DHN212 EXAM 2

Which of the following amino acids can be made by the human body?

Alanine

________ involves metabolic reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones.

Anabolism

Which of the following forms of metabolism releases the lower amount of energy in the cell?

Anaerobic metabolism

The greatest storage site for potential energy in the average healthy adult is ________.

adipose cell triglycerides

Compared to most unsaturated fatty acids, a trans fatty acid ________.

has at least one double bond with hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain at the position of the double bond

John has three alcoholic drinks per day, he is classified as a ________.

heavy drinker

Fat cells contain the enzyme ________, which facilitates the process of lipolysis.

hormone sensitive lipase

Which of the following grains does NOT contain gluten?

millet

Bernard has been suffering from a viral infection for over a week. As a result of the illness, he has a fever and has lost his appetite. Based on this information, his body is in ________ nitrogen balance.

negative

The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a ________.

peptide bond

Through the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of ________.

pyruvate

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons bonded together. All of the carbon atoms in the chain are connected by single bonds. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a(n) ________ fatty acid.

saturated

The ________ gland produces the primary hormone that controls the metabolic rate.

thyroid

The primary function of adipocytes is ________.

triglyceride storage

A team of food scientists wants to develop a formula diet for newborns that is a nutritionally complete food that replaces human milk. To support normal infant development, the formula must have ________ as an ingredient.

tryptophan

The typical vegetarian diet supplies high amounts of ________.

vitamin C

Which of the following alcohol-containing beverages contains approximately the same amount of alcohol that is in two 12-ounce bottles of beer?

10 ounces of red wine

Lily is 22 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, protein should comprise ________% of her total energy intake.

10 to 35

Katrina is 20 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, what is her range of protein intake?

180 to 630 kcal/day

What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis?

2

Amanda consumes approximately 2500 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines (2015-2020), she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than ________ kcal/day.

250

________ is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules.

Glycogenolysis

The average 170 lb male would achieve a BAC of 0.08 after consuming approximately ________ standard alcoholic drinks per hour on an empty stomach.

4-5

If a person's RDA for protein is 65 g, they weigh approximately ________ kg.

82

Which of the following statements is true? Multiple Choice The omega end of a fatty acid molecule is the acid portion of the molecule. A fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms. Correct Most fatty acids in food are water soluble. A fatty acid is a polymer of glucose molecules.

A fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.

Dallas, a healthy, active teenager, was diagnosed with PKU when he was only a few days old. In addition to foods that are manufactured to be low in phenylalanine, which of the following foods can he eat to meet his protein needs safely?

Baked potatoes

_______ is a chemical pathway involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid and occurs in the mitochondria.

Beta-oxidation

_______ is necessary to assist in the passing of fatty acids through the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of beta-oxidation.

Carnitine

________ is necessary to assist in the passing of fatty acids through the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of beta-oxidation.

Carnitine

Which of the following statements is true? Multiple Choice Proteins are a major component of starch molecules. All hormones are proteins. Protein is the primary energy source for the human body. Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream. Correct

Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream.

________ is a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver leading to its irreversible damage.

Cirrhosis of the liver

Which catabolic hormone is made in the adrenal glands and is often called the "stress hormone?"

Cortisol

Which of the following foods is often responsible for causing an allergic response in susceptible persons?

Crab

_______ is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules.

Glycogenolysis

Which of the following statements is true? Multiple Choice In the United States, teenagers have the greatest risk of protein-energy malnutrition. Edema is a major sign of protein-energy malnutrition. Correct Compared to children in other parts of the world, impoverished children in the United States have the highest risk of protein-energy malnutrition. Protein-energy malnutrition affects babies while they are breastfeeding.

Edema is a major sign of protein-energy malnutrition.

________ is an enzyme that detoxifies alcohol in the stomach.

Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase

________ is the formation of ketone bodies in liver cells from the excess of acetyl CoA produced.

Ketogenesis

Which of the following statements describes lactic acid?

Lactic acid is made under anaerobic conditions.

________ acid is an essential fatty acid.

Linoleic

Which of the following is considered an essential amino acid?

Methionine

ATP synthesis occurs in which of the following organelles?

Mitochondrion

________ is a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

Niacin

Which of the following foods is a high-protein snack that can replace a snack that contains animal protein?

Peanut butter on crackers

Karen has type 1 diabetes, and she often forgets to administer insulin to herself. Why does her breath usually have a fruity odor?

She has hyperglycemia, which results in ketosis as her body catabolizes an excessive amount of fatty acids.

Leona is making lemon pudding from "scratch." Her ingredients include fat-free milk, cornstarch, lemon juice, egg yolks, salt, sugar, and butter. When she added some of the ingredients together, little clumps formed in the mixture before she could heat it. What happened to those ingredients?

The acid in the lemon juice denatured the milk proteins.

Which of the following substances is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins?

Trypsin

What vitamin is necessary as part of the coenzyme that facilitates transamination and deamination reactions?

Vitamin B-6

Proteins ________.

are comprised of amino acids

Metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones are classified as ________.

catabolic

Series of specific chemical reactions in the cell are known as ________.

chemical pathways

The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called ________.

coenzymes

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with abnormal blood urea nitrogen?

colon cancer

A dipeptide is formed when two amino acids bond through a ________ reaction.

condensation

A/an ________ amino acid is one that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions.

conditionally essential

A person suffering from celiac disease must avoid ________.

consuming foods that contain gluten

Consuming too much protein or excess amino acids can contribute to ________.

dehydration

Which of the following foods is naturally a good source of high-quality protein?

fat free milk

An amino acid does not contain a(n) ________.

fatty acid group

Digestion of protein begins in the ________.

stomach

Energy is defined as ________.

the capacity to perform work

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids?

Avocado

During glucose catabolism, pyruvate is produced during which of the following metabolic pathways?

Glycolysis

Anisah follows a vegetarian diet that includes milk and milk products and eggs, but no other animal foods. What type of vegetarian diet is Anisah following?

Lactoovovegetarian

Which of the following statements about lipids is true?

Lipids dissolve in organic solvents, such as alcohol and acetone.

________ can be broken down through the process of glycogenolysis to help replenish a person's blood glucose levels.

Liver glycogen

Bernard recently started following a vegan diet. What is a possible disadvantage to following such a diet?

Low intake of certain minerals, including zinc, iron, and calcium

________ is a component of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).

Vitamin B-6

During beta-oxidation, fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon molecules that are converted into ________.

acetyl CoA

The citric acid cycle is a/an ________ process.

aerobic

A large quantity of ATP molecules is produced during ________.

aerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell

Albert is a healthy, 23-year-old college student. He would like to know more about his risk of cardiovascular disease, so he can take preventive measures, if they are necessary. Albert should ________.

have a lipoprotein profile performed on a sample of his blood

Don recorded his food intake for a week and then used a computerized dietary analysis program to analyze his diet. According to the results of the analysis, his average daily saturated fat intake was 5% of total calories and his average daily unsaturated fat intake was 12% of total calories. Based on this information, his total fat intake is ________ the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.

below

Gluten contains a peptide called ________ that, in those with celiac disease, can enter the intestinal mucosa and activate the immune system. This then contributes to the destruction of villi and resultant inflammation.

gliadin

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors including glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and most amino acids is called ________.

gluconeogenesis

Following the release of lactate into the bloodstream, liver cells remove the lactate from the bloodstream and recycle it into ________ through the Cori Cycle.

glucose

A fasting blood HDL cholesterol level of ________ is considered desirable for healthy women.

greater than 50 mg/dL

Compared to a triglyceride molecule, an amino acid molecule ________.

has nitrogen in its chemical structure

The synthesis of fatty acids is known as ________.

lipogenesis

The ________ is the primary site for nonessential amino acid production in humans.

liver

A child with protein-energy malnutrition has a high risk of dying from ________.

measles