DHN 101 Exam 2

What is the normal level of blood glucose levels that are not associated with diabetes or pre-diabetes?

70-100mg/dl, also referred to as normal fasting glucose

Which of the following statements is true? A saturated fat has a triple bond between two carbons in the hydrocarbon chain. A polyunsaturated fatty acid has two or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain. The omega end of a fatty acid molecule contains the acid group.

A polyunsaturated fatty acid has two or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

Tomas is studying his family's genealogy for an anthropology class. He interviews an uncle about the family's health history and learns that a number of family members have sickle cell anemia. It is safe to assume that:

Tomas' family members with sickle cell anemia have a defect in the structure of the protein chains of hemoglobin

CVD NON-risk factora

Total blood cholesterol=176, HDL ratio 3:1, blood triglyceride levels of 130

Foods high in phenylalanine

diet coke with aspartame, meat, milk, eggs

Fiber plays an important role in bowel health; a diet that is low in fiber leads to ____ stools

small, hard

True or false: Because animals store glycogen in their muscles, meat, fish, and poultry are good sources of carbs because you are eating the dead animal's stored glucose

False

True or false: Brandy's 7-year-old daughter was recently diagnosed with ADHD. According to scientific evidence, she should not feed her daughter any refined sugar products because sugar intake causes hyperactivity in children

False

Ghee is made of

heated butter

Fiber increases satiety which does what?

helps produce weight loss

Omega-6 essential fatty acids

increases the inflammatory response and clotting

What blood alcohol level is the standard for drunkenness in Canada and US?

.08

The RDA for protein is

.8 g/kg of body weight

At what level of blood glucose is diabetes diagnosed?

126 and greater

What is the adult/age 1-3 child RDA for carbs?

130 grams

Steps of lipid digestion/absorption

1. Large fat droplets enter Small Intestine 2. Bile salts emulsify fats into smaller particles, 3. Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monosaccharides 4.Monosaccharides and fatty acids are absorbed through villi and then reformed into triglycerides

Manufacturers often disguise the true weight of food products by altering the packaging so that it appears as if you are getting more for your money. A savvy shopper can maximize his or her food dollar by using unit pricing. Determine which box of cereal is the cheapest per oz:

18 oz box of raisin bran for $2.75

While at a party, Jenna drank 24 ounces of beer and 10 ounces of wine. Based on this information, her alcohol consumption was equivalent to ____ standard alcoholic drinks

4

Regina is trying to cut back on her fat intake to help reduce total calorie intake and promote gradual weight loss. If she follows an 1,800-kilocalorie meal plan and wants to achieve the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range recommendation for total fat (20 - 35% of calories), how many grams of fat per day should she be eating?

40-70 grams of fat per day

Tomas, a 24-year-old male, wants to estimate his protein needs based on the AMDR. The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that 10-35% of calories come from protein. If Tomas follows a 2,300-kilocalorie diet, approximately how many grams of protein per day should he consume

58-201 grams per day

If Tomas is a healthy 24-year-old male who weighs 166 pounds, approximately how many grams of protein per day should he have to promote protein equilibrium and meet the RDA for protein for a healthy adult? (One kilogram = 2.2 pounds).

60 grams of protein per day

Pearson's mother and father have type 2 diabetes. To reduce risk of this disease, Pearson should: A) avoid gaining excess weight B) consume a high-fiber diet C) exercise regularly

All of these are correct

Carlos has a family history of premature heart disease and stroke. To lower his risk of cardiovascular disease, Carlos should learn relaxation techniques to manage his emotional stress level. stop smoking cigarettes. lose excess body weight. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Following a victory, Regina's soccer coach takes the team out for a celebratory meal. A teammate orders French fries, noting that they must be healthy because the restaurant menu says they are fried in "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil. Which statement about "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil is correct?

All vegetable oil is cholesterol-free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods

What will happen as a result of untreated celiac disease?

Anemia, osteoporosis, liver disease and stunted growth

Proteins serve as

Antibodies, enzymes, and compounds that help maintain fluid & pH balance

Which measure of protein quality is based on how well and how quickly the body converts food protein into body tissue proteins?

Biological value

Carbs typically comprise the largest proportion of total daily calorie intake. Select all of the meals that contribute significantly to meeting carb needs

Bowl of chili with kidney beans, bowl of ice cream with fresh blueberries on top, bowl of whole wheat pasta with red sauce

Which of the following foods is a naturally rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids?

Canola oil

Which disease forms in result of poor absorption of nutrients from the small intestine?

Celiac disease

Contrary to popular belief, all of the alternative sweeteners approved for sale in the U.S. are safe for human consumption and have never been proven to be carcinogenic (cancer-causing) in humans. Of the following alternative sweeteners, which one is banned for sale in the U.S. because of controversial research that indicated the substance caused bladder cancer in mice?

Cyclamate

Brandy's dad has type 2 diabetes and recently purchased a book about low glycemic index diet that he believes will help improve his blood sugar control. What is the American Diabetes Association's recommendation regarding the glycemic index?

For diabetes management, the total amount of carbs consumed is more important than the GI of individual foods

Which of following fats is used for cooking in India?

Ghee

Which of the following carbs is in plain, fat-free milk?

Lactose

Are people with excess body fat more likely to develop type 1 diabetes than type 2?

No

What condition is associated with Blood glucose levels less than 70 mg/dl?

Hypoglycemia

10. Which of the following statements is true? In the United States, alcoholics have a high risk of protein-energy malnutrition. Kwashiorkor is a disease that affects babies while they are breastfeeding. Muscle enlargement is a major sign of kwashiorkor. Compared to children in other parts of the world, impoverished children in the United States have the highest risk of protein-energy malnutrition.

In the United States, alcoholics have a high risk of protein-energy malnutrition.

Which of the following statements is true? Foods that contain cholesterol should be avoided because the substance is toxic to human cells. LDL transports cholesterol to tissues. A diet that is high in saturated fat helps reduce high blood cholesterol levels. High levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with increased risk of heart disease.

LDL transports cholesterol to tissues.

_______ acid is an essential fatty acid.

Linoleic

Which element is part of protein structure but not part of lipid structure?

Nitrogen

Is a healthy person's hemoglobin A1c level greater than 7.5?

No, it should be around 5%

While walking through her neighborhood, Jenna was attacked by a large dog. Her adrenal glands responded to the frightening situation by releasing a large amount of epinephrine. Why did her body need epinephrine at this time? A) to increase level of B-vitamins in bloodstream B) to decrease the amount of fatty acids circulating through her liver C) to increase her body's stores of fat and protein

None of these are correct

Which of the following substances is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins?

Pepsin

In the United States, newborns are routinely screened for PKU. PKU is a disease characterized by the body's inability to metabolize the essential amino acid _____.

Phenylalanine

Which of the following amino acids is a dietary essential?

Phenylalanine

What diagnosis is associated with blood glucose levels of 100-125 mg/dl?

Pre-diabetes

The body uses essential fatty acids to make

prostaglandins

Enzymes, antibodies, and clotting compounds are made of what?

Protein

Which measure of protein quality considers how well the body converts food protein into body tissue and also the amino acid composition?

Protein Digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAA)

Which measure of protein quality measures the weight gain of growing laboratory animals in relation to a specific type of protein?

Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER)

1. The DNA needed for synthesis of a specific protein is transferred by mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm 2. Messenger RNA travels to ribosomes where mRNA code is read and translated to produce a specific protein 3. A polypeptide chain is created from amino acids added one at a time according to the mRNA instructions and brought to the chain by the tRNA 4. Polypeptide chain twists and folds into three-dimensional structure of the intended protein These are the steps to what synthesis?

Protein synthesis

CVD-- Risk factors

Risk factors: HDL chol = 31, elevated C-reactive protein levels, smoking, inactivity

Matching foods with lipid components

Saturated fats: beef, butter; Monosaturated fat: olive oil peanut butter; Polysaturated fat: safflower oil, fatty fish

In 2008 FDA approved a sweetener derived from a South African shrub called

Stevia

True or false: infants should not be fed honey because it may contain botulism spores?

True

True or false: people who drink soft drinks regularly may gain weight, especially if they do not reduce their intake of energy from solid foods?

True

To make dishes with complementary combinations, a consumer must know what?

Which plant foods are good sources of protein and which essential amino acids are limiting in plant foods.

Celiac disease is a condition characterized by poor intestinal absorption and intestinal destruction caused by certain dietary proteins. A person with celiac disease should avoid all of the following meals EXCEPT

a casserole made with quinoa

Amino acids have a number of common properties in their chemical structures, but each has a defining component. Match the name of the component of an amino acid with its role

a. Amino group → where nitrogen atom is contained b. R group → differs with each amino acid c. Carbon skeleton → can be converted into glucose and used for energy

Vegan, Lactovegetarian, and lactoovovegetarian diets

a. Vegan → oatmeal made with soy milk and blueberries b. Lactovegetarian → whole wheat toast with melted cheese and a glass of orange juice c. Lactoovovegetarian → omelet made with two eggs, shredded cheese, and peppers

The majority of Americans with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, formerly called ______

adult-onset diabetes

Insulin does what?

allows cells to take in glucose, decreasing blood glucose levels

Protein is unique because it is the only macronutrient that has a nitrogenous component as part of its chemical makeup. When the carbon skeletons of amino acids are metabolized to produce glucose or fat, ammonia is the resulting product. What happens to ammonia?

ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine

Digestible carbs

amylose, amylopectin, glycogen

Foods low in phenylalanine

apples, green beans, french fries, regular coke

The alternative sweetener that is made by combining the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid is called

aspartame

Regina is a 22-year-old college student who plays on her school's soccer team. Her coach invited a registered dietitian to talk to the team about sports nutrition. The RD recommended minimizing trans fatty acids from processed and packaged foods, but she explained that some trans fats do occur naturally. What foods have naturally occurring trans fatty acids?

beef, whole milk, and butter

1 serving of alcoholic beverages:

beer: 12oz, wine: 5oz, liquor: 1.5oz

Amylase does what?

begins breakdown of starch in mouth

Sucrose does what?

breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose

Lactase does what?

breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose

Maltase does what?

breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose

Which of the fats contains lactose?

butter

Indigestible carbs

cellulose, gums, pectins, and mucilages

High quality, complete proteins

chicken, egg, whey

Fats in order from lowest to highest fatty acids

coconut oil, butter, palm oil, olive oil, canola oil

A low-fiber diet and the lack of water in fecal matter can cause ______.

constipation

Things that will denature protein

cooking a piece of meat, beating an egg vigorously, and adding acid to a protein-containing food

Gluten-free foods

corn, rice, processed soy

Unsaturated fatty acids:

decrease blood levels of cholesterol and are liquid at room temp

If age, weight and gender are the same, a sporadic drinker and a chronic drinker with blood alcohol levels of .10 will have

different physical effects

Pancreatic amylase

digests starch in the small intestine

High pressure inside the large intestine during bowel movements can cause small pouches called ______ to protrude through the intestinal wall.

diverticula

When these pouches are painfully inflames, the condition is known as _____

diverticulitis

If pouches in the large intestine exist without painful symptoms, the condition is known as _____

diverticulosis

Individuals with type 1 diabetes

do not produce insulin

Lisa is a 19-year-old college student who recently began experiencing symptoms of lactose intolerance. Select all dietary practices that can help her meet her calcium needs without aggravating her lactose intolerance symptoms.

eat hard cheeses and yogurt, drink low-lactose or lactose-treated milk, drink calcium-fortified soy milk, and take lactase pills before eating or drinking dairy foods

You go to your next class, but because you're so full from lunch, you doze off. You awake to your classmate poking you in the arm as you realize the teacher is calling your name to answer a question. With your heart racing, your body now releases _____, which increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.

epinephrine

Regina is concerned that her dad is at high risk for having cardiovascular disease because her paternal grandfather died of a heart attack. Her father smokes, is overweight, and also has type 2 diabetes. Which of Regina's father's cardiovascular disease risk factors is not modifiable? Check all that apply:

family history of cardiovascular disease

If a diet does not provide adequate carbs to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbs can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the byproducts of partial breakdown of

fat

Most lipids have _____ in their chemical structures.

fatty acids

How does gender affect a person's tolerance to alcohol?

females have a lower tolerance

Low quality, incomplete proteins

gelatin, garbanzo beans, rice

The type of diabetes that may occur during pregnancy is called _______. Women who have this condition are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes after giving birth.

gestational diabetes

After a late night, you overslept this morning and woke up late for class. In a rush to leave the house, you failed to eat breakfast. A few hours later, with an empty stomach, your blood pressure drops. This prompts your pancreas to release _____ to stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose.

glucagon

In the human intestinal tract, cooked rice is broken down into ____ molecules that can be absorbed.

glucose

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

If excessive straining occurs during defecation, the anal veins can swell, causing _______

hemorrhoids

A vegetarian diet differs from a traditional animal-based diet in that a vegetarian diet is:

higher in dietary fiber than a traditional animal-based diet

Soluble fiber slows digestion and minimizes dramatic swings in blood glucose and

improves diabetes management

After eating a meal, blood sugar levels

increase

Trans fatty acids

increase blood cholesterol, LDL, and inflammation and are created when unsaturated fats acids are partially hydrogenated

Saturated fatty acids

increase blood levels of cholesterol and are usually solid at room temperature

Betty is constipated; she generally has bowel movements only twice a week. To help relieve her constipation without taking medications, Betty should

increase her intake of foods that contain insoluble fiber.

A child living in a developing country with high rates of malnutrition is at risk for developing protein-energy malnutrition. If this child consumes insufficient dietary protein, what is the physiological consequence?

insufficient dietary protein intake inhibits the body's ability to make immune antibodies, some hormones, and enzymes

After morning class, with your stomach growling, you stagger to the cafeteria and devour a large pasta entrée for lunch. Following this meal, your blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases _____ in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells.

insulin

The major type of diabetes is characterized by _____

insulin resistance

Approximately 5-10% of diabetes cases are type 1 diabetes, formerly called _____

juvenile-onset diabetes

Chronic alcohol abuse increases the risk of

liver cancer

Gluten-containing foods

macaroni, graham crackers, wheat germ

Disaccharides

maltose, sucrose, and lactose

Insoluble fiber increases stool bulk and increases regularity which

promotes colon health

In a person with type II diabetes, the blood sugar level remains high after a meal because

muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal

Bernard has been suffering from a viral infection for over a week. As a result of the illness, he has a fever and has lost his appetite. Based on this information, his body is in ____ nitrogen balance.

negative

Victoria is 92 years of age. Recently, she experienced a viral infection that has made her weak and lose interest in eating. Based on this information, Victoria is in

negative nitrogen balance

Every amino acid has _____ in its chemical structure

nitrogen

The less common form of diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in ______

no pancreatic insulin

Roberta is 25 years of age, healthy, and pregnant. Based on this information, her body is in ____ nitrogen balance

postive

Glucagon

raises blood glucose levels

To tenderize a piece of thin cut of raw meat before cooking it, place the meat in a marinade that contains

red wine

Omega-3 essential fatty acids

reduce inflammation responses, blood clotting, and triglyceride levels

Blood levels of triglycerides are borderline high when they are 150-199 mg/dl and are considered high at levels above 200 mg/dl. What dietary and lifestyle modifications can be made to reduce high triglyceride levels?

reduce refined carb and sweet intake, reduce alcohol intake, lose weight

Fiber reduces cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion which

reduces cardiovascular disease

Things that won't denature protein

refrigerating a glass of milk, exposing a piece of cheese to air, and soaking lentils in water

You would like to make chicken soup for a friend who has celiac disease. To make the soup according to the recipe, you need to cook chicken, celery, onions, barley, salt, pepper, bay leaf, and carrots in a large amount of water. Based on this information, how can you make the soup safe for your friend to eat?

replace the barley with rice

Tomas is babysitting his neighbor's four-month-old child who has just begun to eat solid foods. He knows that the protein in certain types of foods is particularly allergenic and should not be introduced early into a child's diet. Which food is the safest option for Tomas to offer the baby if he wants to minimize any potential problems with food allergies?

rice cereal made with water

In the US the artificial sweetener _____ has been used for over 100 years

saccharin

The alternative sweetener _____ is made by chemically modifying a sucrose molecule so it escapes digestion and absorption

sucralose

Nonnutritive sweeteners

sucralose & Acesulfame-K

Nutritive sweeteners

sugar, corn syrup, polydextrose, maltodextrin, & sorbitol

What functions of the body are most obviously affected by alcohol?

those controlled by the brain

Eating a diet high in trans fatty acids has been shown to increase circulating levels of LDL. Why do food manufacturers use trans fatty acids like partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in packaged and processed foods?

trans fatty acids inc a foods shelf-life

Lucy has a disease that affects the functioning of her pancreas. Based on this information, she may have difficulty digesting proteins because of a lack of

trypsin

Foods high in protein from greatest to least:

tuna, peanut butter, eggs, bananas

April wants to add _____ to her salad, because the food is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fats.

walnuts

Alcohol will go any place in the body that

water goes