disease prevention & control unit 2

Which of the following is true about rabies?

All mammals can get rabies, including humans, bats, raccoons, skunks, foxes, and dogs In the USA, most cases come from bats. Globally, most cases come from dogs or bats.

Even though relatively new in modern scientific research, indigenous people, such as those in Alaska, have already using the concept of One Health to prevent infectious disease in humans for thousands of years. Note: We MUST NOT ignore the incredible wisdom of indigenous people around the globe... now more than ever, with the uncertainties of climate change, etc. They have so much wisdom so many levels, and yet many indigenous populations have been forced to live on the fringes of modern society.

True

Hookworms burrows into skin (such as through the feet) and is a concern for walking barefoot in sand, beaches, soil,gardens, water sources, etc.

True

In many tropical and subtropical areas, at least 5-6 NTDs occur in same region.

True

In more recent decades, the rate of pathogen discovery has accelerated, with 11 additional pathogens described to cause human disease since 1960 - more than half of those were discovered after 2000 and the majority were associated with black legged ticks.

True

Infectious disease experts state that you must prevent infectious disease in animals in order to prevent the infectious disease in humans.

True

Infectious disease threats are related to changes in the land (environment) and the animals around people.

True

Leprosy is caused by bacteria.

True

Lymphatic filariasis infections are mostly asymptomatic and can lead to a syndrome called elephantiasis (severe swelling in the arms, legs, or genitals).

True

Nipah virus can be transmitted from animals to humans or via contaminated food.

True

One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach—working at the local, regional, national, and global levels—with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment.

True

Over the first 60 years of the 20th century, seven tick borne pathogens were recognized to cause human disease.

True

Research in Arizona showed that the brown dog tick emerged as an unexpected vector of Rocky Mountain Fever in this state.

True

Rocky Mountain Fever is characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the skin and those in the major organs and can cause death if it involves the blood vessels of the brain and/or lungs.

True

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever was the first recognized tickborne disease of humans in the US.

True

Short and long term health effects of soil-transmitted helminth infections lead to poverty-promoting disability in children and adults.

True

There are several barriers to rapid advances in tickborne virus research, which include technical issues and environmental constraints.

True

There are three types of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs): Soil-transmitted helminths (parasitic worms), disability related helminths, and zoonotic related NTDs.

True

Tickborne organisms are increasingly being recognized as human disease agents.

True

Trachoma infections are the world's leading cause of preventable blindness.

True

Trachoma is easily spread through direct personal contact, shared towels, and cloths, and flies that have come in contact with the eyes or nose of an infected person.

True

Transmission of vector diseases are either direct (such as through an animal bite) or indirect (such as through eating contaminated food).

True

Transmission of viral tickborne diseases depends on several ecological factors that are not well understood.

True

Vector related diseases are either biological (microbes infect and multiple within the vector prior to transmission) or mechanical (microbes do not infect and multiply within the vector, they are simply 'carried').

True

Zoonotic disease are transmissible under natural conditions from animals to humans.

True

Zoonotic disease spread from animals to humans can include being bitten by a vector, such as a tick, mosquito, or flea.

True

Which of the following is (are) a way to protect against vector borne diseases?

Vaccinations Install screens, such as on windows. Wear light colored long sleeves shirts and pants. Use insect repellent Get rid of stagnant water where mosquitoes breed Use insect repellent

Which of the following is a Neglected Tropical Disease?

Chagas disease, dengue, and chikungunya Leishmaniasis and leprosy Onchocerciasis (river blindness), rabies, scabies and other ectoparasites

Which of the following is a long term health impact of a chronic helminth infection?

Chronic disability, poor iron absorption (anemia), and decreased work productivity Cognitive delays and stunted physical growth Blindness, disfigurement, and negative stigma

Which of the following is true about neglected tropical diseases (NTDS)?

Diseases of inequality, inequity, and poverty Have been neglected for decades, initially as part of a general disregard for the developing world. Characteristics chronic and disabling ancient conditions that have infected humans for centuries

Diseases carried by vectors have not caused death.

False

For those living in modern cities, the environment isn't as much of a factor in the corresponding, or 'local,' public health.

False

In public health, we have one effective, widely accepted method for preventing for preventing tickborne diseases and that is through a newly discovered vaccination.

False

In recent decades, the numbers of many notifiable tick-borne diseases have decreased.

False

It's an expensive investment to treat Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) effectively.

False

Ivermectin is approved for the use of COVID-19 prevention or treatment, and there are plenty of dosages available for all infections that this drug is implicated for.

False

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDS) are rare today.

False

Rashes and other symptoms of Rocky Mountain Fever and Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis are remarkably different enabling clear diagnostic protocols.

False

The good news is that typically persons around the world only have to deal with one type of infection risk.

False

Tickborne viral infectious diseases can be deadly and are, fortunately, isolated to the United States.

False

Ticks are poor vectors of viruses

False

Which of the following can possibly explain the increase in tick borne cases? Please select all that apply.

Improved diagnostics and clinical recognition Increased range and population of ticks Lack of effective prevention strategies, such as a lack of vaccination Increasing human contact with ticks that comes with landscape changes

The greatest public health impact on Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) infections could come from ___________.

Improved infrastructure and living conditions. Mass drug administration Political acknowledgement that investment in NTD control has high rates of economic return

The greatest public health impact on helminth infections could come from_______________.

Improving infrastructure and living conditions that prevents fecal contamination into drinking water sources. Better means of administrating therapeutic drugs to a lot of people at once. Political acknowledgement that investment in NTD control has high rates of economic return.

Soil-transmitted helminths ______________.

Include ascariasis (round worm), trichuriasis (whip worm), and hookworm. Cause disease that can lead to and become a major concern for malnutrition/ anemia (especially in children) Cause disease that can be treated with anti-helminithic drugs (e.g. ivermectin, albendazole)

Direct spread of zoonotic disease ___________. Please select all that applies.

Include contact with the saliva, blood, urine, mucous, feces, or other body fluids of an infected animal. Include contact with areas where animals live and roam, or objects or surfaces that have been contaminated. Examples include aquarium tank water, pet habitats, chicken coops, barns, plants, and soil, as well as pet food and water dishes. Examples include petting or touching animals, and bites or scratches.

Which of the following is true about malaria? Please select all that applies.

It is caused by parasites transmitted through the bites of iinfected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Prevention includes the use of an insecticide-treated mosquito nets, mosquito mitigation, and antimalarial drugs Treatment includes a combination of antiparasitic drugs and antibiotics

Which of the following is the most common vector-borne disease in the United State the involves a bacterium that is spread through an infected blacklegged tick and causes fever, headache, fatigue, rash, and complications with joints, heart, and nervous system?

Lyme disease

For us Temple community members, which tick borne disease is most prevalent in our area? (multiple answers)

Lyme disease Babesiosis

Which of the following are tick, vector borne diseases?

Lyme disease Rocky Mountain spotted fever Tularemia

Which of the following is an example of a vector?

Mosquito Fleas and ticks Lice and sandflies

Which of the following is (are) a parasite to animals and humans? Please select all that apply.

Mosquitoes Ticks Fleas Sandflies

Onchocerciasis (river blindness) _____________. Please select all that applies.

None of the above

Which of the following is a current prevention strategy for tickborne infectious diseases?

Personal protection, such as avoiding tick habitat or using a tick repellant that contains 20-30% DEET Environmental modification Tick suppression

Which of the following is a disease caused by helminths?

Soil-transmitted helminth infections, such as roundworm or hookworm Onchocerciasis (river blindness) and schistosomiasis

Among the 18 known tick borne diseases, 14 are bacterial and are transmitted by five tick genera.

TRUE

75% of the emerging infectious diseases in people are of zoonotic origin.

True

A single species of ticks can carry multiple disease agents; therefore, coinfections will continue to be important for diagnosing and preventing tick-borne illnesses.

True

African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease are Neglected Tropical Diseases caused by protozoa.

True

Antibiotics can cure Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is administered in a timely manner.

True

Ascarid worms (roundworm) may cause intestinal obstruction, as well as invade the gallbladder and liver, causing death.

True

Common vectors include mosquitoes, sandflies, and ticks.

True

Community based research that involved placing tick collars on dogs resulted in a reduction in ticks on dogs and the environment.

True

Dengue Virus (DENV) is caused by a virus.

True

Disability related helminths are a major concern for physical disability and stigma, and treatment varies.

True

Dracunculiasis (or Guinea worm) infection is caused by drinking unfiltered, contaminated water.

True

Drinking or coming in contact with water that has been contaminated with feces from an infected animal is a mode of transmission of a zoonotic disease.

True

Eating or drinking something unsafe, such as raw milk, undercooked meat or eggs, or raw produce contaminated with feces from an infected animal can be a mode of zoonotic disease transmission.

True

All known tickborne infectious diseases are diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans via a tick vector.

true

Animals and humans interact in many ways, enabling diseases to spread between them.

true

Chagas disease (T. cruzi parasitic infection) is spread to animals and people via vectors, otherwise known as "kissing bugs" that bite faces in the night.

true

Diseases like Lyme Disease and West Nile Virus can infect both animals and humans.

true

One Health is a public health initiative to plan new strategies to protect against the diseases that spread between animals and humans.

true

Scientists estimate that there are 8.7 million animal species around the world, with thousands new species discovered every year.

true

The American Dog Tick is among the most broadly distributed human-biting ticks that are found primarily in grasslands.

true

There are hundreds of zoonotic diseases.

true

When an infectious disease can infect both animals and humans, or two separate species, it is called a zoonosis.

true

When mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and sandflies spread microscopic organisms, they are called vectors.

true

Zoonotic diseases occur when humans are getting some type of exposure to an infected animal.

true

The rabies disease cycle includes which of the following step?

An animal is bitten by a rabid animal, and the rabies virus from the infected saliva enters the wound. Rabies virus travels through the nerves to the spinal cord and brain. Virus reaches the brain, multiples rapidly, and passes to the salivary glands. The infected animal usually dies within 7 days of becoming sick.

Vector related diseases _____________

Are responsible for up to 20% of all infectious diseases worldwide. Involves small organisms that carry the disease ( flies, mosquitos, fleas, ticks, snails).

Which of the following are true about the trends of tickborne diseases?

The majority of vector borne diseases in the US are tickborne diseases In recent decades, there have been an increasing number of tickborne diseases Tickborne disease cases have shown in a greater geographic range than previously seen There are a number of tickborne agents recognized to cause human disease

Which of the following can be said about Neglected Tropical Diseases?

They are diseases of inequality, inequity, and poverty. They are infectious diseases that principally impact world's poorest people. They are chronic and disabling ancient conditions that have infected humans for centuries, and neglected for decades.

Which of the following is/are true about heminths?

They are multicellular eucaryotes classified as round or flatworms that are the leading cause of Neglected Tropical Diseases worldwide. Transmitted by food and water, vectors, or direct contact.

Which of the following is (are) true about ticks and pathogen transmission? Please select all that apply.

Ticks can maintain the pathogens through transmission to their offspring Ticks can acquire infection through feeding on infectious hosts Humans are incidental hosts, infected by the bite of infected tick Humans do not serve as a significant source for infecting other ticks or perpetuating the pathogen's lifecycle.

About half of the 84 tick species described in the United States can cause the majority of related human vector borne diseases.

false

As a result of appropriate funding in recent decades, only a small percentage of the world's countries currently suffer from polyparasitism.

false

Half of emerging or reemerging animal diseases can affect humans.

false