Diaz Final

Balfour Declaration

British Foreign secretary wrote letter to Jew to support homeland for them in exchange for support against Turks, vague and works Jews assume it is a promise and Arabs view it as betrayal

William Pitt

British Prime Minister ______ won the French and Indian war.~~https://o.quizlet.com/pvjWiUU.CUkzQHD6B6Lbnw_m.png

Sir Robert Walpole

British Prime minister. Took over the British government from 1676-1725. He was able to cooperate with House of Commons and set peace within Britain. Spread British foreign trade to India and promoted the status-quo at home.

Boer War

British and descendants of Dutch(afrikanors or boers) both settled in South Africa, went to war over control of gold and diamond trade, ultimately British win and form union of south Africa

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Anti-Corn League

British group of working-class people and middle-class manufacturers; wanted lower prices and economic liberalism

Battle of Somme

British launch massive strike at River Somme, French and British take 6 miles of worthless territory, all sides have major casualties

Herbert Spencer (British)

British philosopher, advocate for evolutionary ethics. Believed human society progresses through competition.

Margaret Thatcher

British prime minister wanted to make British economy more efficient and competitive through privatization of industries and cutting the power of trade unions

Conrad Grebel

The father of Anabaptism. Performed the first adult rebaptism in Zurich.

Thomas Hobbes

The father of absolutism and writer of Leviathan. He portrayed people as deceitful and flawed fok who needed a rule with dictatorial power to live and prosper.

Charles "Turnip" Townsend

This British agricultural reformer instituted crop rotation, using wheat, turnips (his nickname), barley, and clover. This new system replaced the fallow field one.

Act of Uniformity

This act mandated a revised version of the second "Book of Common Prayer" for every English parish.

Act of Supremacy

This act repealed all the anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor and asserted Elizabeth's right as "supreme governor" over both spiritual and temporal affairs.

Peace of Augsburg

This agreement recognized that the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land.

Parliament Act of 1911

This allowed the House of Commons to override the legislative veto of the upper chambers in Britain.

Lausanne Conference

This conference in 1932 ended the era of reparations; debts to US paid in small tokens or through default

Public Health Act of 1875

This consolidated previous legislation on sanitation and reaffirmed the duty of the state to interfere with private property to protect health and physical well-being.

January Edict

This edict allowed Protestant in France to worship outside towns publicly and privately inside them.

Peace of Saint-Germain-en Laye

This ended the 3rd war of religion allowed Protestants full religious freedoms within their territories and the right to fortify their cities.

Christine de Pisan

This famous noblewoman wrote "The City of Ladies."

Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

Concordat of 1801

This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power

Ten Articles

This made mild concessions to Protestant tenets, otherwise maintaining Catholic doctrine in England.

Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931).

Inter-War Poland

Restored after 130 years of being ruled by its neighbors, nationalism was not sufficient to overcome regional differences. In 1926 Marshal Josef Pilsudski (1867-1935) carried out a coup.

Raphael

Revered by art historians for his masterpiece "The School of Athens," this talented painter's premature death cut short his promising artistic career.

Reign of Terror

Revolutionary courts set up to prosecute internal enemies of the revolutionary republic, during Reign of Terror close to 40,000 people were killed, including Marie Antoinette and Olympe de Gouges; made the guillotine notorious

Kulaks

Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class.

Letters of Obscure Men

Rising from the Reuchlin Affair, this piece was a merciless satire of monks and Scholastics to which von Hutten contributed.

Ceausescu

Romanian leader, ruthless, anti-revolutionist so the people end up killing him

Yalta Conference (February 1945)

Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin meet to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into post-war zones of occupation. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula, as well as Korea and Manchuria.

Napoleon III

Ruled France. He had two different leadership styles and periods: authoritarian empire and liberal empire separated by the year 1860.

Ivan the Terrible

Ruled from 1533-1584. Created intolerable living conditions within Russia. The people disliked him and gave him the title "the Terrible".

Prince Leopold

Ruler of Spain after Isabella II. He was supported by Prussia. He renounced his claim to the throne in an attempt to stop French and Prussian fighting.

Gregory Plekhanov

Russian Marxist. His chief disciple was Lenin.

Barshchina

Russian landlords could demand as many as six days a week of labor, known as this, from the serfs.

Peter the Great

Russian monarch who ruled from 1682-1725. He sought to reconstruct and westernize Russia any way possible. He built his capital, St. Petersburg as a "window to the west".

Duma

Russian parliament after the Revolution of 1905. It was a representative body out in place by Nicholas II.

Mirs

Russian peasants didn't own their own land individually but through the ___, or villages.

Putin

Russian president that was elected after Yeltsin retired

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Russian railway system which was completed in 1903. It was 5,000 miles long.

Putin

Russian statesman chosen as president of the Russian Federation in 2000.

P.A. Stolypin

Russian who replaced Witte. He sought to repress rebellion, remove some causes of revolt, and rallying property owners behind the Czar. In 1906 he cancelled all payments peasants owned the government in hopes they would assume individual proprietorship of the land they farmed. They did not.

Francisco de Cisneros

Spanish leader of the Protestant Reformation wrote the "Complutensian Polygot Bible."

Goya

Spanish painter well known for his portraits and for his satires (1746-1828)

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

Cheka

Secret police set up by Lenin-arrested "enemies of the revolution".

Aztecs

Settled in Mexico. A violent civilization that was ultimately conquered by Cortes.

Electors

Seven of these made up the Reichstag along with the non-electoral princes and the 65 imperial free cities in the Holy Roman Empire.

Elizabeth I

She helped England recover from the bellicose reign of Mary I, her successor. She firmly established Protestantism, encouraged English enterprise and commerce, and took a strong stand against Spain.

Emmeline Pankhurst

She led a radical group of British feminists. Her and her daughters, Christabel and Sylvia, founded the Women's Social and Political Union. The followers were known as suffragettes. Unable to get women the right to vote, they turned to violent tactics.

Millicent Fawcett

She led the moderate National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies in Britain. She believed Parliament would grant women the vote only if they were convinced they would be respectable and responsible in their political activity. She use tactics similar to English liberals.

Feminism

Simone de Beauvoir wrote The Second Sex, exploring the differences being a women made in her life, feminist journals published - starting in the 1970's, emphasis in movement in women controlling their own lives, some women financially felt they had to go to work, women go to work when their children are old enough to go to school, women go back to work after their children have grown, women have less children and have children later in life so there is an increase in the work force,many of the nations have shown little concern for women's issues, economic difficulties in the region limited the amount health and welfare programs

Kleindeutsch

Small German solution to unification.

Carbonari

"Charcoal burners" The most famous romantic republican society.

Blitzkreig

"Lightning warfare", a new style of attack used by the Germans that employed fast-moving, massed armored columns supported by airpower. This type of attack was used when the Germans invaded Poland.

Glasnot

"Openess", aimed to open Soviet society by introducing free speech and some political liberty, ending party censorship. This is a huge break with the past and very successful. (Basically is no longer communsim).

Maximilien Robespierre

"The incorruptible"; the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue., Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror.~~https://o.quizlet.com/c-haKGbNaUPeby9rdSxodw_m.jpg

Italia Irredenta

"Unredeemed Italy" wanted to liberate this by gaining Trent and Trieste under Italian control.

Kulturkampf

"cultural struggle"; Bismarck had gained state control of education and civil laws governing marriage only at the price of provoking Catholic resentment against the German state. The conflict between the Roman Catholic Church and the government of the German Empire in the 1870s.

Thomas Cromwell

(1485-1540) Became King Henry VII's close advisor following Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary Thomas Cranmer convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant.

Hobbes

(1588-1679) Cynic philosopher who was a contemporary of Descartes, Galileo, and Harvey. His "dark view of humanity" caused him see existence as a mundane activity that human beings experience for their own self-interest, no higher moral purpose. He believed in absolute authority either in the form of a monarch or legislature. He was greatly persecuted for his refusal to recognize the authority of the Church. His numerous works include a translation of Thucydides' "History of the Peloponesian War" and "Leviathon" (1651).

Spinoza

(1632-1677) Dutch Jewish philosopher heavily influenced by the scientific revolution. His writings reflected a belief of rational superiority compared to religious beliefs. This set a future example of secular Judaism.

Iasaac Newton

(1642-1727) Influential physicist and philosopher. His belief in an "ordered universe governed by distinct laws" were used later by the philosophes, including Voltaire, to promote their agenda of reform and education.

Antoine Watteau

(1687-1753) Bavarian architect and Rococo style artist that constructed the Imperial Hall in Bavaria.

Francois Boucher

(1700-1770) Rococo painter employed by Louis XIV to paint Madame Pompadour and his other mistresses.

Diderot

(1713-1783) Co-author of the "Encyclopedia" in 1772. This extensive collection of knowledge was a jewel for the philosophes and furthered the greatest frame of reference ever seen before in Western Europe.

Adam Smith

(1723-1790) Economist and important writer for the Enlightenment. His work "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Weath of Nations" (1776). This work expressed that economic liberty was the foundation of a natural economic system, and that mercantilism should be abolished.

Immanuel Kant

(1724-1804) Philsophe and German philosopher of the Enlightenment. Wrote "Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone" in 1793 to promote religious devoton alongside the growing awareness of "man's emergence from his self-imposed nonage: Kant's definition of the Enlightenment.

Beccaria

(1738-1794) Italian aristocrat and philosophe. Wrote "On Crimes and Punishment" in which he argued for making punishments just and equal to the crime committed. His philosophy focused on bringing the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people.

Jacques-Louis David

(1748-1825) French Neoclassical painter who used ancient republican themes to emphasize the corrruption of the French government of the eighteenth century. His work "Oath of the Horatii" portrays the separate spheres for mena nd women.

Jeremy Bentham

(1748-1832) A utilitarianist thinkier who sought to create codes of scientific law that were founded on the principle of utility=greatest happiness for the greatest number.

Madame de Stail

(1766-1817) The daughter of Jacques Necker, the friend of French political liberals, but more importantly, the author of the book "Concerning Germany", in which she essentially brought the Romantic movement from Germany to France and the English-speaking world. In "Concerning Germany", she sets forth the case for all the new literature based upon the Middle Ages, ties it to religious revival, and praises it as a wonderful thing.

Directory

(1795-1799) - The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power.

Treaty of Tilsit

(1807) Agreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces.

Nicholas I

(1825-1855) Russian Tsar that succeeced Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he greatly feared them.

Leon Trotsky

(1879-1940) organized the Red Army to suppress both internal and foreign opposition. White Russian opposition could not get properly organized.

Joseph Stalin

(1879-1953), general secretary of the party, Faction. Lenin had criticized both before his death, but especially Stalin. His position of general secretary allowed him to amass bureaucratic and administrative power. Manipulated intraparty rivalries, Backed Nikolai Bukharin (1888-1938) in his battle with Trotsky over rapid industrialization, Also opposed Trotsky's position on worldwide revolution, He was thus able to eventually have Trotsky humiliated and exiled by 1929.

Battle of Stalingrad

(1942) World War II battle between invading German forces and Soviet defenders for control of this city on the Volga River. Russians lose more men than Americans lost in the whole war. Hitler loses his whole army because he would not listen to his generals and refused to retreat. Germany's defeat marked turning point of the Russian campaign. Thereafter, the Americans provided material help. An increase in Russian production allows the Soviet Union to gain and keep offensive.

Korean War

(1950-1953) The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Great Depression

(HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Maria Theresa

(r. 1740-1780) Queen of the Hapsburg Empire and mother of Joseph II of Austria. She is considered an "englightened despot" and wished to acknowledge social reform within her kingdom. However, her political motives spoke out stronger than her moral conscience and her primary goal was to maintain the integrity of Hapsburg landholdings as evidenced in the Austrian War of Succession.

Joseph II of Austria

(r. 1765-1790) Son of Maria Theresa and ruler that governened with a rational and impersonal attitude. Another enlightened despot that wished to better the lives of his subjects. However his good intentions led to little action and set Hungary and the Austrian Netherlands into a number of rebellions.

Chernobyl

- 1986 disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor, USSR - Radioactive fallout spread across Europe; many casualties; Soviet government had to relocated tens of thousands of people - brought new importance to the environmentalist debate (German Green Movement, etc); proved that environmental disasters have international effects - Eastern and Western governments begin to respond to environmental issues

Christian Democratic Parties

- After the onset of the Cold War, these parties replaced the democratic socialist parties in introducing new policies. - Usually Roman Catholic in leadership, progressive, welcomed non-Catholic members (as opposed to previous Catholic parties in Europe, which had been conservative and protected only the interests of the Church). - Pro-democracy, social reform, economic growth; anti-communism

William B. Beveridge

- British economist, social reformer - In 1942, publicized post-WWII concept that social insurance against predictable risks was a social right that should be available to all citizens - This appealed to conservatives and socialists—they liked how this concept would supposedly prevent income from being distributed from one part of the population to the other - Contributed to the drive for creating welfare states (Britain was the first, under the Clement Attlee of the Labour Party).

Pope John Paul II

- Elected 1978, Polish cardinal - maintained traditional doctrines: authority of papacy, attempts to limit experimentation in Christian religions - blatantly opposed communism: lent support to Solidarity in Poland; his Polish origins contributed to his becoming an important factor in the popular resistance to communist governments that developed in Eastern Europe during the 1980's --> Newfound importance of church and state - He saw that there were many Christians in non-Western world, so he created more cardinals for these non-Western nations --> recognized/ encouraged idea of Christianity as a world religion

The National Front

- Extreme right-wing group led by Jean-Marie Le Pen, founded 1972. - Decolonization caused many non-Europeans to migrate to Europe from its former colonies. This contributed to social tension and conflict (with the growing Muslim presence in Europe, in particular). - European economic growth was also a factor: a labor shortage developed after WWII. - Le Pen sought to exploit the resentment of many working-class voters toward North African immigrants. - He almost won the French presidency. - These struggles are echoed throughout Europe.

Louis XVI

- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Margaret Thatcher

- Of the British Conservative Party, Prime Minister of Britain 1979-1990, very controversial. - Known as the "Iron Lady" of British politics. - Cut taxes, sought to reduce inflation, reduce amount of socialist policies that Britain had adopted since WWII, curbed power of the trade unions. - Goal: to make the British economy more efficient and competitive. - Known as the "Thatcher Revolution", the British Labour Party largely accepted her policies (over time).

Liberal Theology

- Paul Tillich (German-American theologian, 19th-20th century) = a strong proponent: he sees religion as more of a human phenomenon than a divine one (as opposed to Barth; see "Neo-Orthodoxy"); evidence of the divine must be found in human nature and culture. - Rudolf Bultmann (19th-20th century) focuses on matters of naturalism and supernaturalism. - C.S. Lewis (19th-20th century): British writer, attracted millions of readers during/ after WWII. Layman, scholar of medieval literature, expresses his thoughts through letters/ short stories. The Screwtape Letters is his most famous work.

Neo-Orthodoxy

- Post-WWI, the name for Karl Barth's (Swiss Pastor) theology (1919), the most important Christian response to WWI. - Published A Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans; emphasized omnipotence of God and humankind's dependence on Him. God = wholly un-human. - He returns to Luther's Reformation theology (so, Protestant), but very much influenced by Kierkegaard (see "Existentialism"): he thinks that the best testimony to the truth of Luther's theology is the life experience of men and women, which emphasizes humanity's need for God. - Challenged 19th-century writing about human nature (pre-WWI, that human nature is closer to the divine) - Very influential throughout the West during a time of new disasters and suffering.

Saddam Hussein

- Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

What is Property?

...

estate

1789: Called by Louis XVI, first meeting in many years. First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (nobility), Third Estate (peasants). First and Second Estates locked out Third Estate, so Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly and vowed to make a new Constitution

Treaty of Amiens

1802, between France and Great Britain (Second Coalition had already ended at the Treaty of Luneville, 1801). This treaty settled peace with GB. For short period then, 1802 to 1803, there was peace - the only period of peace between 1792 and 1814, when no European power was at war with another.

Greek Revolt

1821-1832, Greeks revolted against their Ottoman Turkish masters, Greek nationalism added to the struggle for liberation, first viewed as negative, later a noble cause European sentiment for the Greeks' struggle, European powers avoided the situation until 1827 when British and French forces defeated an Ottoman fleet, Russia attacked the Ottoman provinces: Moldavia and Wallachia in 1828.

Crimean War

1853-1856. Russia wanted to control Ottomam provinces Moldavia and Walachia and to protect Orthodox Christians. The Ottomans declared war on Russia. France and Britain sided with the Ottomans. This is the first war to have news coverage. The Treaty of Paris

October Diploma

1860 issued by Francis Joseph. Created a federation among the states and provinces of the empire. Intended to have local diets dominated by landed classes and a single imperial parliament. Magyar nobility rejected this.

Danish War

1864. The Danish parliament moved to incorporate both duchies (Schleswig-Holstein) into Denmark. Prussia and Austria stopped German forces seeking to stop the Duchies joining Denmark. Austria ruled Holstein and Prussia ruled Schleswig afterwards.

Austro-Prussian War

1866. Tensions occurred in Schleswig and Holstein. Austrians wanted aid from German confederation but it would have violated the 1864 alliance. Italy gets Venetia indirectly from Austria. Prussia is the only major power among German states.

Nuremburg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood

George W. Bush

1946 - 43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Israeli State

1948, when israel was given land to become an independent state

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved

Denete

1970s: USA and USSR try and lower tensions by releasing SALT treaty lowering number of nukes; nixon visits china.

Fall of Saigon

1975 Marked the end of the Vietnam War in April, [1975] when North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam, forcing all Americans left to flee in disarray as the capitol was taken

Reagan

40th republican with a strong anti-communist view. influenced fall of communism. talked with Gorbachev to end Cold War

Treaty of Dover

A "secret" treaty arranged by the French and English, were they allied up against the Dutch in 1670.

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Manuel Chrysoloras

A Byzantine scholar who opened the world of Greek scholarship to a generation of young Italian humanists when he taught at Florence.

Nicolas Copernicus

A Polish astronomer who published "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres." Refuted the theory of a geocentric universe in favor of a heliocentric one.

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults should be baptized. Critical of the institution of marriage.

John Knox

A Scottish religious reformer and founder of Presbyterianism in Scotland. Wrote "First Blast ofthe Trumpet Against the Terrible Regiment of Women" tp provoke a revolt against Mary Tudor. IT was published in the year of Elizabeth's coronation; Elizabeth thought it was against her and she never truly forgave him.

The City of Ladies

A chronicle of the accomplishments of the great women of history. Written by Christine de Pisan.

Popular Front

A coalition of all left-wing parties which had been established by July 1935. Its purpose was to preserve the republic and press for social reform.

War of the Roses

A conflict between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The Tudors emerged as victors and rulers of England.

Peninsular War

A conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish Rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleons French troops out of Spain.

faction

A conflicting group; dissenting groups

Print Culture

A culture in which the volume of printed material including books, journals, newspapers, magazines greatest increased. This literary structure helped circulate the ideas of the philosophes which fostered the growth of the Enlightenment in Europe.

Hatt-I-Sharif of Gulhane

A decree issued by the sultan that attempted to reorganize the empire's administration and military along European lines. It started the Tanzimat.

nationalism

A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation.

Mary I

A devout Catholic queen. She married Philip II of Spain, upsetting English

taille

A direct tax on the French peasantry. The taille was one of the most important sources of income for French monarchs until the French Revolution.

Taliban

A fundamentalist Islamic militia.

First International

A group of British and French trade unionists founded the International Working Men's Association in 1864. In it's inaugural address, Karl Marx publicly approved of reform tactics to bring socialism to the people. Due to pressures from dislike of the Paris Commune, they dissolved in 1876. Marxism emerged as the single most important strand of socialism from its influence.

Schmalkaldik League

A group of Lutheran nations. Defeated by Catholics.

Jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal.

Treaty of the Pyrenees

A humiliating treaty forced on Spain, making France Europe's dominant power.

Jean-Paul Marat

A journalist and scientist, as well as an associate Jacobin; Marat (1743-93) helped launch the Reign of Terror and complied death lists, being an advocate of violent measures. He was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday, immortalized in the David painting The Death of Marat.~~https://o.quizlet.com/7VenDbFAToLXXKJ0HRVaJQ_m.jpg

Augsburg Confession

A major Lutheran confession in opposition to the Tetrapolitan Confession.

English game laws

A major assertion of English aristocratic dominance, these laws placed restrictions on hunting.

On the Motion of Mars

A major work of Johannes Kepler. This detailed Kepler's observations which were found considering a heliocentric universe and Brahe's data.

Reuchlin Affair

A man who had converted from Judaism to Christianity attached Johann Reuchlin's writings. Many humanists marched to Reuchlin's defense. "Letters of Obscure Men" was born from it

Anti-Semitism

A mindset that people of Jewish heritage were inferior to other races

Emile Zola

A novelist who published "J'accuse" in defense of Alfred Dreyfus. He was convicted of libel and fled to England to avoid a year long prison sentence.

Versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Great Schism

A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

electors

A person who has the right to vote in an election.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Conspiracy of Amboise

A plot hatched by Protestant leaders to kidnap Francis II.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Josiah Wedgewood

A porcelain manufacturer who first tried to find customers among the royal family and aristocracy. He produced a somewhat less expensive version of the chinaware of the aristocracy for the middle-class. His salespeople traveled across Europe, embodying global capitalism.

Olympe de Gouges

A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

Pensees

A provocative collection of reflections on humankind and religion, these were written by Pascal and published posthumously.

Hatt-I-Sharif

A reform that extended civic equality to Ottoman subjects regardless of their religion. Muslims, Christians, and Jews were equal before the law.

William Tynsdale

A reformer who translated the New Testament into English.

Jansenism

A religious group that were strongly devoted Catholics who attacked the Jesuit beliefs during the 1630's.

Populism

A revolutionary movement formed by Russian students. They drew ideas from Alexander Herzen and his newspaper "The Bell." The students sought a social revolution based on communal life of the Russian peasants. A large group was called Land and Freedom.

Lives of Illustrious Men

A set of biographies of famous Roman men by Petrarch.

Politique

A smart political ruler who puts the political survival of the state of religious unity.

Giovanni Boccaccio

A student of Petrarch, he was also a pioneer of humanist studies. Authored "Decameron."

Rococo (+ examples)

A style of architecture in the eighteenth century which embraced lavish decoration through pastel colors and the play of light. Some examples include the Imperial Hall build by Neumann and Watteau's "Pilgrimage t Isle of Cithera".

Abstraction

A visual representation that may have little resemblance to the real world. Abstraction can occur through a process of simplification or distortion in an attempt to communicate an essential aspect of a form or concept

The Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

The Korean War

A war between North and South Korea.

Vladimir Llyich Ulyanov

AKA Lenin. He was the leader of the communist revolution. He followed his older brothers footsteps and was involved in radical politics which lead to his exile. He wrote What Is to Be Done? He was for revolutionary means to success.

Glorious Revolution

AKA the "Bloodless Revolution" English invited William III of Orange and Mary to invade England in order to prevent from James II's son from gaining power to the British throne.

Test Act

Act created by the Long Parliament during the time of it's existence and required that ll civil and military officials of the crown to swear an oath against the doctrine of transubstantiation: which no loyal Roman Catholic could honestly do.

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) made his first major appearance on the political scene in 1923. Along with an number of his followers he attempted a putsch. Though it failed, and Hitler was imprisoned, it made him a hero to many Germans. Nazism was characterized by extreme nationalism, anti-Communism and anti-Semitism.

Keynesian Economics

Advocated active government intervention in the economy. Believed the market would not always operate automatically and urged government spending to expand overall demand during an economic downturn.

Anti-Semitic

After a short respite from 1850-1880, Jewish peoples were discriminated against. They were blamed for economic problems due to Jewish people owning many banks. It was strong in Germany and France.

Vichy Government

After the Germans invade France, France signs an armistice, forcing France to rule Southern France from this resort city. Its government collaborated closely with the Germans to preserve autonomy. Was headed by the dictatorial regime of Marshal Petain. The Roman Catholic clergy gained status under the rule of this government. Set up religious instruction in schools, and increased financial support for Catholic schools. Made divorce difficult. Encouraged intense nationalism. Was anti-Third Republic and anti-democratic.

90

After the Holocaust, __% of the 2,625,000 Jews living in Poland die.

Decembrist Revolt

Alexander I died in 1825 and restless groups in Russian army supported Constantine as Tsar over Nicholas I (because former had proposed innovations). Proclaimed him tsar at St. Petersburg - wanted Constantine and constitution. But Constantine had declared in favor of Nicholas. Five officers were hung. This was the first modern revolutionary movt in Russia.

Holy Alliance

Alliance among RUssia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.

D-day (June 6, 1944)

Allied forces of America, Britain and Canada launch an amphibious (from sea to land) assault on the Normandy coast of France. France is then liberated from German control after this.

Solway Process

Allowed the recovery of more chemical by products. This lead to increased production of sulfuric acid and laundry soap and dyestuffs and plastics.

Malificium

Also called harmful magic. Hundreds of thousands of people were sentenced to death for this.

Modern Devotion

Also called the Brothers of a Common Life, this group fostered religious life outside formal ecclesiastical offices and apart from formal religious vows. Stressed individual piety and practical religion.

The 3rd International

Also called the Comintern, the Third International of the European Socialist Movement was designed by Lenin to promote the Bolshevik style of Socialism in Europe. 1920-21 conditions were imposed on any socialist party that wanted to join. Every major European party was split on whether to accept these policies. These splits helped lead to the rise of facism.

Brothers of a Common Life

Also called the Modern Devotion, this group fostered religious life outside formal ecclesiastical offices and apart from formal religious vows. Stressed individual piety and practical religion.

James I

Also known as James VI, ruled 1603-1625 on the English throne. Strong believer of the divine right of kings. Worked with Parliament and helped increase the revenue of England. Policies led to scandal and corruption

Lusitania

American ship sunk by German submarines, major cause for US to enter war

Henry Ford

An American who used the assembly line to mass produce cars at a more affordable price.

Lollards

An English Protestant sect that stressed individual reading and interpretation of the Bible. Led by John Wycliffe.

John Bunyan

An English author. He wrote "Grace Abounding" and "The Pilgrim's Progress."

Henry Bessemer

An English engineer who discovered a process for manufacturing steel cheaply in large quantities.

Francis Bacon

An English lawyer, a high royal official, and an author. He wrote "The Advancement of Learning," "Novum Organum,: and "New Atlantis."

John Milton

An English poet best known for his works "On the Tenure of Kings and Magistrates" and "Paradise Lost," and "Paradise Regained."

Galileo Galilei

An Italian scientist who exclusively utilized a telescope to refute the Ptolemaic system. He publicized his findings and arguments for the Copernican system in his "Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World."

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Perestroika

An economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union.

Divine Comedy

An epic poem detailing the Christian afterlife by Dante Alighieri

William of Orange

An exile in Germany, he emerged as the leader of a broad movement for the Netherlands' independence from Spain.

Vita Nuova

An expression of medieval genre of courtly love by Dante Alighieri.

Reichstag

An imperial diet/national assembly of seven electors among the German states.

Enlightenment

An intellectual and social movement in Europe spurred by the changes in thought of the scientific revolution. This as well as the increasing rates of literacy gave many philosophers to promote economic improvement and political reform.

Sea Beggars

An international group of anti-Spanish exiles and war criminals, they captured the port city of Brill.

NATO

An international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security.

Incans

Another great Native American civilization. Settled in Peru. Conquered by Pizarro.

Babington Plot

Anthony Babington sought Spanish support for an attempt on Elizabeth I's life. Mary Queen of Scots was involved in this plot and as punishment, was executed.

Berlin Blockade

April 1, 1948 - Russia under Stalin blockaded Berlin completely in the hopes that the West would give the entire city to the Soviets to administer.

Osama bin Laden

Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957). Planned attack of 9-11.

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Catherine the Great

Ascended the Russian throne after the murder of her deranged husband Frederick the Great. She was well read in the works of the philosophes and used her knowledge as an englightened despot to reform Russia. However, like many "well wishers" of the Enlightement, Catherine did little to reform the actual lives of her subjects.

New Model Army

Assembled in 1653. Cromwell's elite trained army of 50,000 men.

Second Industrial Revolution

Associated with steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil. With more railroads, new industries emerged.

Ptolemy

Astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus. Wrote "Almagest."

Vera Zasulich

Attempted to assassinate the military governor of Saint Petersburg. She was acquitted because the governor had a reputation for brutality.

Metternich

Austrian statesman (1773-1859)

Machiavelli

Author of "The Prince," this man detailed how to obtain power, how to use it, and how to keep it.

Dante Alighieri

Author of "Vita Nuova" and "Divine Comedy."

Lady Jane Grey

Before Edward VI died, he made this woman the next in line to take the throne in England, depriving Mary I of her rightful rule. Days after her crowing, she was removed and beheaded. Mary I became queen.

Committee of Public Safety

Began with Georges Danton, the leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795; instigated the Reign of Terror

Arab Nationalism

Belief that all Arabs should ban together and form one large arab country. Nasser (leader of egypt at the time) was major component and leader of this new arab country. power struggles soon began between countries.

Neville Chamberlain

Best known for the disastrous Munich agreement with Hitler in 1938 but when he took office, he was considered one of the more progressive thinkers on social issues in the Conservative Party.

English Civil War

Between 1642-1646. The war was between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. At the end of the war, the Cavaliers became victorious and placed Oliver Cromwell in power.

Reichsrat

Bicameral imperial parliament created in 1862 by Francis Joseph through the February Patent. Had an upper chamber appointed by the emperor and an indirectly elected lower chamber. This February Patent ruled the empire even though Magyars refused to use the system.

Four periods of war

Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and Swedish-French

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Henry of Navarre

Brilliant politique king of France who brought the religious wars to a close. He passed the Edict of Nantes, which helped bring tranquility to the state. He purified the Catholic League by making France a Catholic country that tolerated Huguenots, although he was Protestant.

entente cordiale

Britain and France reach agreement on claims in Africa and agree to aid each other militarily

William I

Brother of Fredrick William IV. He was a conservative. Prussian patriot. Prussian King. Wanted a strong Prussian army. Chose Bismarck as his Prime Minister.

Basilica of the Sacred Heart

Built between 1873-1914. The Roman Catholic Church oversaw its construction atop Montmartre as an act of national penance for the sins that had supposedly led to French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.

The Palace of Versailles

Built in 1708. Founded by King Louis XIV, the palace housed nobles and was used as a retreat house for the king. Symbolized the wealth and luxury of France.

Eiffel Tower

Built in 1889. It was originally a temporary structure for the international trade exposition of 1889.

Printing Press

Sometimes regarded as a tool of the Renaissance in spreading ideas, this helped mass produce books and pamphlets.

Wives of Henry VIII

Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr. Make the connection.

Union of Brussels

Catholic and Protestant provinces joined in an alliance that tolerated religious differences but had political unity. It was the Netherland's unified opposition to Spain.

Transformismo

Cavour brought to Piedmont this system. Bribery, favors, or a seat in the cabinet "transformed" political opponents into governments supporters. Italian politics became a byword for corruption.

David Lloyd George

Chancellor of the Exchequer in Britain. He lead the liberal party through labor exchanges, regulating certain trades, passed the National Insurance Act of 1911

Phalanxes

Charles Fourier's small model communities that were self-contained cooperatives. The inhabitants would live and work together for their mutual benefit.

Peace of Passau

Charles V reinstated the Protestant leaders and guaranteed Lutheran religious freedoms.

Boxer rebellion

Chinese lost ability to govern territory after opium wars, attempt to restore Chinese control, multi-nation army of Europeans and americans defeat chinese

Alexander II

Son of Nicholas I who became Czar in 1855. He made extensive reconstruction reforms of Russian society and administration from the top. He abolished serfdom, reorganized local government and judicial system, and reduced service time in the military, but he repressed Poland.

Civil Code

Code of laws established by Napoleon which preserved many of the ideals of the French Revolution

Collectivization

Collective or state ownership of the means of production.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded later in the 1620's by Puritans who were religiously persecuted from England.

bourgeoisie

Comfortable members of the 3rd estate. Basically middle class, wanted the privileges of the nobility and upper clergy.

Collapse of the Soviet Union

Communism collapsed in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during 1989 - 1991; the Cold War also ended during.

Stalin's Purges

Communist party killed off anyone who had ever supported rivals (executed Bolsheviks, Lenin and Trotsky supporters)

ghetto

Communities in distinct districts of cities in which Jews lived apart from non-Jewish Europeans.

Ausgleich

Compromise of 1867 which brought the Habsburg Empire into a dual monarchy known as Austria-Hungary.

Benjamin Disraeli

Conservative in the House of Commons who introduced the Reform Bill of 1867. It increased the number of voters to 2,470,000. He figured that reform was inevitable so conservatives should take the credit for it.

Conversos

Converted Jews who were monitored by the Inquisition.

Zemstvos

Councils organized in 1864 in Russia due to reforms. These councils were to oversee local matters such as bridge and road repair, education, and agricultural improvement. They were underfunded and ineffective.

Cardinal Granvelle

Created a plan for ecclesiastic reorganization of the Netherlands. It was to tighten control of the Catholic hierarchy over the country and to accelerate its consolidation as a Spanish ward.

Reichstag

Created by Bismark to steer anti-socialist laws. It suppressed the organization, meetings, newspapers, and other public activities of the German Social Democratic Party. If one wanted to remain a socialist, they had to remove themselves from the mainstream of respectable Germany. This failed to damper German Socialism.

The Pragmatic Sanction

Created by Charles VI of Austria in 1713. An Austrian doctrine stating that the rule of Austria will be directed to his daughter Maria Theresa.

The Invasion of Czechoslovakia

Crucial event of the Brezhnev era. Russia and other Warsaw Pact members invaded in 1968 in response to the movement known as the "Prague Spring," which resulted in a decrease of military integration, and the increase of democracy and freedom of the press.

Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Havel

Czech dramatist and statesman whose plays opposed totalitarianism and who served as president of Czechoslovakia

Inter-War Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia was fortunate enough to have a gifted leader in Thomas Masaryk. The country worked well until the 30s, when German nationalists looked to Hitler, and he Annexed the Sudetenland while the world watched.

Discourse on Method

Decartes' attempt to provide a basis for all thinkuing founded on a mathematical model.

Rational deduction

Decartes' method of reason. He believed that the world operated according to mathematical laws and that it could be accurately understood by using reason.

Six Acts

December, 1819. Parliament adopted these repressive acts: 1. Restricted Freedom of Speech and Assembly and other civil liberties 2. Increased taxes on newspapers 3. Established fines for seditious libel 4. Expanded right of search by police 5. Promoted speedy trial 6. Allowed for harsh punishment.

Act of Supremacy

Declared that Henry VIII was the only head of the Church of England.

George Bernard Shaw (Irish)

Defended Ibsen's work and made his own realistic onslaught against romanticism and false respectability. Works: Mrs. Warren's Profession, Arms and the Man, Man and Superman, Androcles and the Lion

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

Irish Famine

Devastating famine that began in the 1840s. Led to decimation of the Irish population, the Irish diaspora, violent resistance to British control of Ireland, and the beginnings of Irish nationalism.

Disraeli versus Gladstone

Disraeli believed in paternalistic legislation to protect the weak and ease class antagonisms. Gladstone looked to individualism, free trade, and competition to solve social problems.

Perpetual Edict

Don John of the Spanish forces had to sign this when the Union of Brussels defeated his forces. It provided for the full removal of Spanish troops from Dutch soil.

Sancho Panza

Don Quixote's foil. This man is a clever peasant who serves as Don Quixote's squire.

Mississippi Bubble

Drastic event that occurred in 1720. All gold payments became halted in France, Law fled the country and chaos ensued.

Schmalkaldik Articles

Drawn up by Luther, this was a more strongly worded Protestant confession.

Mixed Economies

Economic systems in which some allocation of resources is made by the market and some by the government

Submission of the Clergy

Effectively placed canon law under royal control and thereby the clergy under royal jurisdiction.

Nasser

Egyptian statesman who nationalized the Suez Canal (1918-1870)

Francis II

Eldest son of Henry II, husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Huguenots tried to kidnap him in the Conspiracy of Amboise.

Pugachev's Rebellion

Emelyan Pugachev promised the serfs land of their own and freedom from their lords, initiating a peasant revolt, the largest of the 18th century.

Emperor Francis Joseph

Emperor of the Habsburg Empire. He was honest, conscientious, and hardworking, but unimaginative.

Emperor Hirohito

Emperor who forced the Japanese government to surrender after the atomic bombardments of the US, on the condition that Japan retain its empire.

"splendid Isolation"

England only major power not in alliance with someone

Triple Entente

England, Russia, and France form a formal alliance to check the power of the Triple Alliance

League of Augsburg

England, Spain, Sweden, the United Provinces, and German states united against fighting the French armies commanded by Louis XIV.

Short Parliament

English Parliament that lasted from April to May of 1640 by Charles.

Horatio Nelson

English admiral who defeated the French fleets of Napoleon but was mortally wounded at Trafalgar (1758-1805)

Gamekeepers

English aristocrats who benefited from the game laws.

Sir Francis Drake

English navigator and explorer. He shelled the port city of Cadiz, inflicting damage on Spanish ships. He also raided the coast of Portugal, postponing Spain's planned invasion of England.

Jeremy Bentham

English philosopher and jurist

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

English romantic poet (1772-1834)

Byron

English romantic poet notorious for his rebellious and unconventional lifestyle (1788-1824)

fifth french republic

Enhanced the power of the President: Charles de Gaule.1958. Came out during the Algerian Civil War.

Birthrate Decline

European birth rates are for the most part dropping, Europe has an aging population

Facism

Facist Governments were anti-Democratic, Anti-Marxist, anti-Parlimentary and frequently anti-Semitic. Rejected Liberalism. Dictatorial, Founded in Italy Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)

1989

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

NEP

Favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)

Edict of Restitution

Ferdinand of Bohemia ordered the return of all Catholic property seized by Protestants since 1552. Nullified by the Treaty of Wesphalia.

Banalites

Feudal dues in France which peasants were subjected to.

Papal Infallibility

First Vatican Council, promulgated the dogma when speaking officially on matters of faith and morals.

Tehran Conference (November-December 1943)

First meeting of the Big Three leaders. Stalin wanted to retain Pact with Hitler and dismember Germany. Most important decision made was the choosing of Europe's west coast as the main point of attack instead of the Mediterranean. This would mean that the Soviets would occupy Eastern Europe and control its destiny.

yeltsin

First person ever elected by popular vote in Russia; drafted a new constitution similar to France's which established a mixed presidential-parliamentary system anchored in a powerful presidency

Yeltsin

First person ever elected by popular vote in Russia; drafted a new constitution similar to France's which established a mixed presidential-parliamentary system anchored in a powerful presidency.

Suffragettes

Followers of Emmeline Pankhurst's Women's Social and Political Union. They wanted the right to vote and turns violent when they weren't getting results.

Hussites

Followers of John Huss who called for reforms of the Catholic Church. They had crusades called against them, but the crusades were unsuccessful. They were granted religious freedom in exchange for being loyal to the church.

Corvees

Forced labor on public works, which fell on the peasants. The nobles were not liable for this.

Consulate

Form of government which followed the directory -established by Napoleon-ended when Napoleon was crowned emperor.

Charles Darwin

Formulated the principle of natural selection, which explained how species had changed or evolved over time.

Fabian Society

Founded in 1884 taking the name from the Roman General Fabius Maximus. The society had a gradual approach to major social reform. They were civil servants who believed the problems of industry, expansion of ownership, and state direction of production could be solved and achieved gradually, peacefully, and democratically.

July Monarchy

France, 1830 to 1848(Louis Philippe). Only about 1/30 adult males had vote. Reflected the "stake in society" theory - that those should govern who have something to lose. Less landed aristocracy influence in governmetn, less interest in govt. Led to more abuse of labor.

Empirical Method

Francis Bacon's theory which stressed the acquisition of knowledge through experience. Evidence is necessary to prove a hypothesis.

Bishop Jacques-Beninge Bossuet

French Bishop. Lived from 1627-1704. He defended Louis XIV right on the throne through the doctrine of divine right of kings.

Bourbons

French Protestant family with much influence on the French wars of religion. Louis de Conde was their leader.

Huguenots

French Protestants.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

Edouard Daladier

French leader of the radical socialists; accepted Hitler's terms for peace.

Joseph Lister

From Britain. Helped the full acceptance or the bacterial theory of disease associated with his discoveries.

William Whewell (

From Cambridge University. Invented the word "scientist" in the early 1830s.

Louis Pasteur

From France. Helped the full acceptance or the bacterial theory of disease associated with his discoveries.

Robert Koch

From Germany. Helped the full acceptance or the bacterial theory of disease associated with his discoveries.

Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World

Galileo Galilei's findings, observations, and arguments. Drew heavy criticism from the Roman Catholic Church.

Miguel de Cervantes

Generally regarded as the greatest Spanish author of all-time, he wrote "Don Quixote." This man's work focused on the strengths and weaknesses of religious idealism.

Heinrich Himmler

German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945)

Reichstag

German Parliament

Union of German Women's Organization

German Political Feminists. Founded in 1894. It's main concern is improving women's social conditions, increasing their education, and extending their right to other protections. Also sought women's suffrage.

Peace of Prague

German Protestant states, led by Saxony, reached a compromise with Ferdinand with this treaty.

Herder

German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803)

Hegel

German philosopher whose three stage process of dialectical reasoning was adopted by Karl Marx (1770-1831)

Goethe

German poet and novelist and dramatist who lived in Weimar (1749-1832)

Hermann Goring

German politician in Nazi Germany who founded the Gestapo and mobilized Germany for war (1893-1946)

Gottlieb Daimler

German who invented the modern internal combustion engine which lead to the automobile.

Battle of Verdun

Germans try to "bleed the French white" with massive attack, massive causalities on both sides, front still hasn't moved

Battle of the Marne

Germans within 40 miles of Paris, French and British decide to take one last stand, 1st time germans are pushed back but shows what the war will be like (lots of death)

Rome-Berlin Axis Pact (1936)

Germany and Italy form this pact after the Spanish Civil War.

First Moroccan Crisis

Germany asserted right to participate in Morocco's destiny and demanded an international conference to show their power, at the Conference France was the one who won Morocco and drove Britain and France closer together

reparations

Germany pays England and France for entire cost of war

Clause 231

Germany responsible for all WWI

Munich Agreement (Conference) (September 29, 1938)

Germany, Italy, France, and Britain meet here. The nations appease Germany and Hitler gets almost everything he asked for, including Sudetenland. Russia was left out of this and was resentful about it.

Schlieffen Plan

Germanys plan to take out the French before going to war with the Russians

Married Woman's Property Act

Great Britain in 1882. Married women could now own property in their own right.

Charles Stewart Parnell

H was the leader or the Irish home rule movement. He supported a liberal ministry when Gladstone announced his support of Ireland home rule.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

He and Churchill corresponded before the US went into the war, and America was able to supply Britain with warships and military supplies.

Pope Leo X

He awarded Henry VIII the title of "Defender of the Faith."

Cortes

He landed on the coast of Mexico and beat the Aztecs.

Pizarro

He landed on the western coast of South America and beat the Incas.

Count Sergei Witte

He led Russia into the Industrial Age. He was appointed minister of communications and finance.

Ignatius of Loyola

He organized the Society of Jesus, the new order of Jesuits as part of the Counter-Reformation.

James Watt

He perfected the steam engine which could run textile manufacturing factories.

Edwin Chadwick

He published Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population. He shocked people with the truth of the dangerous unsanitary conditions associated with overcrowding in cities and with business.

Phillip of Hess

He sought to unite Swiss and German Protestants in a mutual defense pact. It never worked out due to theological disagreements between Luther and Zwingli.

Charles VIII

He succeeded Louis XI. Marched through and conquered Naples and Florence. Unfortunately for this French monarch, the cities united to oust his attack.

Baron Georges Haussmann

He was appointed by Napoleon III to oversee the reconstruction of Paris. .

Otto Von Bismark

He was very wealthy. He was a conservative. Prussian patriot. He put more trust in power and action than ideas. In 1862 he became prime minister. He believed taxes could be collected and spent despite parliament hesitating to do so. Sought to unite Germany through the conservative institutions of Prussia in order to outflank Prussian liberals.

Jacob Sprenger

He worked with Heinrich Kramer to write "Malleus Maleficarum."

Edict of Chateaubriand

Henry II passed this edict to further persecute Protestants.

Court of the Star Chamber

Henry VII's means of disciplining the nobility. A special instrument of the royal was known as this.

Rhineland

Hitler rearms this area regardless of the terms of the Versailles Treaty and the Locarno Agreement.

March Enabling Act

Hitler rules by decree, becomes dictator with no legal limits. Seizes offices, banks, newspapers to legitimize power and spread propoganda.

Nazi Economic Policy

Hitler used public works projects and grants to private construction firms to put people back to work and end the depression. A massive rearmament program was the key to solving the unemployment problem in Germany

"New Order"

Hitler's plan for organizing Europe into a single political and economic system ruled by Germany. Would establish colonies of Germans in Poland and Russia, and would make all the local people do slave labor. Would drive Russians back into Central Asia and Siberia while Germans settle in previous Russian territory. Plan also included Germanizing people from Scandinavia, Netherlands, Switzerland.

Treaty of Nanking

Hong Kong to British, four "treaty ports" open to British trade, British residents and all European visitors granted immunity from Chinese law

Montmorency-Chatilions

Huguenot family with much influence on the French wars of religion. They were led by Admiral Gaspard de Coligny.

Caris de Conde

Huguenot leader of the Bourbons. Led Protestant forces during the religious wars. Killed in the second religious conflict.

Magyar Revolt

Hungarians in the Austrian Empire demand semi-autonomy in 1848. They are initially granted a degree of independence but are eventually crushed (in '49) by a combination so Austrian and Russian troops.

The Hungarian Uprising

Hungary established democratic doctrine government, soviets attack and take over. Neither the US nor the UN helped.

Henry II

Husband of Catherine de Medici. King during the end of the Habsburg-Valois War. Catherine passed the Edict of Chateaubriand.

Unconditional surrender

Idea that enemy nations (Germany and Japan) would have to accept whatever peace terms the Allies dictated.

Act of Uniformity

Imposed Cranmer's "Book of Common Prayer" on all English churches. Its successor imposed a revised edition of the work.

Battle of Pavia

In 1525, Francis I of France was captured by Charles V. This caused the first war of Protestant persecution in France.

Edict of Fontainebleau

In 1540, this edict subjected all Huguenots to the Inquisition.

War of Spanish Succession

In 1701, France fought against Spain in order to ensure a Bourbon line of supremacy ruling in Spain. Through advanced weaponry and supreme tactics, France won the war.

Belgian Independence

In 1830, this movement began and led to battles in Brussels. Eventually, the Netherlands lost this territory because of outer European intervention.

Captain Alfred Dreyfus

In 1896 he was found guilty of passing secret information to the German army. The evidence was forged and he was blamed because he was Jewish. He was sent to Devil's Island and imprisoned until 1906. His mistreatment put conservatives on the defense.

Public Health Act of 1848

In Britain, this lead to the improvement of public health. Allowed for medical officers and building inspectors to enter homes and businesses in the name of public health. Private property could now be condemned. Private land could be excavated for sewers and water mains required. New building regulations occurred.

Melun Act of 1851

In France, this lead to the improvement in Public Health. Allowed for medical officers and building inspectors to enter homes and businesses in the name of public health. Private property could now be condemned. Private land could be excavated for sewers and water mains required. New building regulations occurred.

German Reparation Default

In early 1923 the Allies declared Germany to be in technical default on payment of its reparations, January 11, 1923 the French government with the help of Belgium sent troops to occupy Ruhr, in response German government ordered passive resistance, the German's paid but France's victory was costly

Principles of Political Economy

In his Principles of Political Economy, David Ricardo stated his belief on wages and workers. He also transformed the concepts of Malthus into the "iron law of wages".

Robot

In many of the Habsburg lands, law and custom required the serfs to provide service, or this, to the lords.

Avignon

In response to the rise of a Pope in Rome, French Catholics installed a Pope here.

Waldensians

In the 13th century, these people shared a common goal of religious simplicity in imitation of Jesus with other religious groups.

Big Three

Included the leaders from the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and United States during World War II. *Soviet Union* - Stalin, *UK* - Churchill, *US* - Roosevelt *Soviet Union* - Stalin, *UK* - Attlee, *US* - Truman

Bloomsbury Group

Includes authors: Virginia Woolf, Vanessa Bell, Duncan Grant, Lyton Strachey, and John Maynard Keynes. They challenged the views of their Victorian forebearers.

British possessions

India, North Atlantic colonies, Bermuda, Jamaica, Barbados, Nova Scotia

Signoria

Initially made up of six members and later of eight members, this council governed Florence.

Act of Union

Initiated in 1715. England and Scotland combined to make a Great Britain ruled by King George I.

Irish Question

Internal dispute in Great Britain concerning calls for Irish independence. Ended in separation of an independent republic, first known as the Irish Free State, now called Eire, from Northern Ireland, which remained part of the United Kingdom. Height of the independence movement was from the Easter Rising of 1916 and the Irish Civil War in 1921, although independence was a political aim of the Irish nationalists since the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

Spinning Jenny

Invented by James Hargreave, this allowed 16 spindles of threat to be spun, but by the close of the 18th century its capacity had been increased to as many as 120.

1979

Iranian Revolution

Al Qaeda

Islamist terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against U.S.

Pope Pius IX

Issued the Syllabus of Errors which set the Catholic Church squarely against contemporary science, philosophy, and politics.

gallipoli

Italy bails on central powers and joins allies, aides Russia and sends them supplies while Turkey allies with Germany and Austria

Triple Alliance

Italy joins dual alliance, alliance made of Germany, Austria, and Italy

James Edward Stuart

James II's Catholic son and heir to the British throne. Lived from 1688-1766. He tried to attack the British in 1715, but met a crushing defeat.

Flying shuttle

James Kay's major invention. This increased the productivity of the weavers.

Bloody Sunday

January 22, 1905. Father George Gapon lead Russian workers to the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg to petition the Czar to improve industrial conditions. The palace troops fired on the masses and caused a massacre. This caused many Russians to not trust the Czar or his government.

Streltsy and boyars

Jealous Russian nobility who tried to undermine the rule of Peter the Great. They eventually ended up cooperating with him.

Moses Mendelsohn

Jewish philosopher of the eighteenth century. Named the "Jewish Socrates" that promoted the integration of Jews into modern European life. He argued that loyalty to a non-Christain religion did not harm loyalty to the government. His works include "Jerusalem"

The Pilgrim's Progress

John Bunyan's Christian allegory. It is a Puritan piety.

Grace Abounding

John Bunyan's autobiography. It was a personal statement and a model for the faithful.

"Night of the Long Knives"

June, 30, 1934. On this night, Hitler sent his elite guards (Schutzstaffel/ SS/ black shirts) to kill the Storm Troopers, led by Ernst Röhm, and other non-Nazi political opponents.

Mary

King James II's Protestant eldest daughter that ruled from 1689-1694. She was the wife of William III of Orange and ruled Britain alongside her husband.

Charles II

King of England that reigned from 1660-1685. Him and his army helped restore England to Anglicanism and status-quo of 1642, while restored the Parliament.

James II

King of England that reigned from 1685-1688. He repealed the Test Act by dissolving a resistant Parliament. In 1687, he issued another Declaration of Indulgence. Disliked by the general public.

Louis Philippe

King of France following Charles X. Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (smelled his popularity was diminishing)

Francis I

Kng during the Habsburg-Valois Wars. He was captured by Charles V at the battle of Pavia. Anti-Protestant.

Ramsay McDonald

Labour government headed by this man. Wanted to slash the budget, reduce government salaries and cut unemployment benefits.

Pre-Conditions for war

Lack of German unity, religious division, and Calvinists.

Long Parliament

Lasted from 1640-1660. Executed both Strafford and Laud. Abolished Indulgences and created the Test Act.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Leader of romantic republican nationalism who brought new fervor to the cause in 1831. He founded the Young Italy Society to drive Austria from Italy and establish an Italian republic. Exiled a lot.

Louis Kossuth

Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.

Confederation of the Rhine

League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.

Francisco Franco

Led the Falangists, Spanish Fascists, in Spain. Despite help from Germany and Italy during the Spanish Civil War, he would not join his fascist allies during WWII, and would keep Spain neutral.

Bolsheviks

Lenin's faction of socialists. Their name means majority. Wanted elite professional revolutionaries who would provide centralized leadership for the working class to be part of the faction.

Alfred Russel Wallace

Like Darwin, worked to formulate the principle of natural selection.

William III of Orange

Lived (1650-1702) Prince of Netherlands. During the Glorious Revolution, him and Mary II took over the throne of England.

Archbishop William Laud

Lived from (1573-1645) was King Charles' high archbishop advisor who was against the Puritans and Prebyterians that tried to make a common book of Prayer identical to the one in England.

Oliver Cromwell

Lived from (1599-1658) Was a country squire of iron discipline and strong, independent religious sentiment. He took control of the Parliament after the win of the Cavaliers. He also disbanded Parliament and referred to as Lord Protector.

Earl of Shaftesbury

Lived from 1621-1683 in England. He was riding the crest of anti-Catholic sentiment originally begun by the Long Parliament.

Lohn Law

Lived from 1671-1729. He was a Scottish mathematician and fellow gamber. He bought France from Louis XV's uncle, and increased paper-money to circulate through France's economy. He established a French bank and a monopoly called the Mississippi Company.

Thomas Wentworth

Lived from, 1593-1641. He was a chief financial advisor of England and imposed strictly efficient administrative centralization in the government. Also had fund-raising to gain revenue for the English state. Earl of Strafford

Zemstvos

Local governments set up in the Russian empire in 1864. Members from the Constitutional Democratic Party, or Cadets, were from these. The Cadets wanted a constitutional monarchy.

Higglers

Local people from both the countryside and the villages would steal the game and then sell it to intermediaries called this.

Tabula rasa

Locke's theory that birth is a blank tablet. There are no innate ideas and people gain their knowledge and develop their own views through personal experience.

Social contracts

Locke's theory that rulers are entrusted by their people to protect their liberties in exchange for some degree of protection. However, rulers should not exercise absolute power. If a ruler fails to preserve and protect the rights of his people, he should be replaced.

Iraq war

Longest conventional war in the 20th century

Diet of Worms

Luther presented his views before this of the Holy Roman Empire, over which Emperor Charles V preceded.

Peasants' Revolt

Luther refused to support this rebellion of the German peasantry because he felt that their tactics were "un-Christian." Though he sympathized with the peasants, Luther urged that the rebellion be crushed.

Act of Succession

Made Anne Boleyn's children legitimate heirs ot the English throne.

Act of Supremacy

Made Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England.

Spanish Civil War (1936-9)

Made the line dividing Fascists side and Western Democratic side in Europe more clear. After the Falangists, Spanish fascists, lose the election, they lead an army against the republic. Germany and Italy support them, which brought Germany and Italy closer together. Fascists win the war due to appeasement from France and Britain.

Battle of Britain (July-October 1940)

Major air battle between Germany and Britain. Germany bombs fighter planes and airfields using the Luftwaffe, or German air force. In revenge for British bombing raids on German cities, the Luftwaffe starts to bomb London consistently. Did not destroy British morale. Additionally, the British Royal Air Force (RAF) is able to defend the British Isles and destroyed more than twice as many enemy planes as they had lost. Hitler lost the battle and had to abandon plans for invasion.

Migration

Many from England, Germany, and Scandinavia immigrated to America, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, Algeria, and Argentina. This helped with population pressures in Europe and caused a Europeanization of the world.

Le Petit Journal and Daily Mail

Mass circulation newspaper in Paris and London, respectively. Created due to the expanding literate population.

Tanzimat

Means reorganization. Started by the Hatt-I-Sharif of Gulhane. It is the era of the Ottoman Empire from 1839-1876.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

Salon

Meeting places for philosophes and other members of the Enlightenment.

Junkers

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.

Guises

Militant Catholic family of France. They were a major influence on the French wars of relgion.

Mensheviks

Moderate, democratic revolutionary faction who split from Lenin's group. Their name means minority. Wanted a mass group of people to follow them.

Victor Emmanuel I

Monarch of Piedmont who chose the prime minister Cavour.

Urban Life

More people continued to move to the cities. They dealt with poor housing, social anonymity, and unemployment. Anti-Semitism stems from Russian Jews moving west creating more competitors for jobs.

The Mountain

Most Radical political faction in the Convention. Became fierce critics of the Girondins. The Mountain & Jacobins will eventually become synonymous. Claimed to represent the aims of the Sans-culottes.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Most epic naval turnaround in history. Spain's large ships could not land troops on English shores. Swifter English and Dutch ships outmaneuvered Spain.

Friedrich Hegel

Most influential philosopher of the century. Believed history was the process of upward evolution ore self-realization of the world spirit. Conservative

Iranian Revolution

Mullahs (religious leaders) overthrow the US backed Shah and establish a theocracy (religious government) that hated the US.

Moriscos

Muslims who were monitored by the Inquisition.

Mein Kampf

My Struggle, Hitler's book, outlined key political views from which he never swerved including a fierce racial anti-Semitism, opposition to Bolshevism, which he associated with Jews, and a conviction that Germany must expand eastward into Poland and Ukraine to achieve greater "living space"

Spanish possessions

South America except for Brazil Florida, Mexico, California, and Southwest Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Dominican Republic Trinidad

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Suez Crisis

Nasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.

Nationhood

Nationalists used various metaphors to express nationhood. For example, some argued that gathering Italians into a unified Italy or Germans into a unified Germany would promote economic and administrative efficiency. Some nationalists claimed that nations were distinct creations of God. Others claimed a place for their nations in the divine order of things.

Self-Determination

Nations control their own states and determine their own futures

Auschwitz

Nazi death camp located in *Poland*. Was considered one of the most infamous of all the death camps, but is today a memorial site for the Holocaust.

Reformation Parliament

Nickname for the Parliament that was called for a 7 year session that began in 1529. During this period, it passed legislation that harassed and placed royal reins on the clergy. This meant that whenever fundamental changes were made in religion, the monarch had to consult with and work through Parliament.

The Prince

Nicolo Machiavelli's masterpiece. Machiavelli explained how to obtain power, how to use it, and how to keep it.

Union of Utrecht

Northern provinces created this in response to the union of Arras.

Florentine Academy

Not a formal school, but an informal gathering of influential Florentine humanists who devoted themselves to the revival of the works of Plato and Neoplatonists.

Madame Bovary

Novel written by Gustave Flaubert. The work portrayed life without heroism, purpose, or even civility. Considered as first genuinely realistic novel.

French possessions

Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, Canada, islands in West Indies, parts of India and Africa

Thomas Cranmer

One of Henry VIII's closest advisors. He oversaw Henry's wedding to Anne Boleyn. Wrote "Book of Common Prayer."

Bartholomew Dias

Opened the Portuguese Empire in the East when he rounded the Cape of Good Hope.

Pogroms

Organized riots against the Jewish neighborhoods and villages supported by the government.

Swiss Brethren

Originally followers of Zwingli, they later started Anabaptism.

The Hammer of the Witches

Originally published under the title "Malleus Maleficarum," this book was written by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger. It is a treatise on witches.

Louis Philippe

Orleanist king of France, 1830-48. "Citizen king" of July Monarchy (less regally dressed and carried an umbrella) who did not side with liberals vs. radicals but instead opposed both and resisted all change. He might have succeeded in keeping some degree of power if he had sided with liberals in developing a more constitutional monarchy. Increasingly out of touch with reality and resisted all reform efforts to extend the franchise. In the February Revolution of 1848 in which riots took place, he abdicated and left for England.

New Economic Policy

Outlined by Lenin in March 1921, Private industry would be tolerated except for in: Banking, Heavy Industry, Transportation International Commerce, Peasant farming for profit was legalized. The countryside stabilized.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

New Lanark

Owen's utopian factory community in Scotland

Pablo Picasso

Painted "Guernica".

The People's Will

Part of Land and Freedom who was dedicated to the overthrow of the autocracy in Russia. They attempted to assassinate the tsar. They succeeded on March 1, 1881.

Peace of Beaulieu

Passed by Henry III. Allowed Huguenots full religious and civil freedoms. Pressure from the Catholic League forced him to shorten it.

Edict of Nantes

Passed by Henry IV. Allowed Huguenots public worship, right of assembly, admission to public offices and universities, and permission to maintain fortified towns. Exercised within their own towns and territories.

Four ordinances

Passed on July 25, 1830, these articles restricted freedom of the press, abolished the recently elected Chamber of Deputies, restricted the COD to the wealthiest people in the country, and called for new elections under the royalist franchise. Liberals were outraged.

Liberal Theology

Paul Tillich, Rudolf Bultmann, John Robinson and C.S. Lewis all regarded religion as a human phenomenon, where divinity is sought in human nature and culture

Poachers

Penalties broke out against these people after the French Revolution. They illegally hunted and killed animals.

Housing Reform

People sought to stop the overcrowding and social discontent in the home of the poor. People believed a clean house would bring a good home life. Public housing projects began to provide housing to the poor.

Principia Mathematica

Perhaps the greatest work of Issac Newton's. Thanks to the work of Galileo, Newton was able to hypothesize many important theories.

Baruch Spinoza

Perhaps the most controversial thinking of the 17the century as he was generally accused of being an athiest. He wrote "Ethics."

Samuel Oppenheimer

Perhaps the most famous "court Jew," he helped the Habsburgs finance their struggle against the Turks and the defense of Vienna.

1991

Persian Gulf War

Creoles

Persons of Spanish descent born in America.

Peninsulares

Persons originally born in Spain.

Aleksei

Peter the Great's son who is believed to have been killed through his own father's orders. He was a brilliant and ambitious leader whom Peter found jealous. Died in 1718. His death questioned the reliability of Peter the Great.

Africa

Petrarch's Latin epic poem.

Letters to the Ancient Dead

Petrarch's masterpiece to celebrate ancient Rome.

Duke of Alba

Philip of Spain dispatched this man to suppress the Dutch revolt.

John Locke

Philosopher and reformer who believed that the quality of society's environment determined the human condition. He believed that sin had no permanent effect on the human soul and that humans could and should take control of their own destiny.

glasnost

Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

Walesa

Polish labor leader and statesman who founded the labor union Solidarity: he became president of poland and eliminated police

Henry VIII

Pope Leo X awarded him the title "Defender of the Faith." Ironically, this English king would eventually bring forth the English Reformation.

Exsurge Domine

Pope Leo X's papal bull. It condemned Luther for heresy and gave him sixty days to retract.

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic & military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology.

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Paul von Hindenburg

President of the Weimar Republic of Germany who appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933

Frederick William III

Prussian King during Napoleonic Era, instituted political and institutional reforms in response to Prussia's defeat by Napoleon. (reforms included abolition of serfdom, created self-government though town councils, expansion of schools, and establishment of a national army). However, Prussia remained an absolutist state with little interest in unity.

Zollverein

Prussian economic union, removed tariff barriers between German states, in step toward political unity

Almagest

Ptolemy's major work which advocated a geocentric universe.

David Friedrich Strauss

Published The Life of Jesus in which he questioned whether the Bible provides any genuine historical evidence about Jesus.

Ernst Mach

Published The Science of Mechanics, in which he urged that scientists discover their concepts descriptive not of the physical world, but of the the sensations of scientific observer experiences.

Albert Einstein

Published his first epoch-making papers on relativity.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Published the essay entitled "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" in 1792 in which she defended the equality of women with men on the grounds of the same capacity of human reason. She believed that restricting women to the domestic sphere limited their experience of the world and made them "sensual slaves" to men.

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

Clement Attlee

Replaced Churchill as Prime Minister. Was leader of the Labour Party.

"Old Bolsheviks"

Stalin's Great Purge was launched against them

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

"E pur si muove"

Supposedly muttered by Galileo Galilei after his recantation of his beliefs (as a result of the criticism drawn from the RCC), this translates to, "It [the Earth] still moves."

Volksgeist

Term originally used by Johan Gottfried von Herder in 1784 which says that all true culture or civilization must arise from the native common people of a country. In other words each country needs its own unique national character.

Manchuria

Territory that Japan occupies.

Petrarch

The "father of humanism." He celebrated ancient Rome in his "Letters to the Ancient Dead." Also wrote a Latin epic poem named "Africa" and a set of biographies of famous Roman men called "Lives of Illustrious Men."

Popolo minuto

The "little people" or the lower Florentine economic classes.

Erasmus

The "prince of the humanists." Easily the most famous of the northern humanists. Published dialogues under the title "Colloquies."

Vingtieme

The "twentieth" tax. This resembled an income tax, but French nobles rarely had to pay it in full.

Locarno Agreements

The 1925 Locarno Agreements helped to integrate Germany back into the European system. However, its conciliatory outlook continued to alienate the German nationalist public

The Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba

1989: what was so important?

The Berlin Wall fell.

March on Rome

The Black Shirt March, In October 1922, the Fascists marched on Rome. The Cabinet resigned in protest. On November 23, 1922 the king and Parliament granted Mussolini dictatorial power for one year.

Weimar Republic

The Constitution, while refreshingly Liberal, was also fundamentally flawed, as it allowed small parties to gain seats easily. The president was permitted to rule by decree in an emergency, permitting presidential dictatorship, The republic also lacked broad popular support. It was viewed as the government that had saddled Germany with the humiliation of the Versailles treaty. In the early 20s there were a number of violent uprisings, but they failed, There was massive inflation, due to the reparations imposed by the allies. The invasion of the Ruhr caused the German people to resent the Weimar government even more.

Thomas More

The English humanist who wrote "Utopia."

Opportunism

The French socialist group that was condemned by the Amsterdam a Congress of the Second International in France.

Augsburg Interim

The Holy Roman emperor issued this as imperial law. Under it, Protestants everywhere had to readopt old Catholic beliefs and practices.

July revolution

The July Revolution (also called the Revolution of 1830) saw the overthrow of Charles X and the ascension of Louis-Philippe to the French throne. The July Revolution is important because it marked the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to the House of Orléans.

George I

The King of Great Britain. Reigned from 1714-1727 and ruled both England and Scotland due to the Act of Union in 1715. Succeeded both William III of Orange and Mary.

Henry VI

The Lancastrian monarchy of this man was consistently challenged by the duke of York.

Lateran Accord

The Lateran Accord of 1929 made peace with the Vatican

Prince Henry "the Navigator"

The Portuguese prince who sponsored the Portuguese exploration of the African coast.

Defenestration of Prague

The Protestant nobility in Prague responded to Ferdinand's decision to revoke the religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants by throwing his regents out the window.

Counter-Reformation

The Roman Catholic Church's attempt to combat the Reformation.

Containment

The U.S. policy during the Cold War of resisting Soviet expansion & influence in the expectation that the USSR would eventually collapse.

Marshall Plan

The U.S. program named after Secretary of State George C. Marshall of providing economic aid to Europe after WWII.

Alencon

The Union of Utrecht rejected Philip II as their ruler. They turned to Catherine's youngest son. Tried to take control of the provinces, but was returned to France.

Treaty of Paris

The __ of 1763 ended the Seven Year's War. France lost all of its territories in North America. Both England and France were left with massive debt.~~https://o.quizlet.com/nqG4EaOOEmKVHH6YZMbGjQ_m.jpg

Treaty of Utrecht

The ____ ended the War of Spanish Succession. Germany, Savoy, and Britain all received territory. Britain got the right to the asiento. France had to acknowledge the Hanoverian succession in England.

1783 Treaty of Paris

The ____ formally ended the American Revolutionary War between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America.

Berlin Blockade

The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War & it led to the Berlin Airlift.

Hundred Days

The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France

Issac Newton

The brilliant English physicist, astronomer, and mathematician. He published "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy," better known as "Principia Mathematica." Discovered the nature of gravity.

Richard III

The brother of Edward IV, he usurped the throne from Edward's son. The new Tudor dynasty portrayed him as a villain who had murdered Edward's sons.

Pope Alexander VI

The corrupt Borgia pope and ally to the French under Louis XII against Italy.

Mary Queen of Scots

The daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. She was a devout Catholic. A public scandal forced her abdication from the throne and she went to England. Elizabeth I ordered her execution for her part to kill her.

Simony

The ecclesiastical crime of paying for holy offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church.

Popolo grosso

The emergent new rich merchant class of capitalists and bankers in Florence. Also known as "fat people."

Henry VII

The first monarch of the new Tudor dynasty.

The Advancement of Learning

The first of Francis Bacon's books in which he attacked the scholastic belief that most truth had already been discovered and only required explanation.

Catherine of Aragon

The first wife of Henry VIII and the woman whom he wished to get a divorce from.

Conciliar Movement

The followers of this movement defined the church as the whole body of the faithful and the pope was only one part.

Gerard Groote

The founder of the Modern Devotion

Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875

The government became actively involved in providing housing for the working class.

Lorenzo the Magnificent

The grandson of Cosimo de' Medici. Ruled Florence in a nearly totalitarian fashion. As the podesta, he maintained law and order.

Spanish Fury

The greatest atrocity of the war between Spain and the Netherlands. Spanish mercenaries ran amok in Antwerp, leaving 7,000 people dead.

William Shakespeare

The greatest playwright of the English language. His plays include "Hamlet," "Macbeth," "Romeo and Juliet," and several others.

Margaret of Parma

The half-sister of Philip of Spain became a regent in Philip's absence due to his trip back to Spain.

Ferdinand of Aragon

The husband of Isabella of Castile. The Spanish king. The duo conquered the Moors, Christianized Spain, and made their country into a perennial world power. Additionally they initiated the Age of Discovery/Exploration.

Cold War

The ideological & geographical stuggle between the U.S. & its allies and the USSR & its allies that began after WWII & lasted until the dissolution of the USSR in 1989.

Thomas Newcomen

The inventor of the first practical engine using steam power.

James Kay

The inventor of the flying shuttle.

Edmund Cartwright

The inventor of the power loom for machine weaving.

James Hargreave

The inventor of the spinning jenny.

Richard Arkwright

The inventor of the water frame which put textile manufacturing into factories.

Taille

The land tax, the basic tax of the Old Regime. Most French nobles did not pay this.

Stavisky Affair

The last of the curious scandals that punctuated the political fortunes of the Third Republic. A fraudulent bond scheme that symbolized all the seaminess, immorality and corruption of republican politics

Ulrich Zwingli

The leader of the Swiss Reformation movement.

Reichstag

The lower house in the North German Confederation. Members were chosen by universal male suffrage. Had little real power.

Hacienda

The major rural and agricultural institution of the Spanish colonies.

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

The major work of Nicolas Copernicus. Refuted the theory of a geocentric universe in favor of a heliocentric one.

Putting-Out System

The manufacturer would purchase the material and put it out for tailoring. The material was not sent to factories. This employed a lot of women.

Don Quixote

The masterpiece of Miguel de Cervantes. This satirizes the chivalric romances then popular in Spain.

The Third Republic

The monarchists in France were divided between a King from the House of Bourbon and the House of Orleans. Unable to decided they elected Marshal Patrice MacMahon to prepare for a monarchy restoration. When he resigned in 1879 due to bickering with the Chamber of Deputies, republicans were in control and France became a republic.

Ethics

The most famous and influential work of Baruch Spinoza. It was condemend by religiosu leaders for equating God and nature. It was written in the spirt of the new science which was predicated on reason.

Electricity

The most versatile and transportable source of power. It could run machinery to aid in construction. The first power plant was made in 1881 in Great Britain. Homes used this.

Modernism

The movement in the arts and literature in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to create new aesthetic forms and to elevate the aesthetic experience of a work of art above the attempt to portray reality as accurately as possible.

Amerigo Vespucci

The namesake of North and South America for first exploring the areas.

Industrial Revolution

The new beginning of the industrialization of the European economy. Largely stimulated the increase in agricultural improvements. It was predicated on new skills, discipline, and a large labor force. The produced goods yielded huge benefits.

Souls

The nobles reckoned their wealth by the number of these or, male serfs, owned rather than by the acreage the landlord possessed.

Nobles of the sword

The nobles whose nobility was derived from military service.

Nobles of the robe

The nobles whose nobility was either acquired by serving in the bureaucracy or had purchased them.

Grandi

The old rich, the nobles, and merchants who traditionally ruled the city of Florence

Nepotism

The practice of high ranking office holders appointing friends, family, and acquaintances to offices.

Hoberreaux

The proinvical nobility who were often little better than wealthy peasants.

Relativity

The scientific theory associated with Einstein that time and space exist not separately but as a combined continuum whose measurement depends as much on the observer as on the entities that are being measured.

Anne Boleyn

The second wife of Henry VIII. He desired her over Catherine of Aragon.

Realism and naturalist

The style of art and literature that seeks to depict the physical world and human life with scientific objectivity and detached observation.

Keynesian economics

The theory of John Maynard Keynes that governments could spend their economies out of a depression by running deficits to encourage employment and stimulate the production and consumption of goods.

Cosimo de' Medici

The wealthiest Florentine. Manipulated Florence from behind the scenes by influencing the Constitution and election.

Condottieri

These military brokers provided mercenary armies for despots in Florence.

Jethro Tull

This Briton was willing to experiment himself and to finance the experiments of others. He was a famous landlord and agricultural innovator.

Leonardo Bruni

This Florentine first gave the name "humanitas" or "humanity," to the learning that resulted from the scholarly pursuits of the Renaissance. A pupil of Manuel Chrysoloras.

Emperor Charles V

This Holy Roman emperor forced Martin Luther to stand trial and declared him to be an outlaw.

Owners and Managers

This group from the middle class lived in splendor that rivaled or surpassed the aristocracy. The Krupp Family and W.H. Smith.

Petite Bourgeoisie

This group of middle class people are white collar workers. They are the lower middle class. Their jobs include secretaries, retail clerks, and lower level bureaucrats. They distanced themselves from a lower class lifestyle. They spent much of their disposable income on consumer goods such as clothing and furniture.

Standard of Living

This improved in industrialized nations. Prices, wages , and profits fell causing real wages to remain the same or increase. Unemployment, strikes, and labor unrest were common.

Cold War

This period of time following World War II is where the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers and faced off in an arms race that lasted nearly 50 years.

Benefice system

This permitted important ecclesiastical posts to be sold to the highest bidders and had left residency requirements in parishes unenforced. A tool of the medieval church.

Pope Julius II

This pope proclaimed a Jubilee indulgence to raise funds for the rebuilding of Saint Peter's in Rome.

Pope Clement VI

This pope proclaimed the existence of a "treasury of merit," an infinite reservoir of good works in the church's possession that could be dispensed at the pope's discretion.

John Tetzel

This preacher sold indulgences in Albrecht's territories.

Girolamo Savonarola

This radical Dominican preacher convinces most the fearful Florentines that the French king's arrival was a long-delayed and fully justified vengeance on their immortality.

Antitrinitarianism

This radical Protestant sect emphasized common sense, rational, and ethical religion. Led by Michael Servetus.

Treaty of Westphalia

This treaty brought all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire to an end. Rescinded Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution.

Book of Common Prayer

Thomas Cranmer's book and tool of the Act of Uniformity.

Leviathan

Thomas Hobbes' analysis of human nature and defense of absolutism.

Hegelian Dialects

Three step process of society developed by Hegel. A thesis would cause the creation of an anti-thesis and would eventually result in a synthesis. Hegel used this classification only once and attributed the terminology to Immanuel Kant. The terminology was largely developed earlier by Fichte, the Neo-Kantian.

Inter-War Austria

Throughout the 20s there was dissention in Parliament between the Social Democrats and the Christian Socialists, By the 30s the Christian Socialists had control, until the Nazis annexed Austria in 1938.

Treaty of Aix la Chapelle

Treaty made in 1668, France. Louis XIV gained territories and towns bordering the Spanish Netherlands.

Allies

Triple Entente

Central powers

Triple alliance members

Emile Zola

Turned realism into a movement. Published twenty novels exploring subjects normally untouched by writers: alcoholism, prostitution, adultery, labor strife.

Harry S. Truman

US president that came into office after Roosevelt died. Accepted Japanese peace conditions of allowing Japan to retain its emperor despite the Allies' wishes of an unconditional surrender by Japan.

Werner Heisenberg

Uncertainty principle, according to which the behavior of subatomic particles is a matter of statistical probability rather than of exactly determinable cause and effect.

Elizabeth I

Under her, England experienced a golden age and event defeated the Spanish Armada, a major threat to English colonization in North America.

Don John

Under his command, a Holy League of Spain, Venice, and the Pope formed to check Turkish belligerence in the Mediterranean. He later took control of Spanish land forces and was defeated. Had to sign the humiliating Perpetual Edict and which removed Spanish troops from the Netherlands.

Northern Renaissance

Unlike its counterpart, this movement put more emphasis on church writings and scripture.

"Island Hopping"

WWII strategy the American used of conquering only certain Pacific islands that were important to the Allied advance toward Japan, islands with major bases and strategic sites for the enemy supply line.

Battle of Stalingrad

Was the turning point in the European war. The total casualties for both sides was 1.7 to 2 million.

Robert Owen

Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858)

Roundheads

Were supporters against the Parliament during the English Civil War (1642-1646) Ended up losing the war.

Cavaliers

Were supporters of the Parliament during the English Civil War (1642-1646) Ended up victorious by the end of the war.

Napoleonic Concordat

When terminated in 1905, the church and state were separated.

Phony War (Sitzkrieg)

While Hitler and Stalin are invading Poland and the Baltic states, it is relatively quiet on the western front. The French stay behind their Maginot line while the British rearm, and the British navy blockades Germany. This stillness ends in the spring of 1940 when Hitler invades Denmark and Norway, enabling him to get his air and naval bases closer to Britain.

Reconstruction of Paris

Whole districts were destroyed to create streets, which stemmed from leaving no areas for barricades and easy mobility of the troops. Parks and public buildings were created. The reconstruction created many jobs. The Metro was built in 1895. New railroads were created.

Catherine de Medici

Wife of Henry II. Powerful queen of France who ruthlessly played the Huguenots and Guises against each other to expand influence.

Sabbats

Witches were said to attend mass meetings called these, to which they were believed to fly.

Charter of the Nobility

With this, Catherine the Great legally defined noble rights and privleges in exchange for the assurance that the nobility would serve the state voluntarily.

Political Parties

With universal male suffrage, the public opinion could no longer be ignored. Now discontented groups could voice their grievances. Different opinions brought different groups of people together.

Gregor Mendel (Austrian)

Work on heredity, Austrian monk, helped unravel the mystery of variations.

Philosophes

Writers and critics who applied the rules of reason and criticism to nearly all levels of society. Their mission of the Enlightenment was to promote education that would spur social and political reform in Europe. Figures included Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot, Rousseau, Gibbon, Hume, Smith, Lessing, D'Alembert, and Kant.

Book of the Courtier

Written by Baldassare Castiglione, this was a practical guide for the nobility at the court of Urbino. It embodies the highest ideals of Italian humanism: knowledge of languages and history, athleticism, military skills, musical skills, and chivalry.

On the Origin of Species

Written by Charles Darwin, carried the mechanical interpretation of physical nature into the world of living things.

Tito

Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war

Milosevic

Yugoslavian dictator that used Serbian nationalism to strengthen his position.

Mercantilism

___ is an economic theory which states that there is a limited amount of wealth and resources in the world. Countries should seek a favorable balance of trade to make sure that more money is coming in the than out. The formation of colonies to supply raw materials and buy your goods is a helpful step.~~https://o.quizlet.com/DsfsOgKWELNcfU6fh.dskQ_m.jpg

War of Spanish Succession/Queen Anne's War

___, lasting from 1702 to 1714, was caused when Louis XIV acknowledged his grandson as the heir the Spanish throne. He also recognized James III, rather than William III, as the rightful king of England. Both were violations of the Treaty of Ryswick.~~https://o.quizlet.com/ZqtPpdgoXoYxC.dx2zibwg_m.jpg

John Wilkes

____ fought for the right of voters, rather than the House of Commons, to determine parliamentary representation. "Wilkes and Liberty!" was a common chant.~~https://o.quizlet.com/4yHCWJMupoT6PrtcGMswPw_m.jpg

George III of England

____ was King during American Revolution. Although he started out as a young reformer, he ended up a mad failure of a monarch.~~https://o.quizlet.com/xZnEKam7LD8TOPAvnjiuBg_m.png

seasoning

____ was a term for the process of preparing slaves for hard labor (breaking down) and discipline. It also deprived them of hope and comfort.

Charles Townshend

____ was the British financial Minister who created a vast list of import taxes in 768. The American colonists were greatly outraged by this. They organized a boycott. Each state legislatures set up committees of correspondence.~~https://o.quizlet.com/nnZTLqoWwIXQ3EKNLEGSew_m.jpg

Thomas Paine

_____ wrote Common Sense and published anonymously on January 10, 1776. He openly condemned monarchy as a political system and helped to incite the American Revolution.~~https://o.quizlet.com/BkT3iqzMixQZsQafveTWAw_m.png

Cato's Letters

______ were essays by British writers John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon. These newspaper essays condemned tyranny and advocated principles of freedom of conscience and freedom of speech.

Marshall Plan

a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Wahhabism

a conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia

jihad

a doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up the religious standards set by the Qu'ran.

Diet

a legislative assembly in certain countries

al qaeda

a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden.

Positivism

a philosophy of human intellectual development that culminated in science.

containment

a policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate peacefully

Anarchism

a political theory favoring the abolition of governments

Anne-Louise-Germaine de Stael

a prominent writer of the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras in France. She established a salon for the powerful.

Wordsworth

a romantic English poet whose work was inspired by the Lake District where he spent most of his life (1770-1850)

Plebiscite

a vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance

Berlin Wall

a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Peaceful Coexistence

agreement between opposing countries that they will compete with one another but will avoid war

Lebensraum

aka "living space"; was supposedly what the new Germany needed. Would be taken from the Slavs.

Holocaust

aka the "Final Solution". Wipes out 6 million Jews. Although most of the destruction occurs in Eastern Europe and Russia, Jews were also deported from France, the Netherlands, Italy, and Belgium.

Jamal al-din Al-Afghani

an Egyptian intellectual, who argued that over time Islam, which had arisen 600 years after Christianity, would eventually produce cultures as modern as those in Europe.

relics of feudalism

aristocratic privileges

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

assassinated n Sarajevo, Austria blames Serbia and wants them punished, Germany supports their claim and Russia agrees to help start of war

New Imperialism

begins in the 1800's when Europeans began taking over Africa, more willing to use force and exploitation of local population to gain force

Existentialism

belief that holds human beings totally responsible for their acts and that this responsibility causes dread and anguish, Friedrich Nietzsche, Soren Kierkegaard - Danish writer maintained Christianity could be grasped only by lives caught in extreme situations / questioned whether human beings are in control of their own destiny

Final Solution

called for the expulsion of the entire Jewish race.

Henrik Ibsen (Norwegian)

carried realism into the dramatic presentation of domestic life. Works: A Doll's House, Ghosts, The Master Builder.

first opium war

caused by Britain trying to open up china for trade and Chinese trying to stop it , European weapon superiority overmatched Chinese and force China to surrender

Mandates

central powers territories divided and given to allies to administer--made allies wealthy

Paris Peace conference

conduct negotiations and sign treaties that would end the war

Commonwealth of Independent States

confederacy of independent states of the former soviet union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs

Pan-Slavic Congress

congress called by the Czechs that issued a manifest that called for national equality of Slavs within the hapsburg empire

German Confederation

consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia (b/c of their size); the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 38 states to take action.

Marcel Proust

developed stream-of-consciousness format

Henri Becquerel

discovered that uranium emitted a similar form of energy

Utilitarianism

doctrine that the useful is the good

Pierre Waldeck Rousseau

drawn from pro-Dreyfus groups, suppressed religious orders

Fascist Motherhood

encouraged women to have more children and stay home and raise them for the good of the Italian state, government set up policies such as maternity leaves, insurance, subsidies to large families, and the dissemination of information about sound child-rearing practices, Italian mothers were expected to see that their children attended fascist school programs

Post War Italy

entered WWI to get Austrian territory along Adriatic sea and east African territory. Treaty of Versailles doesn't give it to them so it angers them. suffer severe economic crisis, upper and middle class fear communist revolt as in Russia.

Walter Pater (English)

essayist who set the tone of the movement when he declared all art "constantly aspires to the condition of music."

Chechnya

ethnic republic that declared its independence in September 1991, against which Yeltsin launched a disastrous full-scale military attack in 1994 which led to the death of thousands of civilians

Ernest Rutherford

explained the cause of radiation through the disintegration of the atoms of radioactive materials

Thomas Mann

explored both the social experience of middle-class Germans and how they dealt with the intellectual heritage of the 19th century.

English Factory Act of 1833

forbade the employment of children under age nine, limited the workday of children aged nine to thirteen to nine hours, and required that these children be given two hours of education a day, paid for by the factory owner. The effect was further divide work/home life

Workshops

formed in France during times of bad economy, gave people jobs, riots broke out when they were closed

Karl Marx

founder of modern communism

Taliban

fundamentalist Muslim group, gained power, restored order, but imposed an extreme form of Islam on Afghanistan, supported al-Qaeda

Weimar Conference

germanys new democratic was set up in 1919

Nixon

he promised to pull American troops out of Vietnam and won the Democratic nomination in 1972

Sergei Kirov

he was the Leningrad Party boss, whose assassination was used to justify the "Great Terror"; a political opponent of Stalin's who was executed for being more popular that Stalin/talking about replacing Stalin.

Pope Pius X

hoped to resist modern thought and restore traditional devotional life.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

huge land concessions to Germany allow Russia to leave war, allows Germany to direct fighting to Western Front and will make one last push to breaking fronts--jfails

Muslim Immigration

immigration of Muslims into Europe come from two chief sources, European economic growth - labor shortages lead some European nations to invite "guest workers" to their country, decolonization - Muslims from India and Africa come to Britain, while Muslims from Algeria come to France, Muslim immigrants for the most part remain unassimilated and self-contained, with the women remaining at home, European Muslims are not homogeneous coming from different class countries, class backgrounds and different Islamic traditions

elector

individuals qualified to vote in an election

Kant

influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804)

Green Movement

is anti-capitalist and anti-nuclear

Fascist Political Change

it happened :)

Frederick William IV

king of Prussia who violently suppressed democratic movements (1795-1865)

Khomeini

leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution

Wilsons 14pts.

league of nations supply collective security to world

Jean Baptiste Colbert

lived from 1619-1683. He was a brilliant adviser to Louis XIV. He strengthened France's borders and strengthened defenses near Spain.

Inflation

major crisis of the period, borrowing to finance the war and continued postwar deficit spending generated an immense rise in prices, value of German currency fell, the French invasion of the Ruhr in January 1923 and the German response of economic passive resistance produced cataclysmic inflation, the printing presses had difficulty providing enough paper currency to keep up with the daily rise in prices, in Nov. 1923 an American dollar was worth more than 800 million German marks

Sinn Fein

meaning "Ourselves Alone", an Irish political movement founded in 1905 that advocated complete political separation from Britain, became the Irish Republican Army

The European Economic Community

members known as the Common Market, first came together in 1957 out of the European Coal and Steel Community to seek the elimination of tariffs, a free flow of capital and labor, and similar wages and benefits for workers of all countries, original six members - (France, West Germany, Italy Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg, 1973 - Great Britain (despite protest from France), Ireland and Denmark become members, 1982 - Spain, Portugal and Greece apply to join, Norway and Sweden refuse

Roman Catholic Reform

more liberal ideas in recent times have included; Mass celebrated in the vernacular languages and freer relations with other Christian denominations and Judaism, conservative ideas kept - celibacy of priests, prohibition on abortion and birth control, and no women priests

Radical Islamism

name given by scholars to those who strictly interpret Islam and its teachings; rejected the ideas of the Western world

The charter

name of the constitution of Louis XVIII which provided for a monarchy and bicameral legislature

Beer Hall Putsch

on Nov. 9, 1923 Hitler and a band of followers accompanied by General Lundendorff attempted a putsch from a beer hall in Munich

Max Planck

pioneered the articulation of the quantum theory of energy, according to which energy is a series of discrete quantities or packets rather than a continuous stream

Gandhi

political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule

National Liberation Front

political arm of the Viet Cong, communist guerrilla fighters backed by the North Vietnamese in South Vietnam

Charles Dickens and Honore de Balzac

portrayed the cruelty of industrial life and of a society based on money.

Christian Democratic Parties

postwar Christian democratic parties in Germany, France, Austria, and Italy were progressive promoting democracy, social reform, economic growth and anticommunism, allowed non-Catholic members

Neo-Orthodoxy

presented by Karl Barth, it reemphasized the transcendence of God and the dependence of humankind on the divine

John Sobieski

reigned from 1674-1696. King of Poland who led his army to defeat the Ottomans at Vienna.

detente

relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

Jules Ferry

replaced religious instruction in the public schools with civic training.

Women in Nazi Germany

separate social sphere. Women worked in the home while men worked in the real world. Women were assertive under Weimar. Voted and worked in factories, Nazis viewed this as a sign of cultural weakness. Role of women in childbirth like role of men in battle.

Charles X

set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of the ultra royalists. Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in the legislative assembly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances.

Berlin Conference

set rules for conquest of Africa, sponsored by Bismark who kept Germany out of race and considered neutral

Utopian Socialism

socialism achieved by voluntary sacrifice

Friedrich Engels

socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895)

Pope Leo XIII

sought to make accommodations to the modern age and to address its great social questions.

Student Protests

student rebellion started in the United States and spread to Europe in the 1960's, United States - protesting Vietnam War, France - protesting the government of Charles de Gaulle, Czechoslovakia - protested communism and the Soviets, student rebellions were largely unsuccessful

The Dawes Plan

submitted by American banker Charles Dawes, lowered the annual payments and allowed them to vary according to the fortunes of the German economy

coup d`etat

sudden overthrow of the government

Hans Vaihinger

suggested the concepts of science be considered "as if" descriptions of the physical world.

Proletarianization

term describing the entry of workers into a wage economy and a gradual loss of ownership of the means of production

September 11, 2001

terrorist attacks on the united states that killed thousands of people at the twin towers and the pentagon

John F. Kennedy

the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963

Laissez-faire

the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs

Classical Economics

the idea that free markets can regulate themselves

Milos Obrenovitch

the leader of the Serbian rebellion that gained administrative autonomy for Serbia and in 1830 independence, and became hereditary prince of the expanding nation

Falloux Law of 1850

the local priest provided religious education in the public schools.

Chartism

the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people

Methodism

the religious beliefs and practices of Methodists characterized by concern with social welfare and public morals

Western Consumerism

the spread of American influences in the economy, military, and culture to Europe, companies such as McDonald's , Apple. Starbucks, and the Gap have outlets all over Europe, music, movies and television shows from the U.S. have also come to Europe, has been met by some resentment by people who do not want to lose their European culture, Western Europe has enjoyed a vast expansion of consumer goods and services, People in Eastern Europe seeing the success of the West, became discontented and helped bring down communism

Industrial Revolution

the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation

Irish Free State

the treaty concluded in Dec. 1921 Irish Free State took its place beside the earlier dominions in the British Commonwealth, remained neutral in WW2, in 1949 declared itself the wholly independent Republic of Eire

Treaties of London

two treaties that gave Greece it's independence. first treaty demanded Turkish recognition of Greek independence. Second treaty declared Greece an independent kingdom.

Henri Poincare

urged that the theories of scientists be regarded as hypothetical constructs of the human mind rather than as true descriptions of nature.

Count Claude Henri de Saint-Simon

utopian socialist; "from each according to his ability, to each according to his work"

William Blake

visionary British poet and painter (1757-1827)

Disintegration of yugoslavia

war among many ethnics groups which lived in yugoslavia. These groups all vied for supreme power over the government and religious belief. The war ended when the country split and collapsed.

Prague Spring

was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union

Untermenschen

what Hitler considered Slavs; subhuman creatures like beasts who need not be treated as people.

Ernst Haeckel (German)

worked in Britain to gain government support of scientific research and to include science in the schools and universities.

Thomas Henry Huxley (British)

worked in Britain to gain government support of scientific research and to include science in the schools and universities. Great defender of Darwin--declared that the physical process of evolution was at odds with human ethical development.

Rerum Novarum

written by Pope Leo XIII, defended private property, religious education, and religious control of the marriage laws, and he condemned socialism and Marxism.

James Joyce

wrote Ulysses, transformed not only the novel, but the structure of the paragraph.

Brezhnev

Soviet statesman who became president of the Soviet Union (1906-1982)

Frederick William I

Reigned 1713-1740. Was the most eccentric monarch to rule the Hohenzollern domains (Prussian) and was one of the most effective. Like Frederick I, he emphasized on military.

Michael Romanov

Reigned from 1613-1645. Was more favored by the people than Ivan the Terrible before him. Founded one of the most powerful dynasty in Russia that would last until 1917.

Charles I

Reigned from 1625-1649. King of England. Like his father, he resorted to extra-parliamentary measures and taxes. However, in 1628, he dissolved the Parliament, calling it back in 1640.

Louis XIV

Reigned from 1643-1715. French monarch who believed in the doctrine of divine right of kings. He was the first to establish an absolute monarchy and the grand palace of Versailles. AKA the "Sun King".

Louis XV

Reigned from 1715-1774. King of France who succeeded his father, Louis XIV. He was on the French throne at the age of five and needed to be supervised and taught by his uncle before he could grow up to be a supreme ruler.

Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms

Bosnian Crisis

young Turks control Ottoman empire and set up parliamentary gov't that is very weak, Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzengovina, this worried Serbia who asked Russia for help but Russians stay out of it

English Corn Laws

High prices for domestically produced grain through import duties on foreign grain, contributed to the Irish famine b/c grain was expensive for them.

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) A philosophe of the Enlightenment. His work "Spirit of the Laws" written in 1748 associated Islamic society with the passivity that he ascribed to people subject to political despotism. He contrasted the failure of Islam to adopt technology to the British constitution as the wisest model for regulating the power of the government.

Voltaire

(1694-1778) The most influential of the philosophes. Voltaire was a writer, playwright, and satirical reformer. His outspoken views of French monarchy got him arrested twice and imprisoned in Bastille. His famous works include "Letters on the English", "Elements of the Philosophy of Iasaac Newton", and "Candide".

Hume

(1711-1776) Scottish philosopher and philosophe argued in his work "Of Miracles" that no empirical evidence supported the divine miracles central to much of Christianity. Quoted as saying "the greatest miracle is that people believe in miracles."

Rousseau

(1712-1778) Brilliant philosophe and writer of the Enlightenment. He transcended political thought and values of his own time. He viewed his society as an inadequate means of reaching moral, virtuous, or sincere lives. His famous works include "Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences", "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality" and "The Social Contract".

SS

(schutzstaffel) protective force, security units commanded by Heinrich Himmler which were used as a bodyguard for Hitler and had become a more elite paramilitary organization than the much larger SA.

Hungarian Uprising

*Hungary against Russia *Gain independence from Russia *A new Hungarian government in 1956 announced its withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact

Existentialism

- Post-WWII philosophy, Western, 20th century - states that human beings are totally responsible for their acts and that this responsibility causes them dread and anguish -continuation of the "revolt against reason" that began in the 19th century - Roots in Nietzsche (late 19th century) -Roots in Kierkegaard, 19th century—he rebelled against Hegelian philosophy and Danish Lutheranism; stated that Christianity could only be understood in the lives of those who faced extreme situations, not in creeds or in churches; criticized all rational philosophy (felt that it failed to contain human emotions inside abstract principles) -20th century existentialism, result of trauma of WWII (just as in WWI). -Major Germans: Heidegger, Jaspers - French: Sartre, Camus -must formulate your own thoughts, ethics

The Second Sex

- Work published by Simone de Beauvoir, 1949 (Post-WWII) - Most influential postwar work on women's issues, recent feminism. - She explains the difference being a woman had made in her life. She is a French intellectual and therefore holds a privileged position, but, even so, she (along with other European feminists) argues that women experience distinct social and economic disadvantages. - Cites divorce/family laws that favor men, attention to social problems, such as abuse. - (Feminism, in general): women focus on controlling their own lives—instead of goals of just gaining legal/civil equality with men, they pursue personal independence.

The Organization of Labor

...

The Principles of Morals and Legislation

...

Catholic Association

...was an Irish Roman Catholic political organization set up by Daniel O'Connell in the early nineteenth century to campaign for Catholic emancipation within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It was one of the first mass-membership political movements in Europe.

Four Stages of Empire

1. Period one European conquest and settlement of the new world 2. mercantile empire and international trade between the countries and emancipation of the colonies 3. imperialism (1850-1945) 4. decolonization (post WWII)

"Scramble for Africa"

1880 Africa left untouched except for along coast, everyone wanted a piece of Africa by 1914

Erfurt Program

1891. Formulated from the political guidance of Bebel and Karl Kautsky. It declared the imminent doom of capitalism and the necessity of socialist ownership of the means of production. It sought legal action to make changes.

The European Union

1993 - Treaty of Maastricht turns the EEC into the European Union with a common currency for twelve of the member nations - the Euro. membership in union rises to 25 countries in 2004, many former Soviet bloc countries need economic aid from the Union

Theodore Beza

A Calvinists leader who strongly supporter defending against tyranny.

Tycho Brahe

A Danish astronomer who made a series of naked-eye astronomical observations. He constructed the most accurate tables of observations that had been drawn up for centuries.

Heinrich Kramer

A Dominican inquisitor who played a major role in the great witchcraft persecutions of the 1400s. He wrote "Malleus Maleficarum."

Blaise Pascal

A French mathematician and physical scientist. He wrote Pensees. He also allied himself with the Jansenists. To him, religion and science were of no avail in matters of religion.

Johannes Kepler

A German astronomer and initially a staunch Copernican. He utilized Brahe's observations to discover that the orbits of the planets were elliptical, not circular, forcing him to abandon the Copernican concept of circular orbits. He published "On the Motion of Mars."

Martin Luther

A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. His 95 Theses criticized the RCC.

Louis Blanc

A Paris journalist, editor of Revue de Progres and author of Organization of Work. Proposed social workshops/state supported manufacturing centers as a way to deal with the problems of industrialization(recognized the developing hostility toward the owning class/bourgeoisie).

Conquistador

A Spanish explorer who "conquered" native peoples.

Golden Bull

A agreement between the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the major German territorial rulers. It established a seven-member electoral college which functioned as an administrative body.

Labour Party

A centre-left political party in the United Kingdom; founded at the start of the 20th century, it has been seen since 1920 as the principal party of the Left in England, Scotland and Wales; Labour first surpassed the Liberal Party in general elections during the early 1920s

Suez

A city in northeastern Egypt at the head of the Gulf of Suez and at the southern end of the Suez Canal

Mayans

A civilization which flourished in the Yucatan region. They built large cities with immense pyramids and were fascinated by math and astronomy.

Edmund Burke

A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on The Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited privileges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentative Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny.

Deism

A form of spiritualism. This religion held the concept of an impersonal, but rational deity, who had created the world and its inhabitants but no longer enforced its "divine will" at present. Promoted tolerance and belief in God's existence through nature.

Rene Decartes

A gifted mathematician and developer of the scientific method. He is famous for saying, " Cogito ergo sum," or "I think therefore I am."

Kreditanstalt

A large bank in Vienna which collapsed. It was a primary lending institution for much of central and eastern Europe.

Marburg Colloquy

A meeting between Luther and Zwingli at the urging of Phillip of Hess. The two could not agree on certain principles and a pact was never formed.

Diet of Augsburg

A meeting of Protestant and Catholic representatives to impose a settlement of the religious divisions. Ordered Lutherans to revert to Catholicism.

Grigory Efimovich Rasputin

A monk who fell in favor with the Czar and his wife because it was said they could heal their son Alexis.

Compromise

A national covenant in the Netherlands. It was designed to resist the degrees of Trent and the Inquisition.

Battle of Midway Island

A naval and air battle fought in World War II in which planes from American aircraft carriers blunted another assault on Hawaii and did enough damage to halt the Japanese advance. Was a major turning point in the war against Japan.

Girondins

A political party that emerged in revolutionary France after the fall of the monarchy in 1792 when the jacobins split into two factions. Named for the region in southwestern France where many of their leaders were from. They were members of the professional class (lawyers and merchants) who wanted a constitutional governemnt, opposed the growing influence of Parisian miltants, and championed the smaller provinces bewond the city of Paris. They agreed the king was guilty of treason but were reluctant to execute him, arguing for exile or a referendum on his fate. They were first to be targeted as the beginning of the Terror.

Coligny

A powerful Huguenot leander of the Montmorency-Chatillons. He took command once Conde was dead. He was killed as a part of a Catholic plot and this caused the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Vietnam

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Neoclassicism

A style of European architecture of the eighteenth century. This style differed from the Rococo style, and made a return to figurative and architectual models drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world. Grew in popularity with an influx of traveling artists and tourists to Rome.

Coup

A sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force.

Tenth penny

A tax imposed by Spain on the Netherlands. It was a 10% sales tax that met plenty of resistance.

Parliamentary Monarchy

A type of government where an elected parliament and a monarch collaborate together in ruling a country. Quite popular in 17-18th century Britain.

Absolute Monarchy

A type of government where the monarch is the absolute ruler and makes all the rules and decisions of the country without the input of another governing body. Founded by Louis XIV (the Sun King) of France.

Pacification of Ghent

A union between Catholic provinces and Protestant provinces against Spain. It declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of relgion.

Solidarity

A union of interests or purposes or sympathies among members of a group

Union of Arras

A union of southern provinces that made peace with Spain.

Inter-War Hungary

After the war there was a short lived Communist Republic, Following the fall of the Communists, an aristocratic government ruled

Enlightened Despot

An absolute ruler who, influenced by the Enlightenment, sought to reform society and increase the quality of life for their subjects. Unfortunately their "well-wishing" brought little change to Europe.

Treaty of Nonsuch

An agreement between England and the Netherlands. England gave money and troops to Netherland in exchange for land. Philip saw this as a declaration of war by England, prompting the Spanish Armada.

Triple Alliance

An alliance that was comprised of three nations: England, Sweden and the United Provinces. Their goal was to mainly prevent France from conquering neighboring territories.

Reform Bill of 1867

Created by Disraeli which increased the number of voters to 2,470,000.

Revisionism

Created by Eduard Bernstein. German socialists believed achieving a humane socialist society through evolution of democratic institutions, not revolution.

Education Act of 1870

Created by Gladstone which made the government responsible for the e establishment and running of elementary schools.

Declaration of Indulgence

Created in 1672. Was aimed to suspend all laws against Roman Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants in England.

Hatti-I-Humayun

Created in 1856 at the close of the Crimean War. It spelled the rights of non-Muslims more explicitly, giving them equal obligations with Muslims for military service and equal opportunity for state employment and admission to state schools. It abolished torture and allowed foreigners to acquire some forms of property.

The Ballot Act of 1872

Creates by Gladstone which introduced voting by secret ballot.

Paris Commune

During the Franco-Prussian War, Paris was under siege. Parisians who suffered this felt betrayed by the monarchist National Assembly sitting at Versailles. On March 28, 1871, they formed this group in an attempt to administer Paris separately from the rest of France. Radicals and socialists were in this group. The National Assembly stopped this with military force.

Dutch East Indies Company

Economically prosperous Dutch trading company that proved to be quite successful and economically prosperous to the Dutch. It began in the 17th century and traded with the Indies.

David Ricardo

English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market (1772-1823)

Joseph Stalin

Formed a non-aggression pact with Hitler in August 1939, and allowed Russia and Germany to divide Poland among themselves. The Pact ultimately failed to sustain itself, and he ended up claiming it allowed the USSR an extra year and a half to prepare for war. Made peace with the Russian Orthodox Church to increase support for himself in Russia and in Eastern Europe. Supported partisan forces in the German-occupied areas of the Soviet Union to aggravate the Germans and to remind the peasants of their ties to the government. The war consolidated his power more than his social and political policies had in the 1930s.

Catholic League

Formed by ultra-Catholics in 1576 with the goal of exterminating heresy and putting a true Catholic champion (Henry, duke of Guise) on the French throne.

David

French neoclassical painter who actively supported the French Revolution (1748-1825)

Auguste Comte (French)

French philosopher; late child of the Enlightenment; developed positivism.

Georges Danton

French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794); newly appointed minister of justice

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

French socialist who argued that property is theft (1809-1865)

Jules Guesde

French socialist who believed socialists could not, with integrity, support a bourgeois cabinet they were theoretically dedicated to overthrowing.

Jean Jaurés

French socialist who believed socialists should cooperate with middle class Radical ministries to ensure the enactment of needed social legislation.

Leon Blum

French socialist. Major target of the french communists since the split over joining the Comintern in 1920

Charles Fourier

French sociologist and reformer who hoped to achieve universal harmony by reorganizing society (1772-1837)

Sir Thomas More

He wrote a lengthy "Response to Luther."

Thomas Kyd

He wrote the first dramatic version of Hamlet, deeply influencing Shakespeare.

Marshal Petain

Headed the French Vichy government. Signed an armistice with Hitler. Set up a dictatorial regime in Vichy, and collaborated with the Germans in hopes of preserving autonomy.

Albigensians

Heretics who saw all material things as evil, spurred the Inquisition.

sepoy mutiny

Hindu and Muslims serving in British army revolt due to animal fat being used to grease rifles, Britain crushes the rebellion and take direct admin. of India

Charles Lyell

His geology suggested the earth is much older than biblical record contend.

Christopher Marlowe

His tragedies influenced Shakespeare to a great extent. This man set the model for character, poetry, and style that only Shakespeare managed to surpass.

Franchise

In the 1860s British observers realized that this would have to be expanded. It was said that workers deserved the right to vote.

sans-culottes

In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

Home Rule

Irish nationalists sought this so they could control their local government. To appease the Irish without giving them this, Gladstone disestablished the Irish Anglican Church so the Irish didn't have to pay the taxes Irish Roman Catholics were forced to pay. He also sponsored a land act that provided compensation to Irish tenant farmers who were evicted and loans for those who wished to purchase their land.

Carlsbad decrees

Issued by Metternich, required 39 independent German states, including Prussia and Austria, to root out subversive ideas. (censorship) Also established permanent committee with spies to punish any liberal or radical organization.

Organic Statute

Issued by Nicholas, this declared that Poland was part of the Russian Empire. It did guarantee some Polish liberties. Unfortunately, the delegated liberties were ignored.

Dawes Plan (1924)

It was proposed by Charles Dawes and attempted to facilitate German reparation payments. By loaning $200 million in gold bullion to Germany, the U.S. and its other Allies hoped to stabilize the German economy so that the Germans could pay off their debts.

Benito Mussolini

Italian Fasci Di Combattimento, "Bands of Combat," founded in 1919 in Milan. Mostly Italian war veterans who rejected Versailles. Lead by Mussolini, A former socialist, Broke with socialists in 1914, in order to support joining the war on the side of the Allies. Nationalism replaced socialism in his personal pantheon. Took advantage of postwar chaos. Mussolini initially supported factory occupation and land seizures. He later came to realize that Italians were more interested in order than abstract ideas of justice. Formed local squads of terrorists to go after socialists and other perceived malcontents, Law enforcement ignored them. In 1921 Mussolini and 34 Fascists were elected to the government. On November 23, 1922 the king and Parliament granted Mussolini dictatorial power for one year. Once in power, Mussolini moved cautiously, Changed election laws in 1924, so that the party which received the largest popular vote would have two thirds of the seats in parliament., In the 1924 election, the Fascists won complete control of Parliament, By 1926 Mussolini was able to rule by decree

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872)

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)

League of Nations

Japan and Germany withdraw from this during World War II. Soviet Union is the only nation to get expelled from this because it attacks Finland.

Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)

Japan surprise-bombs this chief American naval base in the Pacific, prompting the US to enter WWII. Destroyed many American fleets and airplanes. Four days later, Germany and Italy declare war on the US.

Frederick the Great of Prussia

King of Prussia that practiced enlightened absolutism. His loyal nobility and church officials, along with his strong army enabled him to more openly discuss ideas of the Enlightenment, including religious toleration.

Frederick I

King of Prussia. Reigned from 1688-1712. Was a great patron for educational and militaristic advancement in Prussia. Built the Halle University, and patronized the arts.

Philip II

King of Spain and a devout Catholic. Under his reign, Spain became a world power. Spain reached the peak of its influence as he directed explorations around the globe, prompting Spanish colonization.

Brezhnev Doctrine

Policy proclaimed in 1968 and declaring that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any Socialist country whenever it determined there was a need.

"careers open to talent"

Policy under Napoleon. Was what the bourgeoisie had wanted before the revolution. In effect he sought to establish a meritocracy. However, this did not prevent him from appointing members of his family to very important posts. Except for this though, the new doctrine did give a boost to education and there was a total reorganization of secondary and tertiary education during these years and French schools now supported by taxes.

Szlachta

Polish nobles.

Grand Duchy of Warsaw

Polish state created by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807 from the lands he took from Prussia. The Duchy was divided between Prussia and Russia at the Congress of Vienna. An example of Metternich's desire to return to a Pre-1789 Europe. An independent Poland technically existed but was given a Romanov dynasty.

solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

National Council of French Women

Political Feminists in France. Starts in 1901. Sought the right to vote through legal action. Completely against violence.

Nationalism

Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe

German Reunification

Process in which German Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and Berlin was united into a single city.

Burschenschaften

Politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles.-founded on liberal and nationalistic ideals. Significance- their beliefs threatened the conservative leaders at the time, who attempted to shut them down through the Carlsbad Decrees.

Henry III

Politique king who passed the Peace of Beaulieu, allowing Huguenots complete civil and religious freedom. But France was not ready for this, and the Catholic League freed him to reject it. He teamed up with Henry of Navare, and the planned the successful assassinations of the Duke and cardinal of Guise. When the planned an invasion of Paris, he was killed.

Friedrich Nietzsche (German)

Portrayed Christianity as a religion that glorified weakness rather than the strength life required.

William Gladstone

Prime Minister in England. He was a liberal. He opened institutions in the aristocracy and church to all people, civil service replaced patronage, purchase of officers' commissions was abolished, no Anglican religious requirements for university faculty. voting by secret. His biggest score was the Education Act of 1870 which made the government responsible for creating and running elementary schools.

Neville Chamberlain

Prime Minister of Britain during Hitler's rule. Attends Munich conference and appeases Hitler, allowing Hitler to take over the Sudetenland. Hitler occupies Prague, disgracing Britain's appeasement.

George Clemenceau

Prime Minister of France

David Lloyd-George

Prime minister of England

Count Camillo Cavour

Prime minister of Piedmont. He believed in a force of arms tied to secret diplomacy. He was against Mazzini. He promoted free trade, railroad construction, expansion of credit, and agricultural movement.

Franco-Prussia War

Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was to replace Isabella II as the Spanish King. Prussia supported this because he was a cousin if William I, while France did not. He renounced his claim to the throne but because Bismark edited a telegram, the conflict remained unresolved. Germany wins and is unified.

Kulaks

Prosperous Russian peasant farmers.

Marian Exiles

Protestants who fled England during the reign of Mary I. They settled in Germany and Switzerland and worshiped in their own congregations, wrote contracts justifying armed resistance and waited for a time when a Protestant counteroffensive could be launched in their homelands.

National Insurance Act of 1911

Provided employment benefits and health care in Britain. David Lloyd George helped make this possible.

Winston Churchill

Replaces Chamberlain as PM of Britain in May of 1940. Was a critic of Hitler, the Nazis, and appeasement. Would refuse to compromise with Hitler. Developed a close relationship with Franklin D. Roosevelt, providing for American assistance during the time Germany attacked Britain.

Holocaust Memorials

Rachel Whiteread used the art concept of minimalism (the movement in architecture to remove from an object as many features as possible while retaining the object's form) in her Nameless Library which commemorates the 65,000 Austrian Jews killed by Nazi Germany

Kings Men

Shakespeare was a member and principal writer of a famous company of actors called this.

Dutch possessions

Small portion of South America, Indonesia, one station in India, small amounts of land within Africa

Edward IV

Son of the duke of York, he successfully seized power and instituted a strong-army rule that lasted more than twenty years. Briefly interrupted by Henry VI's short-lived restoration.

1979

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Khrushchev

Soviet leader, publicly denounced Stalin, free many political prisoners eased censorship

Khrushchev

Soviet statesman and premier who denounced Stalin (1894-1971)

Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle

The ___ ended the War of Austrian Succession. Prussia kept Silesia, Maria Theresa kept the throne. Few other gains or changes were made.

Middle Passage

The ___ was the bottom third of the Triangular Trade. Slaves were taken from Africa to the New World. Most were brought to the Caribbean slave plantations.~~https://o.quizlet.com/QDwGadPxE-atoB2xTwTSjw_m.jpg

Seven Years War/French and Indian War

The ___, lasting from 1756 to 1763 in Europe, was a world war precipitated by a confrontation between the French and British colonists from Virginia. England won the war due the diplomatic and financial genius of Pitt the Elder.~~https://o.quizlet.com/MBU7Qj0wACAGBKzjL6Q1ZQ_m.jpg

Treaty of Ryswick

The ____ ended the Nine Year's War. Louis XIV was forced to give back his territorial acquisitions. France and England agreed to divide up Spain after the impending death of Carlos II.

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

The ____ was a major switch in the European alliance system. Britain broke its old alliance with Austria and formed an alliance with Prussia. In response, France was forced to ally itself with Austria, which had traditionally been an enemy. This all took place right was the Seven Year's Wars was breaking out.~~https://o.quizlet.com/i/NLKMen_9Rsx4peD9jZ0kwQ_m.jpg

Stamp Act

The ____ was a tax imposed by the British Parliament on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies carry a tax stamp. It incited sharp resistance on the part of the Americans.~~https://o.quizlet.com/N6YDXcoJ39-Ch82vl2o3TA_m.jpg

Constitutional Convention of 1787

The ____ was assembled to addressed problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain. It was ratified in 1789.

British East India Company

The ____ was the English trade company that handled India and thus was the controlling British influence in that region.~~https://o.quizlet.com/j3kSACMssMZa8tbJbyHlkQ_m.jpg

Nine Year's War/King William's War

The ____, lasting from 1689 to 1697, was caused by Louis XIV's refusal to let Protestant William III the third take the throne of a constitutional monarchy.

War of Jenkin's Ear

The _____ began in 1739. Robert Jenkins, who had been illegally smuggling in Spanish waters, got his ear cut off by Spanish officials. He took the severed ear in front of parliament; parliament was so outraged that they they declared war.

War of Austrian Succession/King George's War

The _____, lasting from 1740 to 1748, was caused when Frederick II of Prussia violated the Pragmatic Sanction by taking Silesia from Maria Theresa of Austria.~~https://o.quizlet.com/i/ukjg7YAA82WpfdohaL6iYQ_m.jpg

Intolerable Acts

The ______, called the Coercive Acts by the British, were issued in 1774. Four of the acts were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party of December 1773. They dramatically curtailed the liberties of Bostonians and helped unite American resistance.~~https://o.quizlet.com/rq5wU4lt-pU.wwC4iJGIBg_m.jpg

Second Continental Congress

The ______was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning in May 10, 1775. It sent an Olive branch petition to King George III while also creating a Continental Army under the command of George Washington.~~https://o.quizlet.com/m0nBlmhZoX5wkTkR6xDhNg_m.jpg

Decolonization

The action of changing from colonial to independent status.

Schleitheim Confession

The alternative of the Swiss Brethren. Led by Grebel. Distinguished Anabaptists from other groups.

social Darwinism

The application of Darwin's concept of "the survival of the fittest" to explain evolution in nature to human social relationships.

Heliocentric

The astronomical theory that the sun is at the center of the universe.

Baldassare Castiglione

The author of "Book of the Courtier."

Thomas a Kempis

The author of "Imitation of Christ," a guide to the inner life.

Karsthans

The burly, honest peasant who earned his bread by the sweat of his brow and sacrificed his own comfort and well-being for others. He was portrayed as a symbol of the simple life that God desired all people to live by Lutheran pamphleteers.

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

The chief minister of King Henry VIII and Sir Thomas More. Guided royal opposition to incipient English Protestantism. Placed in charge of sucuring the royal annulment of Henry VIII.

Old Regime

The era in France prior to 1789. It was characterized by extremely powerul aristrocratic elites, established churches, an urban labor force, and a rural peasantry which was subject to high taxes.

Corporations in Italy

The fascists sought to steer an economic course between socialism and a liberal laissez-fair system. Corporations were a planned economy linked to the private ownership of capital and to government arbitration of labor disputes.

Potsdam Conference (July 1945)

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman replaced Roosevelt, and Clement Attlee had replaced Churchill. Allies agreed to divide Germany into occupation zones. A Council of Foreign ministers was established to draft peace treaties for Germany's allies. Disagreements and dissatisfaction between the Soviet Union and US over the peace treaty between US and Japan would lead to the Cold War.

Decolonization

The process of European retreat of colonial empires following WWII.

Novum Organum

The second of Francis Bacon's books in which he attacked the scholastic belief that most truth had already been discovered and only required explanation.

Political Feminism

The seeking of equality between men and women. This was hindered by people not wanting to be outcasts for being in the feminist cause.

Sir William Cecil

The shrewd adviser of Elizabeth I. Together, they guided a religious settlement through Parliament that prevented England from being torn asunder by religious differences.

Edward VI

The son and successor of Henry VIII. During his reign, England fully enacted the Protestant Reformation.

James VI/I

The son of Mary Stuart. She was forced to surrender the throne to him. He became Elizabeth's successor as the king of England.

Don Carlos

The son of Philip II of Spain. Mad and treacherous, he died under suspicious circumstances. Some contemporaries suggest Philip had him executed.

John Locke

The spoil of Thomas Hobbes. Helped touch off the Enlightenment by advocating that rulers should respect and defend the liberties of their people. He influenced many other thinkers. Wrote "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" and "Two Treatises of Government."

Clarendon Code

The ultra-royalists in English Parliament set codes between 1661 and 1665 that excluded Roman Catholics, Prebyterians, and Independents from the official religious and political life of the nation.

Anschluss (March 1938)

The union of *Germany* and *Austria*; directly violated the *Treaty of Versailles*.

Bundesrat

The upper house in the North German Confederation. It was a federal council composed of members appointed by the governments of the states.

Postwar Economic Problems

The war had damaged the economies of Europe's old states. The loss of so many people was also a loss of producers and consumers. Every country had war debts, and no way to repay it. Losers also had to pay reparations. Industrial infrastructure had been destroyed The new states had nothing to begin with. New borders separated factories from the resources they used. Railway systems were now split between multiple nations. The US ceased to be dependent on European production

Anne Hathaway

The wife of William Shakespeare.

Robert Bakewell

This British agricultural improver pioneered new methods of animal breeding that produced more and better animals and more milk and meat.

Jan Matthys and Jan Beukelsz

These two Dutch emigrants led the Anabaptist majority in Munster and forced Lutherans and Catholics to convert or emigrate.

Selling indulgences

These were regularly dispensed for cash payments to save people from damnation and suffering.

Luddites

These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines

Working Class Women

These women worked in the textile industry and were a part of the Putting-Out System. Women were employed only when business was good. Their jobs were high risk. Some were prostitutes.

Middle Class Women

They participated I'm consumerism and domestic comfort from their father's and husband's incomes. They filled their homes with manufactured items. Had domestic servants. Lived in new homes in suburbs.

Six Articles

They reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied the Eucharistic cup to the laity, declared celibate vows inviolable, provided for private masses, and ordered the continuation of auricular confession.

John Calvin

This man created his own Protestant movement, which supplanted Lutheranism as the dominant Protestant force in Europe. His religion was especially popular in France, the Netherlands, and Scotland. He stressed divine predestination and the individual's responsibility to reorder society according to God's plan.

Michelangelo

This melancholy genius is known for masterpieces such as David and frescoes for the Sistine Chapel.

Small Businesses and Professional People

This middle class group earned incomes that gave them private homes, furniture, pianos, pictures, books, journals, education for their children, and vacations. This group also includes shopkeepers, schoolteachers, and librarians.

Enclosure Movement

This movement involved the fencing of common lands allowing landlords to consolidate their property and increase production.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

This occurred when Catherine de Medici and the Guise family made an attempt on Coligny's life. When it failed, a nervous Catherine convinced Charles IX that a Huguenot coup was a foot. The execution of several thousand Huguenots was ordered.

Strategic Defense Initiative

This was Regan's proposed high-tech, anti-nuclear missile, defense system. It was said to be scientiffically impossible. It was nicknamed "Star Wars."

New Harmony

This was a society that focusted on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.q

German Social Democratic Party

This was a successfully organized group that kept Marxist socialism alive. It was founded in 1875. Some advocated reform, others revolution.

Syndicates

This was created when Mussolini reorganized the Italian government to bring workers and employers together to help bring an end to the political quarreling that was goin on in the country.

Quadruple Alliance

This was the alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia after the Napoleonic era

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

Tetrapolitan Confession

This was the first confession of the followers of Zwingli and the reformed church.

Council of Trent

This was the meeting called by Pope Paul III that secured reconciliation with the Protestants

Conservatism

This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners

Mary I

This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants

Saar

Under the Treaty of Versailles, this region was put under the control of the League of Nations. In January 1935, a plebiscite was held with 90% of the voting choosing to go to Germany rather than to remain with France.

Ronald Reagan

U.S. president from 1980-1988 who labeled the Soviet Union as an "evil empire," dramatically increased military spending, and provided money and supplies to support the Afghan rebels in their war against the Soviet Union.

Frankfurt Parliament

Unsuccessful attempt to unify Germany in 1848. It intended to write a moderately liberal constitution for a unified Germany, but alienated conservatives, workers and liberals.

ho chi minh

Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975

Adolf Hitler

Wanted to bring all the Germans together into a single nation. On the eve of the Second World War, he violates the provisions of Versailles by: rearming Germany, uniting Germany and Austria, rearming the Rhineland. Takes Sudetenland from Czechs, and promises not to take the rest of the Czech territory but does it anyway when he occupies Prague. Divides Poland among himself and Stalin. Despite the non-aggression pact, plans to invade Russia anyway (Operation Barbarossa).

Battle of the Bulge (December 1944-January 1945)

Was Germany's last major offensive on the Western Front. Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg attempted to push forward into the allied line. After their defeat in this battle, Germany's resistance crumbled.

Great Patriotic War

Was a phrase used by the Soviet Union leaders to encourage resistance to German aggression. Also was the struggle against the Germans itself. The actual war killed 16 million Russians.

Reform Bill of 1832

Was an act of the British Parliament that changed many aspects of the electoral system. Gave more seats in the House of Commons to large cities and took away seats from 'rotten boroughs'.

Sudetenland

Was an area of Czech security. Riots in this region lead to German intervention. Germany wants this region. Chamberlain and Daladier insist the Czechs give this area up to the Germans. After the Munich Conference, this region belongs to the Germans, and Hitler promises to spare the rest of Czechoslovakia, but soon invades Poland and Hungary to get territory from it. Then, Hitler invades Prague and ends the Czech state.

Appeasement

Was based on the assumption that Germany had real grievances and that Hitler's goals were limited and acceptable. Also because people feared war. The British, specifically, believed that the last world war was an arms race and were reluctant to rearm. Chamberlain was very guilty of committing this.

Operation Barbarossa (June 11, 1941)

Was code name for the invasion of Russia by Germany, and was aimed to destroy Russia before winter could set in. Mussolini's invasion of the British colony of Egypt and Greece would divert Hitler's attention to the Balkans and Africa. This would cause a delay of six weeks. Despite killing a majority of the Russian troops, destroying nearly all of the 15,000 Russian tanks and 2,000 planes, the Germans couldn't deliver the final blow. Hitler didn't capture Moscow before winter like his General staff wanted, and decided to go south. Winter devastated his troops. Russian counterattacked and Germany retreated.

Louis Napoleon

Was not only the first president of the French Republic (for two terms), but was also the last emperor. As emperor, he was called Napoleon III and he was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Joseph Goebbels

Was the propaganda minister for the Nazis. Used radio and films to boost the Nazi cause. Broadcast exaggerated claims of Nazi victories throughout the war.

Welfare States

William B. Beveridge - British thinker who believed if medical care, old-age pensions, and other benefits were available to all there would not have to be a redistribution of income, Britain becomes first welfare state under Labour Party's Clement Attlee, who creates the National Health Service after World War II, France and Germany do not follow suit until the 1970's

Women Employment

Women were economically dependent and legally inferior to men regardless of social class. There was a large scale expansion in the variety of jobs available to women outside the better paying earned professions. Married women withdrew from the work force. Women were elementary school teachers, secretaries, and assistants.

Cult of Domesticity

Women were limited to the role of wife and mother. They enjoyed domestic luxury and comfort, but their talents, ambitions, and opportunities for applying their intelligence were hindered. Rearing and nurturing her children was a women's chief task. Women oversaw all domestic management and childcare. Women were expected to go to mass frequently and teach their children religious habits. Women had to be charitable as we'll.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Worked with Mazzini. They amounted with guerrilla warfare. Exiled a lot.

Soviets

Workers and soldiers councils formed in Russia during the revolution. In 1905 they controlled Saint Petersburg after strikes.

The Positive Philosophy

Written by Comte, argued that human thought had developed in three stages: theological stage, metaphysical stage, and positive stage.

The Descent of Man

Written by Darwin, applied the principle of evolution by natural selection to human beings.

Essay on the Principle of Population

Written by David Ricardo. 'If parents were paid more they could have more children to make more money.'

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Written by John Locke, this explored the function of the human mind. Lock believed the mind to be a blank tablet at birth.

Two Treatises of Government

Written by John Locke. This refuted Sir Robert Filmer's and Thomas Hobbes' arguments on absolutism.

On the Tenure of Kings and Magistrates

Written by John Milton, this defended the execution of Charles I.

Paradise Lost

Written by John Milton, this is a study of the destructive qualities of pride and the redeeming possibilities of humility.

Paradise Regained

Written by John Milton, this is the story of Christ's temptation in the wilderness.

Samson Agonistes

Written by John Milton, this recounts the biblical story of Samson

Areopagitica

Written by John Milton, this was a defense of freedom of the press in response to Parliamentary censorship of his tracts in defense of the right to divorce.

The Communist Manifesto

Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels about their views on the nature of society and politics.

Utopia

Written by Thomas More, it is a conservative criticism of contemporary society.

William Paley

Wrote "Natural Theology" led Christians to believe the scientific examination of nature buttressed their faith

Eduard Bernstein

Wrote a Evolutionary Socialism. He questioned Marx and his followers about their pessimistic appraisal of capitalism and the necessity of revolution. He pointed out issues with Marxism. He created Revisionism.

Pitt the Younger

____ was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. As Prime Minister during the reign of George III, he dominated by major events in Europe, including the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.~~https://o.quizlet.com/kRNm3eQZEnwlBZFGvEl6SQ_m.png

Sir Robert Walpole

____ was the first prime minister of England. He greatly shaped British foreign policy, leading the nation through the War of Jenkins Ear and The War of Austrian secession~~https://o.quizlet.com/hLve4pJJzsw0kSMRU5SN-w_m.png

Schlegel

a romantic who praised the "romantic" literature of Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Calderon; he wrote Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature

Concert of Europe

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

Thomas Malthus

an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)

Jinnah

an Indian Muslim politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan and served as its first Governor-General

perestroika

an economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union

Capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership of capital

Socialism

an economic system based on state ownership of capital

"May Laws" of 1873

applied to Prussia, required priests to be educated in German schools and universities and to pass state exams.

J.J. Thompson

at Cambridge University, formulated the theory of the electron

Julius Wellhausen (German), Ernst Renan (France), William Robertson Smith (British)

contended that human authors had written and revised the books of the Bible with the problems of Jewish society and politics in mind.

Indian National Conference

founded 1885, also called Congress party; fought for democracy with peaceful protest, maybe for self-rule

Education Act of 1870 (Britain)

in Britain, provided for state-supported schools run by elected school boards, whereas earlier the government had given small grants to religious schools.

Chernobyl Disaster

nuclear disaster in Russia in 1986 raised questions about nuclear power that Europe could not ignore

Salafi

or the Salafiyya movement believed there was no inherent contradiction between science and Islam

George Elliot (born Mary Ann Evans)

paid close attention to the details of her characters, included imagery and artistry.

"Guernica"

painting by Pablo Picasso that depicts the Spanish Civil War. Commemorates the bombing of this Spanish Bosque village by German planes.

Nazi's 25 Points

program which called for the repudiation of the Versailles treaty, the unification of Austria and Germany, the exclusion of Jews from German citizenship, agrarian reform, the prohibition of land speculation, the confiscation of war profits, state administration of the giant business cartels, and the replacements of department stores with small retail shops

Rejection of New European Union Constitutional Treaty

proposed European Constitution of 2004 involved a bill of rights and complex economic and political agreements between nations transferring considerable power from individual nations to a central power, France and the Netherlands defeat the treaty, while Britain postpones voting on it, several factors contribute to the Treaty's defeat, gap between European elite and voting public, stagnant economies, small European nations felt, ignored by Britain and France,many nations believed the Euro, put them at an economic disadvantage, reluctance to cede national sovereignty and authority to a bureaucracy

Iron Law of Wages

proposed principle of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker.

Wilhelm Roentgen

published a paper on his discovery of X rays

The Young Plan

replaced Dawes Plan in 1929, named after American businessman Owen D. Young, lowered German reparation payments, put a limit on how long they had to be made, and removed Germany entirely from outside supervision and control

Cuban Missile Crisis

the 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba

Earl Grey

the leader of the Whigs, who helped Britain form a government by replacing "rotten" boroughs (ones with few voters) with representatives for unrepresented cities, increasing number of voters 50%, and forcing the passage of the reform bill by threatening to reform the House of Lords

Ethnic Cleansing

the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area

Ciompi Revolt

A great successful revolt of the poor in 1378. Resulted in a 4 year reign of power by the lower Florentine classes.

Decameron

100 often bawdy tales by three men and seven women in a country retreat from the plague that ravaged Florence. A stinging social commentary and a sympathetic look at human behavior. Written by Giovanni Boccaccio.

Mesta

A government organization that ran the kingdom of Castile's sheep-farming industry.

Encomienda

A formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians for a particular period of time.

Reuchlin Affair

A man who had converted from Judaism to Christianity attached Johann Reuchlin's writings. Many humanists marched to Reuchlin's defense. "Letters of Obscure Men" was born from it.

Lorenzo Valla

The author of the standard Renaissance text on Latin philology and the "Elegances of the Latin Language," and "Donation of Constantine."

Giotto

The father of Renaissance painting. Painted a more natural world than his Byzantine and Gothic predecessors.

Cesare Borgia

The son of Pope Alexander VI. When his father agreed to abandon the League of Venice, Cesare Borgia received the sister of the king of Navarre in marriage, a union that greatly enhanced Borgia military strength.

Podesta

The title Lorenzo the Magnificent held. The purpose of the office was to maintain law and order. Executive, military, and judicial authority was possessed by the officeholder.

Leonardo da Vinci

The true Renaissance man. A painter, a military engineer, a physician, and a botanist. But you know him better for the Mona Lisa.

Isabella of Castille

The wife of Ferdinand of Aragon. The Spanish queen. The duo conquered the Moors, Christianized Spain, and made their country into a perennial world power. Additionally they initiated the Age of Discovery/Exploration.

Ludovico il Moro

This Milanese despot joined the League of Venice in hopes of thwarting a French invasion.

Vasco de Gama

This Portuguese explorer reached the coast of India and returned with a cargo worth sixty times the cost of the voyage.

Treaty of Lodi

This agreement brought Milan and Naples in an alliance with Florence against Venice.

Pope Julius II

This strong opponent of the Borgia family succeeded Alexander VI as Pope. He suppressed the Borgias and placed their newly conquered lands in Romagna under papal jurisdiction.

Elegances of the Latin Language

This work truly embodied the ideas of its author, Lorenzo Valla, by revealing the explosive character of the new learning.