Digestive System and Metabolism Exam Study Guide (Pt. 5)

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. cytoplasm the plasma membrane the mitochondria the endoplasmic reticulum the nucleus

the mitochondria

What molecule forms the common substrate for the citric acid cycle? (Module 23.4.B) pyruvate FAD acetate ion NAD glucose

acetate ion

Metabolism can be defined as anabolism - catabolism. anabolism + heat. anabolism + catabolism. heat - catabolism. catabolism - anabolism.

anabolism + catabolism.

Identify the molecule labeled "5." malic acid fumaric acid citric acid oxaloacetic acid 4-carbon molecule

citric acid

The ________ is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct. common bile duct hepatopancreatic sphincter left hepatic duct duodenal ampulla common hepatic duct

common bile duct

The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the duodenum and the jejunum. duodenum and the bile duct. duodenum and the pylorus. duodenum and the pancreatic duct. common bile duct and the pancreatic duct.

common bile duct and the pancreatic duct.

The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the common bile duct. hepatic portal vein. bile canaliculus. porta hepatis. common pancreatic duct.

common bile duct.

Which of the following body systems is not involved in capturing or creating energy that is used to maintain one's metabolism? integumentary digestive muscular lymphatic cardiovascular

integumentary

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called glycolysis. oxidative phosphorylation. metabolism. anabolism. catabolism.

metabolism.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "duodenal ampulla"? stimulates gastric secretion causes gall bladder to contract stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum carries absorbed sugars and amino acids

where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum

List the products of glycolysis. (Module 23.3A) 1 molecule of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ADP, 4 molecules of NADH 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, 4 molecules of NADH 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH 2 molecules of pyruvate, 4 molecules of ATP, 4 molecules of NADH

2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH

Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony? increased clotting time jaundice portal hypertension and ascites All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Define emulsification. (Module 22.22A) Breakdown of lipid droplets by bile salts Breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids by bile salts Breakdown of proteins into fatty acids by enzymes Breakdown of starches into glucose monomers Breakdown of nucleic acids by bile salts

Breakdown of lipid droplets by bile salts

Compare catabolism and anabolism. (Module 23.1A) Catabolism is the buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks, whereas anabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks. Catabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body, whereas anabolism is the sum of the chemical reactions in an individual cell. Catabolism uses ATP, whereas anabolism generate ATP. Catabolism is the sum of the chemical reactions in an individual cell, whereas anabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks.

What two coenzymes transfer hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain? (Module 23.4C) NAD and FAD ATP and GTP ADP and GDP NADP and FAD pyruvate and acetyl CoA

NAD and FAD

Compare oxidation and reduction. (Module 23.5B) Oxidation is the gain of oxygen, or loss of hydrogen or electrons, whereas reduction is the loss of oxygen, or the gain of hydrogen or electrons. Oxidation is the loss of oxygen, or the gain of hydrogen or electrons, whereas reduction is gain of oxygen, or loss of hydrogen or electrons.

Oxidation is the gain of oxygen, or loss of hydrogen or electrons, whereas reduction is the loss of oxygen, or the gain of hydrogen or electrons.

Which of the following describes a correct connection with the digestive system? Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) is found throughout the large intestine. The autonomic nervous system directs peristalsis of the intestines. Newly absorbed nutrients travel first to the liver via hepatic portal artery. The stomach releases hormones such as pepsin and intrinsic factors that assist in digestion. Capillaries receive fluids delivered by lymphatic vessels.

The autonomic nervous system directs peristalsis of the intestines.

Describe the role that hydrogen ion channels play in the generation of ATP. (Module 23.5C) They allow hydrogen ions to diffuse from the intermembrane space into the matrix to power ATP synthase. They allow oxygen to diffuse into the mitochondrial matrix. They act as cytochromes in the electron transport chain. They allow hydrogen ions and electrons to pass from one cytochrome to another along the chain. They allow hydrogen ions to diffuse into the intermembrane space to power ATP synthase.

They allow hydrogen ions to diffuse from the intermembrane space into the matrix to power ATP synthase.

Explain the process of metabolic turnover. (Module 23.1B) When ATP is regenerated from ADP and inorganic phosphate. When glycogen is broken down into glucose. When glucose is converted into glycogen in the liver. When amino acid pools are formed. When cells continuously replace cellular components.

When cells continuously replace cellular components.

In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another. the acetyl group ATP a coenzyme or a cytochrome a hydrogen ion water

a coenzyme or a cytochrome

The citric acid cycle contains enzymes called cytochromes. directly produces most of the ATP from the catabolism of glucose. consumes two moles of carbon dioxide. begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid. forms acetyl-CoA from glucose-6-phosphate.

begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.

Identify the molecule labeled "2." citric acid FADH2 NAD hydrogen atoms carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

Which of the following is not a component of the portal triad found at the edges of a liver lobule? hepatic portal vein central vein bile duct hepatic artery None of the answers is correct; all are present in the portal triad.

central vein

Cells do not synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? production of secretions structural maintenance growth and repair creation of essential amino acids regulation of homeostasis

creation of essential amino acids

Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer. cytochromes mitochondria the endoplasmic reticulum enzymes acetyl-CoA

cytochromes

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for all of the following except muscle contraction. diffusion. glycogen synthesis. ion transport. protein synthesis.

diffusion.

Bile salts break lipids apart in a process called emulsification. ingestion. absorption. deglutition. the alkaline tide.

emulsification.

Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of complex carbohydrates. proteins. fats. vitamins. disaccharides.

fats.

Bile is stored in the liver. gallbladder. pancreas. appendix. duodenum.

gallbladder.

Your patient has inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach. This is known clinically as an ulcer. ascites. cholecystitis. gingivitis. gastritis.

gastritis.

Trace a drop of bile from the hepatic ducts to the duodenal lumen. (Module 22.22B) hepatic ducts, liver sinusoids, cystic duct, duodenal ampulla and papilla, duodenal lumen hepatic ducts, bile duct, duodenal lumen hepatic ducts, cystic duct, bile duct, common hepatic duct, duodenal ampulla and papilla, duodenal lumen hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, bile duct, duodenal ampulla and papilla, duodenal lumen hepatic ducts, duodenal ampulla and papilla, duodenal lumen

hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, bile duct, duodenal ampulla and papilla, duodenal lumen

Kupffer cells lurk in the liver, searching for invaders. Where in the liver do they lurk? hepatic sinusoids lymph vessels bile canaliculi interlobular septum perisinusoidal space

hepatic sinusoids

Identify the substance labeled "4." 4-carbon molecule hydrogen atom citric acid FADH2 NADH

hydrogen atom

All of the following is true of the electron transport system except is found on the inner mitochondrial membrane (the cristae). electrons are eventually accepted by oxygen with the formation of water. receives electrons from coenzymes. is found on the outer mitochondrial membrane. produces energy that supports the synthesis of ATP.

is found on the outer mitochondrial membrane.

Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom? jaundice impaired digestion of protein overproduction of blood plasma albumin blood in the feces elevated levels of blood glucose

jaundice

The basic functional unit of the liver is the bile canaliculus. hepatocyte. Kupffer cell. portal area. lobule.

lobule.

A viral infection that often involves the parotid glands, which swell noticeably, is gastric ulceration. mumps. hepatitis. HIV. cirrhosis.

mumps.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of pancreatic crypts. pancreatic lobules. pancreatic islets. triads. pancreatic acini.

pancreatic acini.

The pancreas produces ________ -digesting enzymes in the form of proteolytic enzymes. sugar carbohydrate protein nucleic acid lipid

protein

List the reactants required and products generated by mitochondria. (Module 23.2A) reactants: 2 carbon substrates and O2; products: CO2, H2O, and ATP reactants: 2 carbon substrates and O2, and ATP; products: CO2 and H2O reactants: 2 carbon substrates, CO2, and H2O; products: 4 carbon substrates, O2, and ATP reactants: CO2, H2O, and ATP; products: 2 carbon substrates and O2 reactants: CO2 and H2O; products: 2 carbon substrates, O2, and ATP

reactants: 2 carbon substrates and O2; products: CO2, H2O, and ATP

The function of the citric acid cycle is to produce water. remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. produce carbon dioxide. hydrolyze glucose. transfer the acetyl group.

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

The major job of coenzymes in oxidative phosphorylation includes all of the following except the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds. release of electrons to the first cytochrome of the electron transport chain. release of hydrogen ions. ionization of hydrogen atoms. None of the answers is correct.

the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds.

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during the citric acid cycle. glycolysis. the formation of water. electron transport. the formation of pyruvic acid.

the citric acid cycle.

Which of the following is not true of the Kupffer cells of the liver? they destroy damaged RBCs they are also called hepatocytes they are phagocytic they store heavy metals they engulf bacteria

they are also called hepatocytes

What is the primary digestive function of the pancreas? (Module 22.23A) to produce bile for the digestion of lipids to produce buffers and enzymes for the digestion of starches, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins to produce mucus for the ease of feces passing through the rectum to produce acid for the digestion of proteins in the stomach to produce hormones that increase digestion in the small intestine

to produce buffers and enzymes for the digestion of starches, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

Briefly describe the citric acid cycle, and explain its role. (Module 23.4A) The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate to provide ATP for the cell. To establish the proton gradient used to make ATP. The regeneration of ATP from ADP to provide high energy molecules to fuel cellular activities. The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA to allow it to enter the mitochondrial matrix. The breakdown of organic molecules to release hydrogen atoms bound to coenzymes that can enter the electron transport chain.

The breakdown of organic molecules to release hydrogen atoms bound to coenzymes that can enter the electron transport chain.

Define oxidative phosphorylation. (Module 23.5A) The generation of ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP in the absence of oxygen. The generation of ATP through the transfer of electrons from oxygen to coenzymes. The generation of ATP through the transfer of electrons from coenzymes to oxygen. The generation of ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP in the presence of oxygen. The generation of ATP through glycolysis.

The generation of ATP through the transfer of electrons from coenzymes to oxygen.

Colon cancer is the #3 cancer killer. Whether you are a man or a woman, current guidelines urge you to have a colonoscopy screening when you reach age 50 because colon cancer is the #3 cancer killer, behind breast and lung cancer for women, so you could die if you don't get screened. early colon cancer often has no symptoms, which is why screening is so important, so you could die if you don't get screened. colon cancer is the #3 cancer killer, behind prostate and lung cancer for men, so you could die if you don't get screened. colon cancer is treatable with surgery if caught in time with a colonoscopy, but you could die if you don't get screened. all of the answers are correct, and you could die if you don't have a screening colonoscopy when you reach age 50.

all of the answers are correct, and you could die if you don't have a screening colonoscopy when you reach age 50.

All of the following enzymes are secreted by the pancreas except amylase. chymotrypsin. nuclease. insulin. trypsin.

insulin.

Pancreatic exocrine cells secrete all of the following except bicarbonate. lipases and amylase. peptidases and proteinases. nucleases. insulin.

insulin.