Diesel 2 Test 6

One factor to consider is that sulfur has very good lubrication properties - this means that if sulfur is missing from the fuel, especially distillates, close tolerance engine components such as fuel injection equipment will have to be ?

carefully designed in order to avoid tribological* difficulties *Tribology is the study of friction, wear, and lubrication

Water-Based Techniques: NOx reduction resulting from the introduction of water into the?

combustion chamber works by combining a reduction in peak combustion temperatures with the resulting improved atomization of the fuel

The regulation applies to all commercial harbor craft vessels including, but not limited to,...

ferries, excursion vessels, tugboats, towboats, crew and supply vessels, work boats, pilot vessels, and commercial and charter fishing boats.

NOx Emissions: The conversion of nitrogen and oxygen to NOx is generated thermally at the ?

high combustion temperatures occurring within the burning fuel sprays and is controlled by local conditions

Most diesel engines have a very low carbon monoxide emission due to the?

high oxygen concentration and efficient combustion process

Soot particles (unburned elemental carbon) are not themselves toxic but they can cause the build-up of aqueous?

hydrocarbons, and some of them are believed to be carcinogens

Water-Based Techniques: Water may be introduced to the combustion chamber in several ways:

including a water/fuel emulsion direct injection of water charge air humidification

More than half of the total particulate mass is?

is soot (inorganic carbonaceous particles), whose visible evidence is smoke

Carbon dioxide, although not toxic, is receiving much attention due to its ?

its potentially devastating effect on global warming

At the temperature in the burning fuel sprays, nitrogen is no longer?

longer inactive, and oxygen and nitrogen will react to form oxides of nitrogen

Hydrocarbon emissions are typically ?

low for modern diesel engines owing to the efficiency of the combustion process

Since combustion peak pressures will be accompanied by a corresponding increase in combustion temperatures, retarding injection to lower peak pressures will result in?

lower temperatures and thus a reduction in NOx emissions equivalent to as much as 30%

SOx Emissions Reduction: SOx emissions from a diesel engine can be controlled either by?

lowering the sulfur content of the fuel or by employing exhaust gas desulphurization techniques (scrubbers)

These so-called IMO codes will be issued by the?

manufacturer, and relevant parts delivered in the future must carry the required specific IMO code

Hydrocarbons have an unpleasant?

odor, are partially carcinogenic, smog forming, and irritate the mucus membranes

SOx Emissions: Due to the organic origin of fuel oils, various amounts of sulfur are present in the ?

oil and in the combustion chamber

If the fuel contains nitrogen, and some residual fuels contain as much as 1%, then all or part of this nitrogen will also?

oxidize to form NOx

Also the conversion of NO to NO2 will continue in the atmosphere and, as NO2 is soluble in water, it will be washed out of the air by ?

rain, creating undesirable acidic conditions

Standard performance data must be ?

recent i.e. within 30 days from a scheduled survey

The use of machinery with high thermal efficiency and of fuels with relatively low carbon content is the only viable way to ?

reduce carbon dioxide emissions

Primary NOx Reduction - Retarding Fuel Injection: Reducing the maximum combustion pressure by delaying the start of fuel injection is one option for the?

reduction of NOx in diesel engines

Measuring equipment must be calibrated according to ?

specifications in IMO NOx technical Code

These are oxidized to oxides of ?

sulfur (SOx), mainly SO2 (sulfur dioxide) and SO3 , (sulfite) typically in a ratio of 15:1

Primary Reduction Methods - NOx: The two factors that most significantly influence the formation of NOx are?

temperature and oxygen concentration

Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions Hydrocarbons (HC) are created by the?

the incomplete combustion of fuel and lubricating oil, and the evaporation of fuel

Oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere contribute to...

to smog formation which is considered to be a problem in many urban areas.

The regulation provides vessel fleet operators visiting these ports...

two options to reduce at-berth emissions from auxiliary engines.

SOx Emissions Reduction - Seawater Scrubbing: The principle operation of a scrubber is based on ?

using sea water as a scrubbing medium for SO2, NOx, soot and particulate removal

1) turn off auxiliary engines for most of a...

vessel's stay in port and connect the vessel to some other source of power, most likely grid-based shore power.

A lower fuel consumption translates to reduced carbon dioxide emissions since the amount produced is directly proportional to the ?

volume of fuel used, and therefore to power plant efficiency

Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Complete combustion of hydrocarbons will produce carbon dioxide and ?

water vapor, and the relative portions of these will be a function of the hydrocarbon composition

Provide documentation to?

ARB that the inspections are being carried out for the next four years .

Use alternative control technique(s) that?

Achieve equivalent emission reductions.

Sulfur oxides have an unpleasant odor, irritate mucus membranes, and are a major source of ?

Acid Rain

Only NOx components with proper marking are?

Allowed

As the water evaporates, it absorbs the latent heat of vaporization, lowering ?

As the water evaporates, it absorbs the latent heat of vaporization, lowering

Shore Power for Ocean-going Vessels December 2007, the Board approved a regulation to reduce emissions from diesel?

Auxiliary engines on container ships, passenger ships, and refrigerated-cargo ships while berthing at a California Port.

Requirements for On-Board Surveys: The Technical File must be?

Available

Preparing the Technical File for existing engines The normal procedure is to start by?

By measuring the actual emission level

In a modern 2-stroke slow-speed diesel engine, some 6% of the exhaust gases consist of ?

CO2, the lowest of the heat engines owing to the diesel's high thermal efficiency

Oxides of nitrogen are also of concern because it is believed they are?

Carcinogenic

Whether the engine must be adjusted or not, the engine components concerned have to be?

Coded and Marked

Most engine manufacturers can provide the Technical File and engine part?

Codification needed for the EIAPP certificate of existing engines including the emission measurement report.

Step 2:

Compliance at seatrial (Approved IAPP certificate)

3 steps for new engines (2000-): Step 1:

Compliance on testbed (Approved EIAPP certificate and Technical File) Both for parents and member engines

Or...

Continuous NOx monitoring method (for periodical surveys only)

The regulation is expected to significantly reduce?

Diesel particulate matter (PM) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions from harbor craft engines.

EIAPP Certificate:

Engine International Air Pollution Prevention Certificate

Carbon Monoxide Emissions: The formation of carbon monoxide (CO), which is a toxic gas, is a function of the?

Excess air ratio and the combustion temperature.

Ensure all diesel truck engines are up to?

Federal emissions standards for the vehicle model year and are properly labeled with an emission control certification label.

SOx source? Control?

Fuel sulphur content Low sulphur fuel Scrubbers?

The higher the temperature and the longer the residence time at high temperatures in the cylinder, the greater the amount of NOx is?

Generated

Instruct vehicle operators to comply with the state's?

Idling Regulations

Particulate Emissions: Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of?

Inorganic and organic compounds resulting from incomplete combustion, partly burned lubricating oil, sulfates, and water.

A 'record book' describing changes in NOx components and settings must be?

Kept

The Technical File: The recently modified IMO regulations require a?

Limited NOx emission level. New marine installations have to comply with these standards.

The regulation defines a California Port as the Ports of?

Los Angeles, Long Beach, Oakland, San Diego, San Francisco, and Hueneme.

Primary methods (Engine produces less NOx): 1) Engine adjustment/ Design modifications:

Low NOx atomizer Retarded Injection timing ME-engine emission mode

SOx:(5)

Max. Sulphur content in fuel 4.5% HFO sulphur content will be reduced to max 1.5% in restricted areas SECA (SOx emission control area) Baltic Sea: From May 19th 2006 North Sea: 21 Nov. 2007, (11 Aug EU) English Channel 2007

NOx and SOx regulation went into force?

May 19th 2005

Many engine types can be adjusted to meet the NOx emission level requirements, usually by?

Minor adjustments to injector nozzle specification and fuel injection timing

The immediate reaction is the formation of?

NO

later in the process, during expansion and in the exhaust system, part of the NO will convert to ?

NO2 (nitric oxide) and N20 (nitrous oxide), typically, 5% and 1% respectively, of the original

Emissions Types: (6)

NOx (Nitrogen Oxides NO, NO2) SOx (Sulfur Oxides) CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) CO (Carbon Monoxide) HC (Hydro Carbons) PM (particulate matter)

Temperature control has thus become an essential means of reducing?

NOx emissions and is a component of most primary methods of NOx reduction

Caterpillar announced that all marine CAT engines offered as of 1 January 2000 will meet IMO certification requirements for:

NOx emissions limits

Effects of Diesel Exhaust:

NOx, CO, HC and SOx cause respiratory health problems NOx+HC form ground level ozone (toxic)

NOx:(2)

Only for ships with keel laying after January 1st 2000 Engine power>130kW (174hp)

If the HC emission must still be reduced substantially for some reason, it can easily be done with an ?

Oxidizing catalyst

NOx source? Control?

Oxygen and Nitrogen (air) forms NOx at high combustion temperatures Primary and secondary methods

NOx Technical Code allows different methods:

Parameter check method' (inspection of components and evaluation of performance.

Step 3:

Periodic compliance test. (Renewal of certificates)

carbon monoxide is a compound that is still burnable, for which reason elimination in the engine process is ?

Preferable

On November 15, 2007, the California Air Resources Board (ARB) approved a regulation to?

Reduce emissions from diesel engines on commercial harbor craft vessels.

Secondary methods (NOx is removed after the engine):

SCR (Selective Catalytic Reactor NOx)

Or...

Simplified measurements method

Ensure all heavy-duty diesel vehicles have their?

Software updated with the latest low-NOx (oxides of nitrogen emissions) programming.

Pre 2000 engines:

Special Regulation

The disadvantage of this method is that there is an increase in?

Specific Fuel Consumption of up to 5% and an attendant darkening of the engine exhaust smoke.

This oxidation in the combustion chamber is unavoidable and the emissions of SOx from the engine is therefore a function of the?

Sulfur content of the fuel

Primary NOx Reduction Increasing Air/Fuel Ratio: Increasing the trapped air/fuel ratio will lower the?

The maximum temperatures and thus NOx formation but raising the air/fuel ratio beyond what is necessary for optimum combustion and an acceptable smoke number increases SFC due to higher pumping losses.

Annex VI of MARPOL 73/78 regulations for?

The prevention of air pollution from ships Reduce NOx and SOx emissions from engines NOx Technical Code

Hydrocarbons source? Control?

Unburned fuel and lube Slide valves and reduced lube oil consump.

Particulate Matter source? Control?

Unburned fuel and lube, soot, and sulphur from fuel Side valves, ME smokless operation, Low sulphur fuel, and Reduced lube oil consump.

2) Engine process modifications:

Water-in-fuel emulsion/ Water injection Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Scavenge Air Moisturizing (SAM)

The formation is highly influenced by the uniformity of the ?

air/fuel mixture in the combustion chamber

acid deposition is a trans-boundary pollution problem and once emitted, SOx can be carried over hundreds of miles in the?

atmosphere before being deposited in lakes and streams, reducing their alkilinity

The vaporization also enhances the ?

atomization of the fuel and thus provides for a more homogenous air/fuel mixture - and a reduction in NOx

Particulate matter (PM):

-Probable human carcinogen -Cause respiratory and heart diseases -Cause premature deaths NOx+SOx contributes to acid rain

Primary Reduction Methods - NOx: (4)

-Retarding Fuel Injection -Increasing Air-Fuel Ratio -Water Based Techniques A.Direct Water Injection B.Water/Fuel Emulsion C.Charge Air Humidification -Exhaust Gas Recirculation

Purpose of the Technical File: (3)

-To specify the engine -To present the NOx level for the engine -To provide a NOx verification method (survey method) for the engine in service.

Particulates typically make up no more than around ?

.003% of the engine exhaust gases

The regulations also apply in these other cases: (3)

1) an engine is replaced by a new one 2) the output is increased by more than 10% 3) substantial modifications have affected NOx emissions

Maritime Emissions Percentage: Container vessels= Gas carriers= Bulk/combined carriers= Auxiliary engines= General cargo vessels= Fishing vessels+factories= Tugs+ All other ships= Tanker= Crude oil carries=

23.2% 2.0% 16.5% 3.6% 24.8% 3.0% 4.2% 3.9% 10.7% 8.0%

Because local temperature and oxygen concentrations are the dominating parameters, a rule-of-thumb says that a temperature change of 100 degrees Celsius may change the NOx amount by a factor of?

3

Local temperature and oxygen concentrations are the dominating parameters, and a rule-of-thumb says that a temperature change of 100 degrees Celsius may change the NOx amount by a factor of?

3

As a rough guide, burning 1 ton of diesel fuel produces approximately ?

3 tons of carbon dioxide

Total Emissions Percentage: World seaborne trade= World road transport= World railway transport= World oil pipelines= Inland waters= World airborne trade=

71% 11.7% 10.9% 3.3% 2.5% 0.6%

IMO Annex Vi Status March 2006 Ratified by 39 countries representing __% of the world tonn.

72.32%

Bragg Investment Companies is required to:  Guarantee employees responsible for conducting the inspections attend a?

A training class on diesel emissions compliance testing and provide certificates of completion within one year.