dietetics final

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Impaired _______ functions and related _________, pancreatic cancer

- pancreatic - hypoglycemia

A daily deficit of 400 to 500 kcal should theoretically result in a loss of approximately ________ of body fat per week.

1 pound

Which of the following athletes would have the highest requirements for proteins?

180 lb male football player

How many molecules of lactate are produced from one molecule of glucose during metabolism?

If a nursing mother consumes 1 to 2 drinks of alcohol, when is it safe to breastfeed?

2 hours after last drink

If a person consumed 35% of a diet providing 2500 kcalories from protein, approximately how many grams of protein would be ingested?

219

For every pound of weight lost during an athletic event, ________ of water should be consumed immediately thereafter.

3 cups

Assuming that milk is an adolescent's only source of dietary calcium, how much milk must he/she drink every day to meet the RDA for calcium?

4-5 cups

Your sister is pregnant and is very uncomfortable. She is experiencing heartburn daily and is looking for some relief. In your nutrition class, you just learned about heartburn during pregnancy. What advice can you offer her?

All of these choices could give her some relief.

Factors that affect the amount of nutrients in foods include ________.

All of these factors affect nutrient content of foods.

Which of the following can contribute to increased risk of cancer?

All of these factors may increase cancer risk.

To preserve bone mass, adults should ________.

All of these recommendations are correct.

A healthy weight for an individual should not be based exclusively on weight, but on ________.

All of these responses are correct

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, a goal for adults is to ________.

All of these responses are correct.

Low fluid intake in older adults may be caused by ________.

All of these responses are correct.

Variables that determine an athlete's energy needs include ________.

All of these responses are correct.

Which condition increases the risk of a poor pregnancy outcome?

All of these responses are correct.

Which essential fatty acid is responsible for lowering the risk of coronary heart disease?

Alpha-linolenic

Which condition is NOT usually associated with type 2 diabetes?

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas

Which of the following meals would slow the rate of absorption of alcohol the most?

Bacon cheeseburger and french fries

Which meal contains the highest amount of vitamin C?

Baked fish with lemon, broccoli, cole slaw, and strawberries

Which of the following foods is least likely to cause a foodborne illness?

Bread, pasteurized milk, butter

The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can be fatal to the developing fetus. What foods are possible sources of this bacterium and should be avoided by pregnant women?

Brie and blue-veined cheeses

Which of the following lipids is a precursor for estrogen and bile?

Cholesterol

Which group of foods provides substantial amounts of vitamin C?

Citrus fruits and vegetables

Improper canning of foods can result in serious foodborne illness caused by the ___________ bacterium.

Clostridium botulinum

Which of the following techniques for measuring body composition makes use of small exposures to radiation?

DEXA

Which is NOT a permitted health claim?

Diets low in sugar may reduce the risk of cancer.

Strength training recommendations for older adults include all of the following EXCEPT

Exercise different muscle groups in each session.

Which of the following situations is/are life threatening?

Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia

Which of the following is NOT true about inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

IBD is caused by a reaction to proteins in foods.

Proteins help regulate blood pH by ________.

accepting and releasing hydrogen ions

The absorptive process that requires energy in the form of ATP is ________.

active absorption

The problems of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependency ________.

affect nearly 1 in 3 Americans over a lifetime

Which of the following nutrients may be absorbed by the colon?

all of these answers are correct

Food insecurity is ________.

all of these choices are accurate

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans ________.

all of these choices are correct

Which is true about the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

all of these responses are true

Risk factors for osteoporosis include ________.

amenorrhea

After a period of prolonged fasting (starving), the brain changes its fuel requirements ________.

and starts to use ketones and spares protein

Glucose, galactose, and fructose ________.

are monosaccharides

One advantage of sports drinks is taste. In addition, they ________.

are quick replacements for carbohydrates

Abdominal fat deposition and fluid accumulation (_________).

ascites

A person diagnosed with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid products containing ________.

aspartame

The main objective of Healthy People 2030 is to help Americans ________.

attain healthy, thriving lives and well being, free from preventable disease disability, injury, and premature death.

All the following are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids EXCEPT ________.

avocados

The body's total daily energy expenditure includes ________.

basal metabolic rate, thermal effect of food, and effects of physical activity

Calorie needs decline after age 30 years or so because ________.

basal metabolism declines

Raffinose and stachyose are indigestible oligosaccharides found in foods such as ________.

beans and other legumes

Intakes of ______ have been associated with reduced risk for age-related macular degeneration and cataracts.

both lutein and zeaxanthin

Insufficient Vitamin D intake and levels in the blood can lead to

both of these are correct

The functions of fat include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

build and repair tissue

The synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the _________ of the cell and the breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the _______ of the cell.

cytosol; mitochondria

______ in bone mineral density

decrease

Extra water losses from heavy sweating or diarrhea will typically result in ________.

decreased urine output

The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for nutrients are ________.

designed to meet the nutrient needs of 97 to 98% of individuals in a specific life stage

Dietary sugars and starches are called "protein sparing," which means ________.

dietary protein can be used for protein synthesis and other vital processes, rather than being used as a source of energy

The fact that the amino acid tryptophan can be converted to niacin by the body explains why ________.

diets high in protein could prevent or cure pellagra

Constipation in many children is often caused by:

drinking too much milk

A baby that sleeps with a bottle filled with formula has an increased risk for ________.

ear infections

Individuals most likely to experience poor vitamin B-12 status are ________.

elderly adults, due to atrophic gastritis

A patient presents with low copper. Which portion of cellular respiration would suffer?

electron transport chain

Oxidation-reduction reactions in the body are controlled by ________.

enzymes

The 4 primary types of tissue are ________.

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

A loss of 1%-2% of body weight in fluids will generally cause a person to ________.

experience thirst

Marasmus is characterized by ________.

extreme weight loss and fat loss

An individual who consumes one cup of coffee in the morning should drink an additional 2 cups of fluid to compensate for caffeine-induced fluid loss.

false

In the U.S., dietary supplements are rigorously regulated by the Food and Drug Administration.

false

Natural vitamins are superior to synthetic vitamins.

false

People who remain almost fully covered during the day are at increased risk of vitamin K deficiency.

false

Public water supplies in the U.S. are a major source of infection and disease.

false

Thawing foods, such as chicken, on the counter overnight is a safe food handling practice.

false

The growth percentile curve a child follows depends ONLY on his/her genetic potential.

false

Uncontrolled gestational diabetes can cause the fetus to be born with a low birth weight.

false

Based on results of long-term studies, people on weight-reduction diets should limit ________.

high-fat foods

Elevated blood concentrations of ____ are associated with increased risk for stroke and neurological decline in some elderly adults.

homocysteine

The biological value of a food protein is a measure of ________.

how closely the food's amino acid pattern matches the amino acid pattern of body protein

The set-point theory proposes that ________.

humans have a genetically predetermined body weight or body fat

The chemical reaction sucrose + H2O → fructose + glucose is an example of a ___________ reaction.

hydrolysis

Joe Smith, age 52, has a blood pressure of 145 mm Hg over 95 mm Hg. This is considered ________.

hypertension or high blood pressure

Satiety is largely regulated by the ________.

hypothalamus

A possible explanation for a natural phenomenon is a ________.

hypothesis

According to the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans substantial health benefits occur when adults engage ________.

in 150-300 minutes of moderate intensity exercise each week

To prevent constipation, older adults should ________.

increase dietary fiber and fluids

A diet that contains an average of 4,000 mg sodium and 1,500 mg potassium daily is likely to ________.

increase the risk of hypertension

An adaptation that occurs with exercise, besides improvement in fitness is ________.

increased bone density

The best type of fiber to eat for reducing constipation is ________.

insoluble fiber

Beginning a pregnancy with hypertension may lead to all of the following EXCEPT

insomnia

While _________ suppresses gluconeogenesis, ____________ increases glycogen breakdown.

insulin; glucagon

A high intake of vitamin E can ________.

interfere with vitamin K's blood-clotting activity

Many athletes, particularly female and young athletes, may need to increase their intake of ________ to help increase red blood cell production.

iron

Which nutrient is best contributed by the protein foods group of MyPlate?

iron

The "mucosal block" theory is one explanation of how the body protects itself from excess absorption of dietary ________.

iron and zinc

Physical activity is MOST likely to lead to successful weight loss if it ________.

is performed regularly

Primary lactose intolerance results from ________.

lactase insufficiency

When muscle tissue is exercising under anaerobic conditions, the production of ______ is important because it ensures a continuous supply of NAD+.

lactate

Carbohydrates that may contribute to intestinal gas formation include ________.

lactose, fructose, and raffinose

Lipids with high polyunsaturatd fatty acid content are generally ____________ at room temperature.

liquid

During the inflammatory phase of diverticulitis, treatment includes antibiotics and a diet that is ________.

lower in fiber

Proteins can be described as ________.

made of building blocks called amino acids

A person with an alcohol use disorder presents with muscle twitching and cramping. He is also complaining of spasms in his muscles that he cannot seem to control. What nutrient is he likely deficient in?

magnesium

What eating behavior does MyPlate specifically encourage?

make at least half your grains whole grains

_________ of nutrients in the small intestine

malabsoprtion

Which of the following genetic disorders would cause a person to have limited fat stores?

marfan syndrome

It is recommended that honey not be given to infants because it ________.

may contain Clostridium botulinum spores

Adolescents often have smaller babies than mature women. They are advised to gain more weight during pregnancy to ________.

meet both the fetal and mother's growth needs

All the chemical and physical processes involved in maintaining life are referred to as ________.

metabolism

Which of the following foods provides all of the essential amino acids?

milk

The most nutrient-dense food source of calcium with high bioavailability is ________.

milk and dairy products

Drag the digestion description to the place in the body where it occurs. mouth stomach pancreas small intestine liver large intestine

mouth- where salivary amylase is produced stomach- has acidic environment where salivary amylase is inactivated pancreas- site of amylase and dextrinase secretion small intestine- has alkaline environment and is where the majority of carbohydrate digestion and absorption occurs liver- the site to which monosaccharides are transported large intestine- where bacteria ferment soluble fiber

At very high intensities of exercise, most of the energy the body uses is supplied by ________.

muscle glycogen

If no glucose is available from dietary carbohydrate, glucose in the blood may first be derived from ________.

muscle glycogen and liver glycogen

Your friend is concerned that her son is gaining too much weight. Before seeking advice from her son's pediatrician, she wants you to give her your opinion because she knows you are taking a nutrition class. You learn from her that her son is 3' 10" and currently weighs 60 lbs. You also remember that he just had his 6th birthday. How would you classify her son after calculating his BMI?

obese

In the Mediterranean Diet, the majority of fat in the diet is supplied by ________.

olive oil and olives

Which of the following blood levels of LDL cholesterol would increase risk for cardiovascular disease for an otherwise healthy adult?

over 160 mg/dl

An infant may suffer from water intoxication when ________.

overfed water instead of formula

In most cases the starting material for gluconeogenesis is ________.

oxaloacetate

When a slice of fresh apple turns a brown color, this is most likely the result of ________.

oxidation

Most digestive enzymes are synthesized by the ________.

pancreas and small intestine

To protect riboflavin from destruction by sunlight, milk and milk products are often packaged in ________.

paper and opaque plastic cartons

Which of the following digestive disorders is caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori?

peptic ulcer

Energy obtained by the body from food is used to ________.

perform all of these functions

Which is NOT a common mealtime challenge with preschoolers?

pica

The best sources of thiamin in the average diet are ________.

pork products, whole or enriched grains and cereals, and legumes

Introducing solid foods to an infant's diet before the infant needs them can ________.

potentially strain the young infant's organs

Which of the following population groups generally has the highest rate of calcium absorption?

pregnant women

The fluoridation of public drinking water is

responsible for reduction in dental caries in children.

Adolescent girls with low dairy product intake often present with fatigue and anemia due to a deficiency of ________.

riboflavin

_________ is the loss of muscle mass due to aging.

sarcopenia

Carnitine ________.

shuttles fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria

The food additives that inhibit the growth of the pathogen Clostridium botulinum are ________.

sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite

Aldosterone increases ________.

sodium retention by the kidneys

"Hitting the wall" is a term to describe ________.

someone has essentially run out of available carbohydrates for energy

The sugar alcohol commonly used to sweeten chewing gum and candy is ________.

sorbitol

Which of the foods below constitutes the best choice when attempting carbohydrate loading before endurance events?

spaghetti

An older relative has recently been placed on anticoagulant medications. Her doctor did not make any dietary recommendations. Which of the following foods would you suggest that your relative avoid until further discussing her medication with her doctor?

spinach

Match each type of polysaccharide to its polysaccharide classification. starch fiber glycogen

starch- amylose, amylopectin fiber- cellulose, lignin glycogen- storage form of glucose in humans, polysaccharide stored in liver and muscles

Which of the following agency would be most appropriate to contact if you felt a local restaurant was not handling their food safely?

state local government

Food components that MUST be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel include ________.

sugars, dietary fiber, and calcium

Which of the following exercises would be most appropriate to continue to perform during a healthy pregnancy?

swimming

A major factor contributing to the decline in iron deficiency anemia among poor preschool children in the U.S. is ________.

the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) that distributes iron-fortified formulas and cereals

The U.S. government assistance program that provides vouchers for food purchases to low-income pregnant women, infants, and children is ________.

the WIC program

Water-soluble nutrients enter into the body by way of ________.

the blood

Anergy is _______.

the lack of an immune response to foreign substances entering the body

Once absorbed, the majority of glucose is transported to ________.

the liver

Preparing and cooking vegetables can result in ________.

the loss of minerals from the vegetable into the boiling water

Nutritionally, the difference between brown rice and white rice is ________.

the presence of bran and germ layers in the brown rice, which have most of the nutrients

The vitamin that prevents beriberi is ________.

thiamin

A process involved in the synthesis of nonessential amino acids is called ________.

transamination

Cytochromes ________.

transport electrons in the electron transport chain

Lymph ________.

transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation

The major form of lipid in foods is a(n) ________.

triglyceride

When there is excess glucose and amino acids in the liver, and no more ATP needs to be synthesized, these energy-rich nutrients are converted to ________.

triglycerides

A female who becomes pregnant within 2 years of menarche is at a higher nutritional risk than one who becomes pregnant later.

true

Breastfed infants have a reduced risk of obesity and ear infections, as compared to formula-fed infants.

true

Children with autism frequently have unusual eating behaviors.

true

In the United States, salt can be purchased either with or without added iodide.

true

Insufficient weight gain in the last trimester of pregnancy increases the risk for fetal growth retardation.

true

Regular exercise can help control gestational diabetes.

true

Supplemental vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate can reduce blood levels of homocysteine, but have not been proven to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Group startsTrue or False

true

The physical changes of adolescence can cause teens to be dissatisfied with their bodies.

true

Trace minerals are present in the body in smaller quantities than are major minerals.

true

Vitamin A supplements have actually resulted in a decrease in vitamin A-related deaths in developing countries.

true

Which of the following is NOT a part of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, or REDS?

type 2 diabetes

Which of the following amino acids is classified as a "conditionally essential" amino acid?

tyrosine

Your friend just told you she is pregnant. She is concerned about the amount of weight she will gain during her pregnancy and is looking for some advice so that she and her baby can be healthy. Her pre-pregnancy weight was 155 pounds and she is 5'5" tall. Based on her pre-pregnancy weight, how much weight should your friend gain during her pregnancy?

15 to 25 lbs

Phosphorus absorption is promoted by the hormone ________.

1, 25 (OH)2 vitamin D

Put the components of fat digestion and absorption in their appropriate order from first (1) to last occurring event (8). 1. lipase breaks triglycerides down into monoglycerides and fatty acids in the small intestine 2. triglycerides in the chylomicron are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by lipoprotein lipase 3. monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed by the small intestine cells are repackaged into triglycerides 4. fatty acids are released to the bloodstream and glycerol circulates back to the liver 5. small intestine cells package triglycerides into chylomicrons 6. muscle cells use absorbed fatty acids immediately for fuel and adipose cells re-form fatty acids into triglycerides for storage 7. chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system and the bloodstream 8. chylomicron remnant is removed from circulation by the liver and its components are recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids

1, 3, 5, 7, 2, 4, 6, 8

Drag the descriptor to its appropriate lipoprotein classification. 1. Chylomicron 2. VLDL 3. LDL 4. HDL

1. carries absorbed fat to body cells 2. carries fat taken up from the bloodstream by the liver, as well as any fat made by the liver, to body cells 3. arises from VLDL and carries mostly cholesterol to cells 4. arises mostly from the liver and intestine and carries cholesterol from cells to other lipoproteins and to the liver for excretion

Asses the following situations and match with their appropriate condition.

1. orthorexia 2. muscle dysmorphia 3. binge eating disorder 4. pregorexia

Match the gastrointestinal secretion with its function(s).

1.) stimulates the gallbladder and pancreas to release bile and pancreatic juice 2.) delays the emptying time of the stomach 3.) stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions 4.) signals chief cells to produce pepsinogen and HCL 5.) aids in digestion and absorption of fat

Recommendations for restoration of muscle glycogen include _____ grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight are consumed 30 minutes after exercise and again 2 hours after exercise.

1.0-1.5

When exercise duration approaches several hours per day, recommended carbohydrate needs for athletes increase up to ________. Multiple Choice

10 grams carbohydrate per kg body weight

A diet that provides 75 g protein per day can contribute __________ mg niacin from tryptophan.

12.5

If a can of soup provides 4 servings and has 100 kcal per serving, how many kcal are in the entire can?

400

Average additional dietary energy requirements for lactation are approximately _______ kcal per day.

400-500

What would be the recommended amount of protein for a 121-pound female?

44g/day

Of the total day's energy intake, most dietary guidelines recommend that carbohydrates provide _____________ of energy.

45%-65%

The salivary glands produce about ___ cup(s) of saliva each day. Saliva is a watery fluid that contains ________, ___________, and ___________.

4; mucus; digestive enzymes; antibacterial substances

Mike has been told to reduce his fat intake to less than 30% of his total calories. It has been recommended to him that he consume an average of 2000 calories per day. How many grams of fat should he consume per day?

67 grams

Maternal iron deficiency anemia can cause ________.

All of these are effects of iron deficiency.

The functions of protein include ________.

All of these are functions of protein.

A maternal practice that can be harmful to the fetus is ________.