digestive exam

one common cause of peptic ulcers is the use of certain medications that inhibit the secretion of mucus. why might this contribute to the development of ulcers

a decrease in mucus leads to acid eating away at the mucosa and exposing the underlying tissue

indicate which of the following digestive processes occurs in that organ: mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, or none large intestine

absorption

indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither gallbladder

accessory digestive organ

indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither liver

accessory digestive organ

indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither pancreas

accessory digestive organ

indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither cecum

alimentary canal

indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither esophagus

alimentary canal

indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither stomach

alimentary canal

indicate which of the following digestive processes occurs in that organ: mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, or none small intestine

chemical and absorption

the muscularis externa is typically composed of two smooth muscle layers. name them.

circular and longitudinal

the small intestine has three major adaptations that combine to drastically increase the overall surface area. name them.

circular folds, villi and microvilli

what is the digestive function of bile

digestion and absorption of fat soluble lipids and excretion of waste that the kidney cannot excrete

into which specific organ does the stomach empty

duodenum of the small intestine

which organ of the alimentary canal has a muscularis externa that contains skeletal muscle

esophagus (pharynx also consists of skeletal muscle)

where is bile stored

gallbladder

another common cause of peptic ulcers is inflammation caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which can colonize the stomach or intestine. typically, these bacteria impact the production of gastrin. what is the function of gastrin, where is it produced, and how would too much gastrin be bad?

gastrin is a hormone secreted by G cells of the gastric glands that triggers acid secretion from parietal cells. if more gastrin is produced than more acid will be produced causing a too highly acidic solution

which mesentery attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach

greater omentum

what structures make up a portal triad of a liver lobule

hepatic arteriole, hepatic portal venule and bile duct

which structure of a portal triad transports oxygen-rich blood

hepatic artery

which structure of a portal triad transports nutrient rich, oxygen-poor blood

hepatic portal vein

what cells produce bile and where are these cells located

hepatocytes of the liver

the large intestine ends at the anal canal where there are two sphincters. identify the different sphincters. what type of tissues makes up each of the sphincters and are they under voluntary or involuntary control

internal anal sphincter: involuntary and thickened circular layer of muscular externa (smooth muscle) external anal sphincter: voluntary and skeletal muscle

if the body cannot fight off the infection, the inflammation could result in a burst appendix. if the appendix bursts, what is the danger to the individual

internal bleeding and spillage of bacteria filled fecal matter into the peritoneal cavity leading to peritonitis. the combination can be fatal

lipids are too large for blood capillaries of the alimentary canal to pick up and directly transport. what structures of the lymphatic system absorb lipids

lacteals

what organ does the lumen of the appendix open into

large intestine

peptic ulcers can occur in the esophagus. how might this happen, and is the esophagus set up to handle acidic contents

layer of mucus wears away/erosion from stomach acid moving upward, caused by infection; not equip to handle this

what are the taeniae coli of the large intestine and which anatomical feature of the large intestine do they form

layer of the large intestine gathered into three bands or ribbons of muscle which form the haustra

which of the accessory digestive organs has the primary role of processing absorbed nutrients

liver

Peyer's patches

lymphoid tissue that combats pathogens trying to enter through intestinal wall

indicate which of the following digestive processes occurs in that organ: mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, or none oral cavity

mechanical and chemical

indicate which of the following digestive processes occurs in that organ: mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, or none stomach

mechanical and chemical

indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither spleen

none

indicate which of the following digestive processes occurs in that organ: mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, or none esophagus

none

indicate which of the following digestive processes occurs in that organ: mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, or none liver

none

the muscularis externa layer of the stomach has a third smooth muscle layer. identify this third layer

oblique

which portions of the pharynx are considered part of the digestive system and what type of epithelium lines these regions

oropharynx and laryngopharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium

duodenal glands

produce alkaline mucus to neutralize chyme

what smooth muscle sphincter controls the release of chyme from the stomach

pyloric sphincter

identify the large, longitudinal folds of the empty stomach

rugae

parietal cells

secrete HCl which converts pepsinogen into pepsin

serous acinus

secrete enzymes into saliva

intestinal crypts

secrete intestinal juice

what is the function of goblet cells

secrete mucus

what is the function of the main pancreatic duct and where does it empty

secrete pancreatic juice which aids in digestion and empties into the duodenum

chief cells

secrete pepsinogen which, when converted to pepsin, breaks down proteins

indicate the type of epithelium lining the lumen of each of the following organs large intestine

simple columnar

indicate the type of epithelium lining the lumen of each of the following organs small intestine

simple columnar

indicate the type of epithelium lining the lumen of each of the following organs stomach

simple columnar

into which organ of the alimentary canal is bile ejected

small intestine

within which organ does the majority of absorption occur

small intestine

given that peptic ulcers tend to occur in organs that are transporting acidic contents, which organs would you predict to be most prone to peptic ulcers

stomach

hepatocytes

store sugar as glycogen

indicate the type of epithelium lining the lumen of each of the following organs esophagus

stratified squamous

indicate the type of epithelium lining the lumen of each of the following organs oral cavity

stratified squamous

if inflammation occurs, what happens to the connection between the appendix and the above organ

the opening becomes blocked; a condition known as appendicitis