digestive system 1

mesentery proper folded knots bolus

A good example of a mesentery is the __ __ which supports most of the small intestine. Notice how the loops of the small intestine are kept __ up so all 20 feet or so will fit into the abdominopelvic cavity, and yet the intestine is prevented from tying itself into __ (which would cut of blood supply and result in death of the intestine). The loops can slip and slide past one another as a __ is moved through the intestine.

swallowed saliva nervous system voluntary extrinsic muscles reflexive epiglottis intrinsic muscles

After the food is moistened, broken down into smaller pieces, and compacted by the tongue into a bolus, it is __. We take deglutition for granted every time we eat or drink. In addition, we are totally unaware of swallowing __ which occurs at regular intervals 2400 times each day! But deglutition is a very complex process requiring coordination between the voluntary and involuntary divisions of the __ __. The initial part of swallowing is under __, conscience control. When the bolus enters the back part of the throat, the __ __ of the larynx contract causing it to elevate so that the bolus passes over the opening to the larynx. This aspect is __ and is tested as part of a neurological exam. Recall that the __ folds over to insure that the bolus passes over the larynx and into the esophagus. The __ __also contract which aid in protecting the larynx for aspiration of food or water.

gastrointestinal alimentary canal nourish accessory facilitate appendix lymphoid organ

Anatomically, the organs of the digestive system fall into two main categories (1) the __ tract (A.K.A. the __ __—aliment means __) which is a continuous tube extending from mouth to anus. The GI tract includes the oral cavity, oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anal canal. (2) the second category includes a number of diverse __ organs and glands that __ the digestive processes. The accessory structures include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands (parotid, submandibular and sublingual), pancreas, liver, gall bladder and appendix. The __ does not function in digestion in humans but is actually a __ __. Cats completely lack an appendix.

cardia cardiac heart fundus body pyloric antrum canal sphincter

Anatomically, the stomach is divided into four regions: (1) the __ or cardiac region surrounds the "__" sphincter (LES or gastroesophageal). This region is called cardiac because it is near to __(I don't know if that means anatomically, or if the person who named the region just liked eating). The __ is the dome-shaped region that extends above the point of entrance of the esophagus. The __ is the middle portion, and the __ region is the most distal. The pyloric region is subdivided into the pyloric __ (=cave) which narrows to form the pyloric canal. The pyloric __ terminates at the pylorus which is continuous with the first part of the small intestine called the duodenum. The entrance to the duodenum is guarded by the pyloric __.

muscularis externa three mucosa open duodenum 3

Another feature of the stomach wall involves the __ __. Remember that typically the muscularis externa consists on two layers; an inner circular and outer longitudinal. However, the wall of the stomach consists of__ layers: the innermost layer runs diagonally just deep to the __, followed by the circular and longitudinal layers. This allows the stomach to churn and mix the food physically breaking it down into small pieces forming chyme. After the chyme is liquefied and particles are no bigger than 1 mm in diameter, the pyloric sphincter will __ and allow a small volume to enter the __. The pyloric sphincter opens at a rate of _ times per minute.

labia frenulum gingivae raphe incisors

As you probably suspected, there's a whole specialized "mouth vocabulary". The lips are called __which is Latin for fleshy borders. There is a labial __ which is a midline fold of mucous membrane that attaches the lips to their corresponding gums. The gums are called __ (gingiva, singular). On the roof of the mouth (hard and soft palates), there are ridges called __. Run your tongue over the roof of your mouth beginning behind your two front teeth (__). In humans, the raphe are not particularly pronounced, but most of you know that the roof of your cat's mouth has deep ridges—cats sometimes eat living food and they don't have opposable thumbs to help them manipulate it, so the raphe are (were) important for your cat to be able to manipulate its food.

enamel calcium salts pulp cavity root canal sensation.

Covering the outside of the crown is the hardest material in the human body, __. About 95% of its dry weight is comprised of __ __. The enamel protects the tooth from the wear and tear of years of chewing food, and from acid. The __ __ is in the roots of the tooth and is surrounded by dentin. The pulp contains blood vessels and nerves which enter the root of the tooth via the __ __. The blood vessels keep the tooth nourished (dentin like bone is a living tissue with a hard matrix), and nerves provide __

extrinsic salivary glands enzymes immunoglobulin serous and mucous buccal glands volume

Humans have three sets of __ __ __. Together they produce and secrete saliva which keeps the mouth clean, moistens food, dissolves food molecules so they can be "tasted", and contains __ that initiate chemical digestion. Saliva is mainly water and ranges between a pH of 6.5-7.0. Saliva contains electrolytes, digestive enzymes (salivary amylase), lysozyme which kills bacteria, and IgA (a type of __ or antibody). Two types of secretory cells make up the salivary glands; __ and __. There are also some intrinsic salivary glands (__ __) which are located in the mucosa of the oral cavity, however these glands don't contribute very much to the overall __ of salivary secretions.

deciduous 20 reabsorbed adolescence wisdom 32 impacted.

Humans have two sets of teeth. The primary or __ teeth also called baby teeth or milk teeth are our first set of teeth. The deciduous teeth begin to appear at about 6 months of age, and finally at about 24 months, all __ milk teeth have erupted. Between the ages of 6-12 years, the roots of the milk teeth are __ causing them to fall out. By the end of __ all the permanent teeth have erupted except for the third molars also known as the __ teeth. There are typically __ permanent teeth, but sometimes the wisdom teeth don't erupt; sometimes they remain in the jaw bone and are referred to as __

peritoneum greater fat beer belly infection

If your cat was well fed before it met its demise, this may have been the first structure that you saw when you opened up the abdominal cavity. The greater omentum is a double sheet of __ that folds back on itself. It is attached to the __ curvature of the stomach, hangs down over most of the abdominal viscera, makes a U-turn and attaches to the transverse colon—like an apron. In normally weighted individuals, the core of the omentum is filled with __. This serves as an energy store and functions to pad, protect and insulate the abdominal viscera. The greater omentum in overweight individuals is responsible for the characteristic "__ __". It can reach over 100 pounds in obese people. The greater omentum also contains a variety of immune cells and lymph nodes to fight __ if necessary.

nonadjacent mixing forward peristalsis

In segmentation, __ segments of the intestine alternatively contract and relax. This "sloshes" the bolus back and forth in a small part of the intestine. This process is mainly responsible for __ food and digestive juices which helps to expose different parts of the bolus over the intestinal mucosa. This increases efficiency of digestion and absorption. Segmentation does help to move food __ down the tube albeit at a much slower rate than __.

ATP nutrient tube bloodstream

Its 20 or so organs are responsible for converting the energy locked in the chemical bonds of our food into energy (mainly __) that our cells need to stay alive and perform their particular function in the body. The digestive system is responsible for taking in food, breaking it down into __ molecules that can be absorbed by the cells lining the digestive "__" so that they can be transported via the __ throughout the entire body.

skeletal muscles extrinsic shape sensory analysis temperature texture.

Kissing's sweet, kissing's fun, but what's a kiss without a tongue?! The tongue consists of a bunch of __ __ covered over with mucous membrane. It is attached by muscles to the hyoid bone, styloid process and mandible via __ muscles. In addition, it has many intrinsic muscles that originate in and insert into the connective tissue within the tongue. These muscles alter the __ of the tongue which is important for speech and swallowing, as well as emotional expression. The tongue manipulates food and aids in its processing, and is important for __ __. Sensory analysis is not just the special sense of taste, but is also important for detecting __ and __

serous membranes surface parietal inner friction peritoneum retroperitoneal

Let's take a look at some specializations of the peritoneum since many of this are important to allow for the movements. Recall from last semester that all ventral body cavities are lined with slippery __ __. The visceral peritoneum covers the __ of most of the digestive organs and is continuous with the __ peritoneum which lines the __ surface of the body wall. The serous fluid in between the two membranes lubricates and reduces __ so that the viscera can move across one another and the body wall without sticking. Some organs are covered by __ on their anterior surface only and are not suspended into the peritoneal cavity. These organs are called __ and include the pancreas, duodenum, rectum and the kidneys (part of the urinary system).

peritoneium mesenteries conduct serosa mesentery proper.

Most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are suspended from the dorsal body wall by a double sheet of __—two serous membranes fused back-to-back. These outward folds of the visceral peritoneum are called __. While holding the digestive viscera in place, they allow movements such as peristalsis, segmentation, etc., and mixing of the gut contents. They also __ arteries, veins and lymphatics to and from the digestive viscera. Lymph nodes, connective tissue and varying amounts of fat are also present between the two sheets of __. The best example of a mesentery is the one that suspends most of the small intestine from the dorsal abdominal wall. This specialized peritoneal structure is called the __ __

contractions pacemaker cells peristalsis segmentation

Once the wad of moisturized food (now called a bolus) has been swallowed, alternating __ of the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa, move it down the tube. Interestingly, the smooth muscle layers contain "__ __" which have the ability to spontaneously depolarize triggering a wave of contraction that spreads throughout the muscular layer. As already mentioned, there are two types of movements resulting from contractions of the muscularis externa—__ which functions to move the bolus from proximal to distal along the GI tube, and __ which facilitates local mixing of gut contents with digestive enzymes.

stomach mechanically and chemically proteins intrinsic factor chyme absorption

Once through the gastroesophageal sphincter, the meal will be temporarily stored in the __. Through the powerful contractions of the stomach wall, the semi-processed meal will become progressively broken down both __ and __. The strong acid content of gastric juice begins breaking chemical bonds. Chemical breakdown of __ begins in the stomach. The glands of the stomach also produce a substance called __ __. This secretion is necessary for normal red blood cell production. After the food mass has been mechanically and chemically processed, a semisolid mass called the __ will be released from the stomach to begin its journey through the intestinal tract where further digestion and __ will take place.

rugae rugae large smooth

One of the most notable features of the internal stomach is the presence of __. An empty stomach has a volume of about 50 ml and a cross-sectional diameter about the size of a polish sausage. However, when it is fully distended, it can hold about 4 Liters (= 1 gallon)!!! What allows the stomach to be able to so radically change its size and shape based on the size of a meal? The mucosa and submucosa form ridges called __ (ruga = wrinkle, fold). These work like an accordion. When the stomach is empty, the rugae are __, but when distended the rugae can stretch to the point where the inner surface of the stomach looks __. Everything else in between these extremes is possible as well depending on the size of the meal.

mesocolon falciform ligament liver fetal umbilical vein.

Other specializations include the mesentery of the large intestine called the __. It binds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. The __ __ is actually what is left of a ventral mesentery. It attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall making it unique among the mesenteries. The __ is the only digestive organ that is attached to the anterior or ventral abdominal wall. Recall that the fibrous cord in the falciform ligament called the round ligament or ligamentum teres is the remnant of the __ __ __

microvilli pepsinogen zymogen granules rennin pepsin

Parietal cells contain __ which increases surface area of the cells for the secretion of HCl into gastric juice. The chief cells synthesize __ which is stored in zymogen granules (red spheres at the apical surface of the cells). When the chief cells are hormonally stimulated to release pepsinogen, the __ __ fuse with the apical plasma membrane and exocytose. In infants, the chief cells secrete __ which breaks down milk protein. The parietal cells simultaneously secrete HCl and intrinsic factor. The low pH of the stomach (1.5-3.5) is necessary for activation and optimal activity of __, and it also denatures proteins and kills many bacteria—recall the "5 second rule".

buccal oropharynx pharynx Vagus lower esophageal contract

Swallowing is so complex. The __ phase occurs in the mouth and is voluntary. The tip of the tongue is placed against the hard palate and then the lingual musculature contracts so that the bolus is shoved into the __. After this, swallowing is no longer voluntary control. Once the receptors in the __ are stimulated, deglutition is under control of the autonomic nervous system; there is a swallowing center located mainly in the medulla oblongata and lower part of the pons. The __ cranial nerves to the muscles of the pharynx and esophagus create peristaltic contractions that move food from the oropharynx to the stomach (this takes about 8 seconds for solids, water just moves right through via gravity). For the bolus to enter the stomach, a sphincter called the __ __, cardiac or gastroesophageal sphincter must relax. After the bolus enters the stomach, the sphincter must __ to prevent regurgitation. Can you breathe and swallow simultaneously?

Incisors canines premolars molars dental formula symmetrical

Teeth are classified according to their shape. __ are used for cutting, __ (eye teeth) for tearing; __ (bicuspids) and __ for ginding (FYI, molar means "millstone"). The __ __ is a way of indicating the number and position of the different types of teeth. It is written as a ratio of the upper teeth over the lower teeth for one half of the mouth times two (because the teeth in the jaws are bilaterally __).

buccal chewing Sensory analysis texture

The "mouth" is the oral or __ cavity. Its components plays an important role in initial sensory analysis (just what are you sticking in your mouth), mechanical processing (__ or mastication), lubrication and initial but limited digestion via mucous and salivary glands. __ __ is more than just taste. Have you ever put something in your mouth that didn't taste bad, but had an obnoxious __? Lima beans does it for me!

uvula nasopharynx soft palate palatoglossal palatopharyngeal palatine tonsils fauces

The __ (= little grape) is the little punching bag in the back of your throat. It closes off the __ when swallowing which helps to keep swallowed foods and liquids from entering the nasal cavity. In my youth, it was a popular activity to tickle one of your friends making them laugh when they were trying to drink a soda. It was so fun to watch root beer squirt out their nose (proving that the two cavities are interconnected). The uvula is the midpoint of the__ __ which forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth. It is the arch-shaped muscular partition between the oropharynx & nasopharynx. Two muscular folds run down the lateral sides of the soft palate. These are the __ (anterior) and __ (posterior) arches. The __ __ are located on each side of the oral cavity between these arches. The __ is the passage way between the oral cavity and oropharynx.

digestive tube gut liver falciform ligament lesser ventral

The __ __ begins its development in the fourth week of embryonic life as a cavity called the primitive gut—the forerunner of the GI tract. Beginning between the fifth to seventh weeks of development, the __ develops hollow buds in various places. These buds become the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Each of these organs retains a connection with the GI tract through ducts. Note that the __ retains its connection to the anterior abdominal wall via what was the ventral mesentery (later called the __ __) through adulthood. In addition, the stomach remains connected to the liver through the __ omentum which was also part of the __ mesentery.

small intestine chyme pepsin not gastric cells alkaline incomplete big

The __ __ is where most of digestion and absorption is carried out. We saw that the stomach functions in preliminary stages of digestion by preparing the __. Proteins are broken down by the action of __ and HCl. The preliminary stages of carbohydrate and lipid digestion that began in the oral cavity will continue briefly in the stomach until the pH of the stomach contents falls below 4.5. The stomach does __ absorb nutrients (remember a nutrient is something derived from food that can be used by the body to make energy). The main reason why the stomach can't absorb nutrients is because the __ __ lack transport mechanisms to move materials across their plasma membranes, and the stomach epithelium is covered with __ mucus that impedes nutrients from reaching the surface of the cells. Also digestion is __ and the particles in chyme are too __ to be transported into cells even if the cells had transport mechanisms.

Sublingual gland parasympathetic salivation sympathetic

The __ __ lies under the tongue and opens onto the lingual frenulum via 10-12 ducts. Salivary secretion is controlled mainly via the __ division of the autonomic nervous system via impulses sent through the visceromotor fibers of the facial and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves. Sometimes just the thought of your favorite food can initiate __through these nerves. Conversely, __ stimulation constricts blood vessels going to the salivary glands causing dry mouth. Have you ever been really nervous about speaking in front of a group of people for example? It feels like your tongue and cheeks are sticking to your teeth.

lower esophageal heartburn relax esophagus GERD achalasia

The cardiac, __ __ or gastroesophageal sphincter is anatomically little more than a slight thickening of the circular smooth muscle at the junction of the esophagus with the stomach. If the sphincter isn't working properly, it is possible to develop __ or acid reflux, or to have a bolus sitting in the distal end of the esophagus unable to enter the stomach. The sphincter must __ to allow the bolus into the stomach and then contract to prevent gastric juice (pH 1.5-2.5) from entering the __. When the sphincter doesn't contract adequately (or you've really gorged yourself), the regurgitating gastric juice causes heartburn. If this condition is chronic, the problem is known as __ (gastroesophageal reflux disorder). Conversely, if the sphincter fails to relax, a condition called __ develops. Sometimes the contents of an entire meal can sit at the end of the esophagus—talk about halitosis!

indigestible nutrients mechanically and chemically

The digestive system also functions to get rid of __ materials. The organs of the digestive system work together in order to provide all the cells of the body with the necessary building blocks for repair, growth or to support the function of the cell, and to supply __ for energy production to support all the functions of the body such as muscle contraction, nerve conduction, secretion, and many more. In order to get nutrients in a form that can be used by the body, the food we eat must be __ and __ processed so that it can be absorbed, distributed and used by cells.

simple columnar bicarbonate gastric pits neck cells goblet cells

The epithelium that lines the stomach is __ __ that is comprised of goblet cells. These cells produce a protective alkaline mucus that contains __. This protects the stomach from its own secretions (gastric juice). When looking at the surface of a fresh stomach, one can see that it is studded with millions of tiny pin holes. These are the openings to the __ __ which lead down to the gastric glands that lie in the mucosa. The mucous __ __ that line the gastric pits produce a thin mucus that is chemically different than the mucus produced by the surface __ __.

parietal cells red blood cells hydrochloric acid pepsin chief cells pepsinogen pepsin gastric lipase enteroendocrine paracrines

The gastric glands are made up of four types of cells. The __ __ produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid. Intrinsic factor helps the intestine absorb vitamin B12 which is necessary for the production of __ __ __. The __ __ is what gives gastric juice its low pH of about 1.5. The HCl uncoils proteins allowing __ access to the peptide bonds that hold the amino acids in proteins together. It also aids digestion by breaking down the cell walls of plant material and can kill invading pathogenic organisms. The __ __ make up the majority of the cells. They produce __, the inactive precursor of pepsin (which breaks down peptide bonds in proteins). The low pH of gastric juice converts pepsinogen to active __. The chief cells also produce tiny amounts of __ __. At the bottom of the gastric glands are some __ cells (entero = gut). These release a variety of hormones and__ (paracrines act locally vs. endocrine hormones which are carried away in the blood or lymph). Histamine, serotonin, somatostatin, and gastrin are a few of their products. Together all the secretions of the gastric glands produce about 1500 ml/day of gastric juice.

parotid gland masseter serous mucoid amylase submandibular gland lingual frenulum.

The largest of the three salivary glands is the __ __ (para= near; otid = ear). It lies just anterior to the ear partially covering the masseter muscle of the jaw. Its duct runs across the surface of the __, pierces the buccinator and enters the oral cavity adjacent to the second upper molar tooth. The secretion of the parotid glands is both __ (=watery) and __. The secretory product also contains salivary __ which is a digestive enzyme that initiates carbohydrate digestion. The __ __lies along the medial aspect of the body of the mandible. The duct runs beneath the mucosa of the floor of the oral cavity and opens at the base of the __ __

muscularis externa vascularized mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue submucosal plexus

The next layer is the submucosa which is a denser layer of areolar CT that connects the mucosa with the third layer (__ __). The submucosa is highly __ (contains numerous blood vessels), lymphatics, elastic fibers and nerves. Lymphoid tissue and follicles found in the CT of the mucosa and submucosa are part of MALT (__ -__ __ __) which protects against infection. The __ __ includes sensory as well as motor neurons and mainly controls the secretion of glands and movements of the muscularis mucosa.

fibrosa simple squamous areolar peritoneum parietal visceral serous fluid

The outermost layer of the GI tract is a serosa consisting of visceral peritoneum or a __ (adventitia) in places where the tube is anchored to surrounding structures or body wall. Remember that a serosa is a serous membrane which consists of a __ __ epithelium (=mesothelium) with a thin core of __ CT. In the abdominopelvic cavity, the serosa is collectively referred to as the __. The __ peritoneum lines the inner wall of the abdominopelvic cavity, and the __ peritoneum covers the organs forming the serosa. The peritoneal cavity is a tiny space between the two layers containing __ __.

peristalsis circular longitudinal circular relaxes

The process of __ is somewhat like coaxing a string tie of a pair of sweat pants through the waist band. First, the __ muscles behind the bolus contract and those ahead of the bolus relax. Then the __ muscles ahead of the bolus contract which shortens that segment of the GI tract (like bunching up the waste band of the sweat pants). Next, the __ muscles behind the bolus contract and simultaneously the circular muscle in front of the bolus __ which propels the bolus forward.

lesser greater lesser variable

The stomach has two curvatures; the __ curvature is at the "top" and the greater curvature on the opposite side. The __ omentum connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver. The average adult stomach varies from 15-25 cm in length. Its size and volume are extremely __ in different people or in the same person depending on whether the stomach is full or empty.

ingested small intestine drugs and alcohol fat lipid gastric ulcers

The stomach holds __ food, mechanically mixes it with gastric juice, preparing it for further digestion and subsequent absorption. Further processing of chyme occurs in the __ __. The stomach can't absorb nutrients, but it can absorb some non-nutrient materials such as certain __ and __. The presence of a large amount of __ in a meal will slow down the absorption of alcohol and some drugs. There is an interesting difference in the ability of some people to handle alcohol. As it turns out, women have about 4 times less alcohol dehydrogenase (breaks down alcohol) compared to men. Asians of both genders have less alcohol dehydrogenase compared to other races. Aspirin and similar drugs are __ soluble which means they can move through the mucus layer (as can alcohol) and are absorbed by the stomach. However, taking too much aspirin can result in __ __and bleeding.

filiform papillae fungiform circumvallate taste buds friction mucin lingual lipase

The superior surface of the tongue has numerous __ __ which aid in licking semisolid food (ice cream, popsicles, etc.). A second type are the mushroom-shaped __ papillae. In the very back of the tongue are 10-12 __ papillae which form an upside down V. The fungiform and circumvallate papillae contain __ __; the filiform papillae are for __ only. Within the mucosa and submucosa of the tongue, there are glands that secrete __ (helps to slick things up a bit) and __ __ (starts to breakdown fats = triglycerides, albeit not very much).

circular longitudinal sphincters myenteric plexus voluntary skeletal

The third layer is the muscularis externa. This layer consists of an inner __ and outer __ layer of smooth muscle. The muscularis externa functions in peristalsis and segmentation, and insures one-way movement of materials through the formation of __. Between the two muscle layers is an autonomic nerve plexus (Auerbach's or __ __) which helps to control the gut movements via peristalsis and segmentation. As you know, smooth muscle is under control of the autonomic nervous system. But swallowing and defecation are __ actions (most of the time with any luck), so at the proximal and distal ends of the alimentary canal the muscularis externa consists of __ muscle.

dentes maxilla mandible gingivae periodontal membrane gomphosis crown dentin calcium salts Cementum

The tooth, the whole tooth and nothing but the tooth, or __ as they are called by professionals—that's where we get the word, dentist. The teeth are anchored in the sockets of the alveolar bone of the __ and __. The alveolar processes are covered by the __. The sockets are lined with a __ __ consisting of fibrous CT. Together the sockets and periodontal membrane make up a special kind of joint called a __. The exposed part of the tooth is called the __; the roots are embedded in the sockets. Inside, teeth are made up of __ which is a calcified CT similar to bone but much harder because 70% of its dry weight is made up of __ __. __(another bone-like material) covers the root of the tooth and attaches the root to the periodontal ligament.

lingual frenulum restricts anklyoglossia

The undersurface of the tongue is anchored at its midline to the base of the oral cavity by the __ __. The lingual frenulum keeps the tongue from flapping around too much, however, in some people the frenulum is too short or tight and __ the movement. These individuals have a condition called __ otherwise known as being "tongue-tied". Try holding the tip of your tongue and reading out loud the words on this slide. Kind of tough to annunciate?

tunics mucosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa alimentary canal lamina propria muscularis mucosa folds

The wall of the GI tract from esophagus to the anal canal has the same four basic layers or __. Each tunic contains tissues & cells that carry out specific roles in digestion. Beginning with the inner most layer, the tunics include the (1) __, (2) __, (3) __ __, and (4) the __. The mucosa consists of a moist epithelium that lines the __ __ lumen from mouth to anus—it is the epithelium that directly contacts the contents of the GI tract. The epithelium is different in different parts of the GI tract reflecting its specialized function ranging from protection, to secretion or absorption. As with all mucous membranes, the epithelium is supported by a layer of loose areolar connective tissue called the __ __. Just external to the lamina propria is a thin double layer of smooth muscle called the __ __. Contractions of the muscularis mucosa alters the shape of the lumen of the GI tract and produces local movements of the mucosa which assist in creating __ that increase surface contact with food particles.

esophagus pharynx skeletal muscle esophageal hiatus

The__ is a muscular tube that runs through the thorax (mediastinum) and connects the __ to the stomach. The mucosa is lined with a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium for protection from sharp or hot food. The upper 1/3 of the esophagus is __ __, but the remainder is smooth. Its lumen is collapsed until a bolus passes through; the esophagus is able to stretch to accommodate a rather large bolus if necessary. The esophagus passes through the diaphragm (__ __) to reach the stomach.

omenta lesser entering greater

There are two "aprons" or __ which are also specialized forms of peritoneum. As discussed previously, the__ omentum suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver. It is a pathway for blood vessels __ the liver such as the hepatic portal vein and common hepatic artery. It also contains the common bile duct, lymph nodes and fat. But, the granddaddy of them all is the __ omentum.

ingestion swallowing peristalsis digestion chemical digestion catabolism

To accomplish these goals, the digestive system is functions in: (1) the __ of food, (2) movement of food along the digestive tube via voluntary (__) and involuntary (__) processes; (3) __, both mechanical and chemical. Mechanical digestion means that the food is physically prepared for __ __. Mechanical digestion includes chewing, mixing of food with saliva using the tongue and cheek muscles (remember the buccinator!), churning of food in the stomach, and segmentation--localized, rhythmic constrictions of the intestine which mixes food with digestive juices increasing efficiency of absorption. Chemical digestion includes a series of enzymatic breakdown steps (__) which convert food into chemical building blocks

Mumps parotid salivary myxovirus testes pancreas carcinoma salivary ducts

__ is a viral infection that is common in children. It results in an inflammation of the __ __ glands and spreads from person to person in saliva. The mumps virus (__) in adolescent or adult males results in a 25% chance of spreading to the __ which can result in sterility. In addition, it is possible for the mumps virus to infect the __ in either gender which can result in diabetes. Other diseases of the salivary glands includes __ (cancer of epithelia), and blocked __ __ which can cause a great deal of pain.

Absorption fats defecation anus

(4) __ occurs when the nutrients, vitamins, minerals and water are moved from the lumen of the intestinal tract into the blood or lymph (__); (5) __ or the elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract through the __.