cause prenatal defects. Identify the most common fetal and neonatal outcome of this disease.

microcephaly

A cell that contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs undergoes the process of _____ to produce two new cells, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.

mitosis

The rules of _____ describe the way meaningful units can be combined in words.

morphology

As people enter adolescence, they start focusing more time on romantic relationships and spend less time with friends as a result. This illustrates how development is

multidirectional

A mistake by the cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation, may produce a _____, which is a permanently altered segment of DNA.

mutated gene

Red-feathered and blue-feathered birds occupy the same environment. The birds with the red feathers are better able to survive and avoid predators. This means that the population of red-feathered birds will increase in future generations. This illustrates the process of

natural selection.

By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a _____ influence on development.

normative age-graded

While scooting on the floor, baby Giovanni fell down the stairs. If he can no longer see, it is likely that the _____ lobe of his brain was damaged.

occipitalv

Makiko feels ashamed when her friend who has come over for a play date teases her about wearing nighttime diapers. This is an example of _____ emotions.

other-conscious

Amy is a 5-month-old baby girl. She tends to smile and become comfortable when her mother picks her up. However, when she sees an unknown face, she gets upset and cries for her mother. Which of the following phases of Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment is Amy currently in?

phase 2

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize _____, an amino acid.

phenylalanine

Molly is an 18-month-old child who shows an "other-conscious" emotion when her caregiver praises her for doing a certain task in the presence of other children her age. Identify the emotion being described in this scenario.

pride

Mark is a 4-month-old toddler. Which of the following emotions would he show at this age?

primary

Antonio swings his arms while lying in his crib. One of his arms accidentally hits the mobile hanging above him. This causes the mobile to move. Antonio continues to swing his arms but is unable to strike the mobile again. This is an example of a

primary circular reaction.

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a _____ smile.

reflexive

When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in the _____ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches onto her breast.

rooting

A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of

scaffolding.

In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as being

securely attached.

Shoko responds positively to being picked up by others, and when put back down, freely moves away to play. She would most likely be classified as being

securely attached.

Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work. This demonstrates a(n) _____ emotion.

self-conscious

Alicia is pregnant and is a heavy smoker. Which of the following risks does her baby face?

sudden infant death syndrome

Carla is diagnosed with breast cancer. She informs her doctor that her mother and her grandmother have also had breast cancer. The doctor explains to Carla that she has specific genes that make her more vulnerable to breast cancer and that she is genetically predisposed to develop the disease. In this scenario, these genes are known as Correct!

susceptibility genes.

"Want ice cream," "Fall down," and "Mommy give cookie" are all examples of

telegraphic speech.

According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object

that provides oral satisfaction.

Fourteen-year-old Michael Rehbein had the left hemisphere of his brain removed to end uncontrollable seizures. His right hemisphere gradually began to reorganize and take over functions that normally occurred in the brain's left hemisphere. This case study is cited in the chapter in order to demonstrate that Correct!

the brain is both flexible and resilient.v

Which of the following is a feature of the embryonic period of prenatal development?

the formation of support systems for cells

The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to

the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex.

Sixteen-month-old Akel plays endlessly with a ball, rolling it, throwing it, using it to knock over other toys, standing on it, and trying to ride on it. Which of the following Jean Piaget's substages of the sensorimotor stage is represented by Akel's behavior?

the tertiary circular reactions substage

Dakota was born after 40 weeks of gestation and weighed four pounds. Dakota would be considered

to have a low birth weight.

The fear of strangers peaks

toward the end of the first year of life.

Jerome and Tyrone are fraternal twins. This means that they developed from

two eggs that were fertilized by two different sperms.

The structure that contains two arteries and one vein, and connects the developing embryo to the mother's body, is called the

umbilical cord.

During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a _____.

zygote