Digestive System

________ are also known as canines.

Cuspids

The movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, minerals, and water across the digestive epithelium into interstitial fluid is known as

absorption.

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the

bladder.

The roof of the oral cavity is formed by

both the hard palate and the soft palate.

An intestinal hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile is

cholecystokinin.

After food and gastric juices combine, the gastric contents are referred to as

chyme.

The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the

common bile duct and the pancreatic duct.

The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the

common bile duct.

Which of the following is not a component of the defecation reflex?

contraction of the external anal sphincter

The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called

dentin.

At the left colic flexure, the colon becomes the

descending colon.

The order of the small intestine segments, from proximal to distal, is

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Submucosal glands that secrete mucus are characteristic of the

duodenum.

Bile salts break lipids apart in a process called

emulsification

The crown of a tooth is covered by

enamel.

The structure that marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver is the

falciform ligament.

Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of

fats.

The human liver is composed of ________ lobe(s).

four

Bile is stored in the

gallbladder.

G cells of the stomach secrete

gastrin.

The hormone that stimulates secretion and contraction by the stomach is

gastrin.

Your patient has inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach. This is known clinically as

gastritis

The ridge of oral mucosa that surrounds the base of a tooth is the

gingiva.

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called

mass movements.

The ________ is a double sheet of peritoneal membrane that suspends the visceral organs and carries nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.

mesentery

The ________ supports most of the small intestine and provides stability and limited movement.

mesentery proper

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

mouth.

The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the

mucosa.

A viral infection that often involves the parotid glands, which swell noticeably, is

mumps

Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.

muscularis mucosa

Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscular layer is the

myenteric plexus.

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

pancreas

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of

pancreatic acini.

Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from

parasympathetic stimulation.

The ________ gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar.

parotid

Which salivary gland produces a serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?

parotid

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called

peristalsis.

The uvula is located at the

posterior margin of the soft palate.

The enzyme pepsin digests

proteins.

The chamber within a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the

pulp cavity.

Does a high-fat meal raise or lower the level of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the blood? (Module 22.14C)

raise

Functions of the large intestine include

reabsorption of water and compaction of feces. storage of fecal material prior to defection. absorption of vitamins.

Approximately the last 15 cm of the digestive tract is the

rectum.

All of the following are true of the lining of the stomach except that it

recycles bile.

A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would

reduce delivery of saliva. cause mumps-like swelling of the face. interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth. All of the answers are correct.

An enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa of a newborn that assists in the digestion of milk proteins is

rennin.

The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called

rugae.

What is the salivary gland that secretes a watery mixture rich in salivary amylase and buffers?

submandibular

Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the

submucosa.

Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in

swallowing.

The physiological activities of the digestive system are not regulated by

the cerebral cortex

An intestinal hormone that stimulates mucus secretion by the submucosal duodenal glands and dilation of intestinal capillaries is

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).

What type of muscle cells are arranged in sheets or layers, with adjacent muscle cells electrically connected by gap junctions and mechanically connected by dense bodies?

visceral smooth muscles

Mary had most of her stomach surgically removed in an effort to overcome obesity. As a result, Mary can expect to be at risk for

vitamin B12 deficiency.

Define emulsification. (Module 22.22A)

Breakdown of lipid droplets by bile salts

At the right colic flexure, the colon becomes the

transverse colon.

On average, the body produces ________ of saliva in a day.

1.0-1.5 L

Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony?

All of the answers are correct.

________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of plates converging toward a central vein.

Hepatocytes

Which of the following cranial nerves are not involved in stimulating salivary reflexes or taste buds?

Hypoglossal (XII)

________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping.

Incisors

________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding.

Molars

A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in

a higher pH in the stomach during gastric digestion.

The root of each tooth sits in a bony cavity known as a(n)

alveolus.

Pancreatic endocrine cells secrete all of the following except

amylase

The enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates is

amylase.

A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the

appendix.

The esophagus connects to which region of the stomach?

cardia

The root of a tooth is covered by

cement.

Which of the following is not a component of the portal triad found at the edges of a liver lobule?

central vein

In the center of a liver lobule there is a

central vein.

Trace a drop of bile from the hepatic ducts to the duodenal lumen. (Module 22.22B)

hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, bile duct, duodenal ampulla and papilla, duodenal lumen

Kupffer cells lurk in the liver, searching for invaders. Where in the liver do they lurk?

hepatic sinusoids

Aggregated lymphoid nodules are characteristic of the

ileum.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term "submucosal plexus"?

includes a sensory neural network

Circular folds and intestinal villi

increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.

The ________ is composed of smooth muscle fibers and is not under voluntary control.

internal anal sphincter

Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom?

jaundice

The villi are most developed in the

jejunum.

What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption?

large intestine

Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?

large intestine

What provides access for blood vessels entering and leaving the liver?

lesser omentum

Define stellate macrophages, and indicate their functions. (Module 22.21C)

liver macrophages which engulf pathogens, cell debris, and damaged blood cells

The basic functional unit of the liver is the

lobule.

The teniae coli are

longitudinal bands of smooth muscle on the outer surface of the colon.

Duodenal glands are characteristic of the

small intestine.

In the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called ________, regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways.

sphincters

Which of these descriptions best matches the term gastrin?

stimulates gastric secretion

Chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes takes place in the

stomach.

The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium.

stratified squamous

The ________ salivary glands are covered by the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth.

sublingual

What is the primary digestive function of the pancreas? (Module 22.23A)

to produce buffers and enzymes for the digestion of starches, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "duodenal ampulla"?

where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum