DHN 101 Chapter 2

A group of scientists conducts a scientific study to investigate dietary factors that influence the development of breast cancer. Which of the following activities is NOT likely to be a component of their research efforts? observations and formulating a hypothesis Posting findings at the main researcher's personal website Collecting data and analyzing results Submitting an article describing the study to a peer-reviewed journal

Posting findings at the main researcher's personal website

A factor that may not be studied but may affect a research outcome is called a ______ variable. confounding categorical ordinal

confounding

A _____ group which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.

control

A ______ is a relationship between two variables. distinction trend causation correlation

correlation

Diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient _____ diseases.

deficient

A group of registered dietitian nutritionists is planning to conduct a scientific study to investigate the effects of eating honey on behavior in school-aged children. To start, the researchers will make observations. gather data. analyze the hypothesis. identify relationships between variables.

make observations.

Researchers make a(an) _____that people who like to camp take megadoses of thiamin to repel mosquitoes.

observation

An online magazine article about weight-loss diets includes false information about the process of digestion that uses scientific-sounding terms to make it seem factual. The faulty information is an example of mislabeling. pseudoscience. hypothesizing. bias.

pseudoscience.

Select all that apply If an experiment fails to control for variables that are not being tested by using a control group, the findings of the experiment will be ______ publishable questionable inaccurate

questionable inaccurate

Retrospective Cohort Study

scientists interview a large group of people about their health and past dietary practices including kinds of foods they usually ate and which dietary supplements they used regularly. The dietary practices of the subjects who do not have the condition.

The science of nutrition is ____ moving toward promoting a paleolithic eating pattern constantly evolving set and will not change for many years

constantly evolving

Researchers divide subjects into two groups. The _____ group is given pills that do not contain any vitamins. The _____group is given similar tasting and appearing pills that contain high amounts of thiamin.

control treatment

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be in _____ with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship

correlation

List the events prior to the publishing of experimental results in scientific journals. critical review by other subject-matter experts subject-matter experts ensure objective research findings are published the lay-public ensures objective research findings are announced

critical review by other subject-matter experts subject-matter experts ensure objective research findings are published

In this study, the _____ does not contain any active ingredients.

placebo

Over a 2-year period, a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with weight gain. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study. retrospective in vitro case-control prospective

prospective

The type of domain used in a website's url can tell you what type of organization is behind the information contained on that website. Match the type of domain with the information found on each website. A government health agency promotes its campaign to increase calcium consumption among pre-teen girls.

.gov

The type of domain used in a website's url can tell you what type of organization is behind the information contained on that website. Match the type of domain with the information found on each website. A nationally recognized health association that is for people with diabetes provides information about choosing healthful foods for diabetes management.

.org

Select all that apply Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of ____ not receiving proper medication lack of proper nutrition poor diets taking nonnutrient dietary supplements

lack of proper nutrition poor diets

Promises of Quick and Easy Remedies

college reunion diet promises you will lose 20 pounds in the next 2 weeks

During an online interview, Dr. Ima Quack provides the following statement, "Most Americans suffer from nutritional-deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they are not taking my megavitamin formula therapy." Dr. Quack's statement is an example of a(n) ________. medical hypothesis personal observation intuitive deduction scare tactic

scare tactic

In vivo animal studies must be interpreted carefully because components removed from a living thing may not function the same way they do when they are in the entire life form. there are physiological differences between humans and other animals.

there are physiological differences between humans and other animals.

Scientific method

1. make observations that generate questions 2. formulate hypot to explain events 3. review current scientific literature (published study) that relate to the questions 4. Design students, perform tests, and collect data 5. Analyze data and draw conclusions based on the results 6. Share results with peers 7. Conduct more research, the results of which may confirm or refute previous findings

Choose an example of a nutrient deficiency disease high-fat diet contributing to heart disease prescribing niacin to lower blood lipids high blood pressure resulting from sodium sensitivity lack of niacin leading to pellagra

lack of niacin leading to pellagra

What is the first step in the scientific method? designing a research procedure reviewing literature from previous studies observation of a natural phenomenon collection of information

observation of a natural phenomenon

A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have heart disease to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in fiber during adolescence and developing heart disease in adulthood. This study is an example of a ________ study. case-control prospective hypothetical retrospective

retrospective

A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a ________ study. case-control prospective hypothetical retrospective

retrospective

A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a ________ study. prospective retrospective case-control hypothetical

retrospective

prospective cohort study

"Im in a health group of healthy people who are being studied. Some of us take vitamin D pills regularly and some of us don't take the supplement. As participants in the study which will last 8 years. We have regular checkups to determine if we are still healthy.

Treatment

"In an earlier study involving lab rats, adding a daily vitamin D supplement to the animals diet for 12 months reduced the risk of cancer in the rodents"

The type of domain used in a website's url can tell you what type of organization is behind the information contained on that website. Match the type of domain with the information found on each website. A commercial website contains ads for gluten-free food products and supplements that are targeted for people who have intestinal problems.

.com

An example of an Internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a .com site. .gov site. .edu site.

.com site.

An example of an Internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a .edu site. .com site. .gov site.

.com site.

Select all that apply Choose the descriptions that accurately define the scientific method? A procedure designed to discover reproducible results Conventional wisdom Educated guess about the relationship between a variable and an outcome Testing a hypothesis in order to draw an evidence-based conclusion A complicated design difficult to comprehend

A procedure designed to discover reproducible results Educated guess about the relationship between a variable and an outcome Testing a hypothesis in order to draw an evidence-based conclusion

Attacks on Conventional Science

Doctors dont want you to know about the powerful weight loss results of one simple plant extract

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is known as _____

Epidemiology

The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or misleading health-related claims is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Agricultural Research Service (ARS). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Federal Trade Commission (FTC).

Testimonials and Anecdotes

Hall of fame star baseball player claims the cereal diet is what made me such a great baseball player

Which of the following statements is true? In general, registered dietitian nutritionists are reliable sources of nutrition information. Pseudoscience is the practice of medicine without proper training and credentials. In the United States, a person can obtain a PhD in nutrition only by graduating from an accredited institution of higher learning. People who describe themselves as nutritionists are registered dietitian nutritionists.

In general, registered dietitian nutritionists are reliable sources of nutrition information

Experimental (Intervention) Study

Large group of people with arthritis are divided into 2 groups. The members of one group are given pills that contain the dietary supplement glucosamine with chondroitin and members of the other group are given pills that are placebos. During the study, members of each group do not know if they are taking the dietary supplement or the placebo.

National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure are established using data from _____ research findings

NHANES

Researchers use findings from the _____ to establish national standards for assessing height, weight, and blood pressure. Center for Disease Control NHANES FDA

NHANES

An infomercial for a new weight-loss supplement claims that the medical community has been keeping this formula secret for decades and features the testimonials of an ex-baseball player and a prominent pop music star, who say they lost 12 pounds in the first two weeks. Should you try this supplement?

No

Select all that apply Who are the subjects in a case-control study? Person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation Healthy people assigned to a specific treatment Healthy people assigned to receive a placebo Person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation

Person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation Person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation

A popular podcast includes interviews with "experts" on topics related to sports nutrition. If the podcast expert has the credentials ______, after his or her name, the expert is likely to be a reliable source of nutrition information. DN MS MD RDN

RDN

Which terms best describes marketing a product with a personal endorsement? anecdote disclaimer testimonial

Testimonial

Which of the following is true about control groups? Scientific studies do not require control groups and are valid with or without them. All conditions differ between the control and treatment group. The results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used.

The results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used.

Promotes Benefits While Overlooking Risks

This all-natural, herbal burn supplement will burn fat while you sleep! it is made from the purest ingredients so it won't harm your health.

Dr. Joseph Goldberger's scientific finding about the cause of pellagra was not welcomed by members of the medical community. True False

True

Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health. True false

True

True or false: A cohort study is a type of observational epidemiological study.

True

True or false: The dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, substantiated findings.

True

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation? When a population's intake of plant foods decreases, the percentage of obese people in that population increases. When a population's level of vitamin C in white blood cells increases, the percentage of people in the population who develop scurvy decreases. When a population's vitamin D intake decreases, the percentage of people in the population that have healthy immune systems decreases. When a population's level of physical activity increases, the percentage of people who develop heart disease decreases.

When a population's vitamin D intake decreases, the percentage of people in the population that have healthy immune systems decreases.

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation? Children who consume 3 cups of vitamin D-fortified milk daily develop stronger bones than children who drink fewer than 3 cups of vitamin D-fortified milk each day. When a population increases its daily consumption of whole-grain products, the population's frequency of daily bowel movements increases. As a population's dietary intake of beta-carotene increases, the population's tissue levels of vitamin A increase. Women who smoke 5 or more cigarettes each day during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to underweight babies than women who smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day during pregnancy.

Women who smoke 5 or more cigarettes each day during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to underweight babies than women who smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day during pregnancy.

A(n) _______ is a report of personal experiences. anecdote variable peer review hypothesis

anecdote

Scientists expect researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and _____ when selecting participants for research and collecting and analyzing data.

biases

Select all that apply Observational epidemiological research includes case-control studies. treatment groups. cohort studies.

case-control studies. cohort studies.

It is easier to ______. prove a hypothesis as being true than to verify one as being untrue disprove a hypothesis as being untrue than to verify one as true

disprove a hypothesis as being untrue than to verify one as true

A group of scientists would like to determine lifestyle factors that are associated with the development of asthma among American children. Based on this information, the researchers should design a(n) ________ study. in vivo double-blind conventional epidemiological

epidemiological

An anecdote ______ considered scientific evidence.

is not

The vitamin effective in treating pellagra is ascorbic acid. biotin. vitamin K. niacin.

niacin.

Select all that apply Epidemiologists often rely on ______ people to obtain health data clinical trials of surveys of physical examinations of

surveys of physical examinations of

What type of study has very few confounding variables? random controlled study scientific method observational study test tube studies

test tube studies

Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing the herbal supplement Hoodia for weight loss. Lotta Talent describes her own weight-loss successes with the supplement. Her endorsement is an example of a(n) ________. testimonial anecdote purport factoid

testimonial

The best term that describes a personal endorsement of a product is called a(n) _____ These endorsements are biased and often found in advertisements for various products.

testimonial

Phil is a participant in a study designed to examine the effects of taking a dietary supplement on muscle tissue development. Phil suspects he is in the experimental group, because he is certain his muscles are bigger and stronger as a result of taking the product supplied by the researchers. When the study is completed, Phil learns that he did not receive the dietary supplement. Phil thinks the researchers made a mistake—he is certain his muscle mass increased while he took the supplement. According to this information, Phil's belief that his physical condition improved while he participated in the study is an example of ________. the placebo effect an anecdotal report participant fatigue human subject bias

the placebo effect

double-blind study

"im a subject in this study. I can't tell if I am in the control group or treatment group, and the researchers do not know what group I am in either.

The type of domain used in a website's url can tell you what type of organization is behind the information contained on that website. Match the type of domain with the information found on each website. A nationally accredited university publishes highlights of a recent study about the effects of vegetable intake on risk of heart disease.

.edu

Which of the following sources of information features peer-reviewed articles? Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics CorrectMen's Health Magazine Nutrition and You: Health for Life National Geographic Magazine

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Claims That Sound Too Good to Be

Super berry diet will cure your weight loss problems- and no need for physical activity or cutting claories with this diet

Some funding sources of scientific research can have certain expectations or _____ about research outcomes, and as a result, are likely to finance studies of scientists whose research supports their interests. non-bias bias objectivity

bias

In a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time. bias case-controlled cohort experimental

cohort

A _____ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.

experiment

Placebo

"im a subject in this study, but I think the experimental pill that the researchers gave to me to take each day doesn't contain anything that reduces my risk of lung cancer"

Pellagra is an infectious disease. true false

true

Which of the following statements is true? A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings. The results of one study are usually enough to convince the majority of nutrition scientists to adopt new ideas about nutrition-related topics. Since 1995, nutrition information has undergone few updates, because scientists have discovered all of the nutrients and determined their functions. Dietary recommendations are generally based on the findings of one well-respected team of nutrition researchers.

A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings.

Which of the following statements is true? Control groups are not as important to nutrition-based research studies as they are to other types of research. Scientific studies to investigate the same question can have different findings. A single-blind experiment is one in which neither the investigator nor the subjects know which treatment group each participant is a part of in the study. When interpreting results of their studies, researchers generally seek to include some bias into their analyses.

Scientific studies to investigate the same question can have different findings.

Select all that apply Experimental epidemiological studies utilize a testimonial group. a treatment group. a placebo group. a control group.

a treatment group. a control group.

Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily. He advises his friends to take vitamin C supplements because, he claims, the vitamin protects him from cold viruses. His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an ________. in vivo report anecdote introspection in vitro assumption

anecdote

Generally, epidemiological studies ________. involve in vitro experimentation prove positive correlations establish causation without experimentation cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships

cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships

_____ is a disease that was widespread in the United States during the early 1900s. People with this disease dealt with weakness, diarrhea, skin rashes, and mental confusion.

pellagra

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

prospective

Medical researchers must be cautious when applying the results of in vivo animal research to people because of the physiological differences between humans and other animals. True False

true

An online advertisement for a weight-loss product includes before and after photos of a woman who supposedly lost 50 pounds in 3 weeks while taking the product. The bottom of the ad includes the statement, "Results are not typical." This statement is an example of a(n) ________. anecdote disclaimer placebo testimonial

disclaimer

Prior to publishing the results of an experiment, ______. the media are invited to critically analyze the findings the results and analysis are peer-reviewed by other subject-matter experts the results and analysis are synchronized with other experiments the study sponsors have a chance to weigh in on the findings

the results and analysis are peer-reviewed by other subject-matter experts

Researchers from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published? An editor of ScienceDaily.com who regularly reviews scientific journal articles to report the findings to the public An expert on soy isoflavones who works for the company that sponsored the research study A researcher from the University of Texas who specializes in breast cancer and who analyzed tumor biopsies for the study A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study

A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study

Select all that apply Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment? Scientists summarize the findings. Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. Scientists seek to publish the results in daily newspapers. Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis.

Scientists summarize the findings. Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis.

Avoiding research bias in studies is important to the development of objective, reliable information that can be used by the public. Check all of the situations that are likely to indicate research bias. A drug company that makes dietary supplements funds a study that indicated the health benefits of taking megadoses of vitamin C on a daily basis. An organization representing dairy farmers provides a monetary grant to a researcher who will study whether drinking three cups of milk per day promotes weight loss. A university research team with no ties to the poultry industry is studying whether individuals who eat chicken that has been injected with salt have higher blood pressure levels than people who eat chicken that has not been injected with salt. A soft drink producers' trade group funds a study to determine whether the removal of soft drink machines from schools negatively affects the number of extracurricular activities that are offered by administrators in those schools.

A drug company that makes dietary supplements funds a study that indicated the health benefits of taking megadoses of vitamin C on a daily basis. An organization representing dairy farmers provides a monetary grant to a researcher who will study whether drinking three cups of milk per day promotes weight loss. A soft drink producers' trade group funds a study to determine whether the removal of soft drink machines from schools negatively affects the number of extracurricular activities that are offered by administrators in those schools.

Which of the following statements is false? The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at websites has been peer-reviewed. Websites with .edu in their addresses often provide reliable nutrition information. In general, personal websites, such as blogs, are not reliable sources of nutrition information. When evaluating claims for dietary supplements that appear on a website, be wary of products that include promises for quick remedies.

The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at websites has been peer-reviewed.

Which of the following statements is false? Websites with .edu in their addresses often provide reliable nutrition information. When evaluating claims for dietary supplements that appear on a website, be wary of products that include promises for quick remedies. In general, personal websites, such as blogs, are not reliable sources of nutrition information. The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at websites has been peer-reviewed.

The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at websites has been peer-reviewed

Select all that apply What are some important questions to ask when evaluating the legitimacy of nutrition information? What motivates the authors? Does the author have reliable credentials? Is the nutrition blog popular, with many subscribers? Where does the information originate?

What motivates the authors? Does the author have reliable credentials? Where does the information originate?

Scientists conduct a study in which 100 adults with chronic diarrhea are divided into 2 groups with 50 people per group. One group is given a supply of yogurt that contains a certain kind of bacteria, and the other group is given yogurt that is bacteria-free. The study's participants and researchers do not know which group of subjects has the bacteria in the yogurt and which group does not. The scientists instruct the participants to eat the entire 8 ounces of yogurt once a day for a month and record their bowel habits. This is an example of a(n) ________ study. double-blind introspective hypothetical uncontrolled

double-blind

A researcher that studies the frequency of diabetes in Pacific Islanders, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic African-American adults is conducting _____ research. experimental epidemiology qualitative

epidemiology

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is referred to as ______. epidemiology a controlled study a double-blind study

epidemiology

The type of research conducted when an investigator measures the frequency of diabetes in different populations is termed _____ studies

epidemiology

The type of research conducted when an investigator measures the frequency of diabetes in different populations is termed _____ studies.

epidemiology

Nutrition scientists conduct _____ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices. independent en vivo experimental

experimental

A variable is a ______. way to analyze data from a research study factor that can change and influence an outcome of a study type of research study design

factor that can change and influence an outcome of a study

Prospective Cohort Study

Research team recruits a group of healthy people, and studies them for 10 years to determine if any dietary practice is associated with an increased or decreased risk of arthritis.

A physician named Joseph Goldberger discovered that the disease pellagra was related to bacteria. diet. carcinogens. hygiene.

diet.

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information? Multiple Choicestanford.edu dietsnomore4u.com eatright.org choosemyplate.gov

dietsnomore4u.com

An online advertisement for a weight-loss product includes before and after photos of a woman who supposedly lost 50 pounds in 3 weeks while taking the product. The bottom of the ad includes the statement, "Results are not typical." This statement is an example of a(n) ______ anecdote testimonial placebo disclaimer

disclaimer

Researchers would like to test their _____that taking megadoses of thiamin is an effective way to prevent mosquito bites.

hypothesis

The second step in the scientific method is developing a _____

hypothesis

A process that tests a hypothesis in order to generate a conclusion, which can be reported and then confirmed or refuted by additional studies, is called the _____ method

scientific

A(n) ______ is a factor, such as a person's age, weight, or environment, that can change and influence an outcome. placebo anecdote testimonial variable

variable

Hypothesis

"Scientists think that taking Vitamin D supplements regularly is an effective way to reduce the risk of lung cancer"

A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide ____ information. unbiased biased

biased

Case control study

Researchers match one person with arthritis to a similar person who does not have arthritis. The scientists collect and analyze information from the subjects including their food choices and use of diet supplements

The graph below shows the results of a 12-week study evaluating the effects of a substance found in breast milk, known as component X, on infection rates. This study was conducted in young mice and included a control (did not receive component X) and treatment group (received component X). Based on the study results presented in the graph, which of the following statements is/are true? Check all that apply. Component X had a protective effect, reducing risk for infection Component X actually increased risk for infection, thus disproving the hypothesis that it would be protective.Component X actually increased risk for infection, thus disproving the hypothesis that it would be protective. Component X did not appear to have any effect on infection rates.Component X did not appear to have any effect on infection rates. Further studies of component X should be conducted, including a larger sample size and possibly humans, as the preliminary findings were positive in the substance being protective against infection. A longer duration study is necessary as the results were non-significant and did not demonstrate either a protective or negative effect of component X on infection rates.

Component X had a protective effect, reducing risk for infection Further studies of component X should be conducted, including a larger sample size and possibly humans, as the preliminary findings were positive in the substance being protective against infection.

Which of the following is true about a case-control study? Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals who have similar characteristics who also has the health condition. Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

Select all that apply A control group is important for which of the following reasons? It allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect. It provides members with the treatment being tested. It is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment. It enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study.

It allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect. It is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment. It enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study.

Which of the following observations led Dr. Joseph Goldberger to hypothesize that pellagra was not an infectious disease, but a nutritional deficiency? check all that apply -Prison guards did not develop pellagra, even after they were exposed to inmates with the disease. Prison guards did not develop pellagra, even after they were exposed to inmates with the disease. -The disease caused scaly skin sores. The disease caused scaly skin sores. -Pellagra tended to occur among people whose diets were low in meat, milk, and fresh vegetables.

Prison guards did not develop pellagra, even after they were exposed to inmates with the disease. Prison guards did not develop pellagra, even after they were exposed to inmates with the disease. Pellagra tended to occur among people whose diets were low in meat, milk, and fresh vegetables.

Select all that apply Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment? Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. Scientists seek to publish the results in daily newspapers. Scientists summarize the findings. Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis.

Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. Scientists summarize the findings. Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis.

Which of the following statements is true? In the United States, only registered dietitian nutritionists can provide nutrition information. Pseudoscience is the scientific study of the causation and treatment of chronic diseases. The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution often protects people who spread nutrition misinformation. Registered dietitian nutritionists are not required to update their knowledge of nutrition and dietetics regularly.Incorrect

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution often protects people who spread nutrition misinformation.