Driving Test

Expressway Driving

"Expressway" means any divided highway where traffic moves in one direction on two or more lanes. You normally enter or exit the expressway on ramps (controlled-access). The speed limit is normally 55 mph (88 km/h), but can be posted at 65 mph (100 km/h) in some rural areas. Examples or expressways are the New York State Thruway, major interstate routes and parkways. Before you travel on an expressway, identify your entrance and exit points on a road map. Know where to get on and off the expressway and be prepared to get into the correct lanes for your entrance and exit. If you get on a wrong exit never drive in reverse to return to the expressway. Get off at the next exit and look for signs that tell you how to return to the expressway Unless there is a STOP or YIELD sign or traffic light on the entrance ramp, use the ramp to accelerate to expressway speed and blend with traffic. Signal, then look over your shoulder for traffic already on the expressway. If necessary, slow down to safely merge into traffic. If the entrance lane is too short to allow acceleration to expressway speed, the safest method to enter is to stop and wait for a large space in traffic. Then enter the expressway and accelerate quickly. To avoid conflicts with other entrance lane traffic, stop when necessary and merge into expressway traffic as soon as possible. As you drive on the expressway, make sure to signal all lane changes and check over your shoulder to make sure you will not cut off any vehicles behind you. Make sure your directional signal goes off after you change lanes. Remain alert for traffic that enters ahead. If possible, move from the right lane when you approach the entrances to allow more room for traffic that comes from the ramp To prevent a last-minute lane change, check the destination and exit signs, and get into the correct lane for your exit ahead of time. Make sure to signal your exit at least 100 feet (30 m) before you reach the exit ramp. When you are on the exit ramp, decrease your speed. There is often a lower speed limit for the ramp. After you leave an expressway, look for speed limit signs and check your speedometer to be sure you are driving within the posted limit. You are not likely to be on a 55 mph (88 km/h) road. Expressway driving normally combines higher speeds with heavy traffic. The higher speed and amount of traffic require you to think faster and handle your vehicle in a more efficient manner than in most other conditions. On long trips, plan frequent rest stops. On a bright day, sunglasses can reduce glare and eye fatigue

Parking Regulations

- A NO PARKING sign means you can make a temporary stop to load or discharge merchandise or passengers. - A NO STANDING sign means you can make a temporary stop to load or discharge passengers. - A NO STOPPING sign means you can stop only to obey a traffic sign, signal or officer or to prevent conflicts with other vehicles

Right of way Rules

- A driver who approaches an intersection must yield the right-of-way to traffic that is in the intersection. - If drivers approaching from opposite directions reach an intersection at about the same time, a driver that turns left must yield to traffic that moves straight or turns right. - You must also yield to traffic headed toward you when you turn left into a driveway, parking lot or other area, even if there are no signs or signals that control the turn. - For any left turn, the law requires you to yield to any traffic headed toward you that is close enough to be a hazard. The decision about when traffic is too close takes experience and judgment. If you have any concern, wait for traffic to pass before you turn left. - At intersections not controlled by signs or signals, or where two or more drivers stop at STOP signs at the same time and they are at right angles, the driver on the left must yield the right-of-way to the driver on the right. - A vehicle that enters a roadway from a driveway, alley, private road, or another place that is not a roadway, must stop and yield the right-of-way to traffic on the roadway and to pedestrians. - Drivers must yield to pedestrians who legally use marked or unmarked crosswalks. This means you must slow down or stop if necessary. - You can not enter an intersection if traffic is backed up on the other side and you can not get completely through the intersection. Wait until traffic ahead clears, so you do not block the intersection. - A driver who enters a traffic circle or rotary must yield the right-of-way to drivers already in the circle

Parking or standing is not allowed:

-In front of a driveway. -Within 20 feet (6 m) of a crosswalk at an intersection. -Within 30 feet (10 m) of a traffic light, STOP sign or YIELD sign. -Within 20 feet (6 m) of a fire station driveway, or within 75 feet (23 m) on the opposite side of the road. -Along a curb that has been cut, lowered or made for access to the sidewalk. -You can not park your vehicle within 50 feet (15 m) of a railroad crossing

You cannot park, stop or stand:

-Within 15 feet (5 m) of a fire hydrant, unless a licensed driver remains in the vehicle to move it in an emergency. -On the road side of a parked vehicle ("double parking"). -On a sidewalk or in a crosswalk. -In an intersection, unless permitted by signs or parking meters. -On railroad tracks. -Next to or opposite road work, construction or other obstructions if your vehicle blocks traffic. -Within 30 feet (10 m) of a pedestrian safety area, unless another distance is marked. -On a bridge or in a tunnel.

You cannot pass when...

-Your lane has a solid yellow center line. -You cannot safely return to the right lane before you reach a solid yellow center line for the right lane. -You cannot safely return to the right lane before any oncoming vehicle comes within 200 feet (60 m) of you. -You approach a curve or the top of a hill on a two-way road and cannot see around or over it. -You are within 100 feet (30 m) of a railroad crossing on a two-way roadway. -You are within 100 feet (30 m) of a bridge, tunnel or viaduct on a two-way road and your view is obstructed. -If you try to pass, you will interfere with oncoming traffic

How to reenter traffic

1) Turn your head to look over your right shoulder and check through the rear-window for pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists and other vehicles that can become a hazard; 2) use your interior rear-view mirror to help keep an eye on hazards behind your vehicle; 3) signal your intentions to move from your parking space into traffic; 4) check your side mirrors for oncoming vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, in-line skaters, motorcyclists and other highway users; 5) turn your head to look over your left shoulder out through the rear-window and begin to slowly drive forward. Make sure you can avoid the vehicle parked ahead when you enter traffic; 6) turn your head and look over your left shoulder to look through the rear-window, drive into the traffic lane when it is safe to do so

How to parallel park

1. Select a space that is large enough for your vehicle on your side of the road. Check your mirrors before you stop, and signal to warn other drivers. Stop next to the vehicle in front of the space and leave about two feet between the other vehicle and your vehicle 2. Look behind you over both shoulders to make sure you will not interfere with pedestrians or oncoming traffic. Back the vehicle slowly and begin to turn your steering wheel completely toward the near curb. Look through the rear window, not the mirrors, when you back up. Look to the side and front occasionally to make sure you will not touch the vehicle ahead 3. When your front wheels are opposite the back bumper of the vehicle ahead, turn the steering wheel the other way while you continue to back up. Make sure you clear the vehicle ahead. Look back, and stop to ensure you do not bump the vehicle behind you 4. Bring your wheels straight and pull forward. Allow room for the vehicles ahead and behind you. In your final parking position, your wheels must be no more than one foot (30 cm) from the curb 5. To get nearer to the curb, alternately pull forward and back up, and turn the steering wheel first toward the curb and then quickly straight again

U turn

A "U-turn" is any turn you make so you can proceed in the opposite direction. Do not try a U-turn on a highway unless absolutely necessary. If you must turn around, use a parking lot, driveway or other area, and, if possible, enter the roadway as you move forward, not backing up. You can make a U-turn only from the left portion of the lane nearest to the centerline of the roadway, never from the right lane. Unless signs tell you otherwise, you can make a U-turn when you get permission to proceed by a green arrow left-turn traffic signal, provided it is allowed and you yield to other traffic. You can not make a U-turn near the top of a hill, a curve or another location where other drivers can not see your vehicle from 500 feet (150 m) away in either direction. U-turns are also illegal in business districts of New York City and where NO U-TURN signs are provided. You can never make a U-turn on a limited access expressway, even if paths connect your side of the expressway with the other side. In addition, it is prohibited for a vehicle to make a U-turn in a school zone

Driving in Rain, Fog, or Snow

A bit of rain, snow or ice makes roads slippery. Wet leaves can be slippery and hazardous. Reduced speed and increased following distance improve your safety under these conditions (see Chapter 8). Take additional care on curves, turns and expressway ramps. In heavy rain, your tires can begin to ride on the water that is on top of the road pavement. This "hydroplaning" can cause complete loss of traction and control of steering. Hydroplaning normally occurs at higher speeds, but it also can occur if your tires are tread worn or not inflated properly. When there is heavy rain, it always makes sense to drive more slowly. If your vehicle begins to lose traction, decrease your speed even more. Good tires with deep tread help to prevent hydroplaning. Rain, fog or snow make it harder to see through your windshield, and difficult for other drivers to see you. New York State law requires you to turn on your headlights when the weather conditions require the use of windshield wipers to clear rain, snow, sleet or fog. "Daytime lights" do not qualify as headlights. High headlight beams reflect rain, fog and snow as it falls. This makes it even harder for you to see. For better visibility during these weather conditions, keep your headlights on low beam. Reduce your speed. Signal your turns further ahead of time to give other drivers and roadway users more warning. Brake early when you decrease speed behind another vehicle or come to an intersection stop. Some vehicles have front fog lights or front and back fog lights, for use when heavy fog or similar hazardous weather conditions restrict visibility. In New York State, all fog lights must be correctly installed and of a type approved by the Commissioner of DMV. Front fog lights can be amber or white in color. Back fog lights must be red and can be larger than the normal back lights - they will give advance warning of the presence of your vehicle to the drivers behind you. When visibility improves, you can switch off your fog lights to reduce the glare that can bother other drivers

Unisng a mobile of cellular

A driver can become distracted from safe driving by use of a mobile telephone (like a cellular telephone). In New York State, it is a traffic infraction, and you could pay by a fine up to $100 and five license points, to speak into or listen to a hand-held mobile telephone while driving. The phone may be hand-held to activate, begin, or end a call. Exemptions are provided for calls for emergency situations, for police and other law enforcement officers and for fire department personnel and operators of authorized emergency vehicles in the performance of official duties. In New York State, a hands-free mobile telephone allows the user to communicate without the use of either hand. A driver can use a hands-free telephone at any time

RailRoad Crossings: Grade Crossings

A grade crossing is the point at which train tracks intersect with a roadway and is considered an intersection. As you approach a crossing, always expect a train. Trains can run on any track, at any time, from either direction. Never race a train to a crossing, never drive around lowered gates, and do not stop on tracks. (You will learn later in the section what to do if your vehicle stalls or gets stuck on a track.) When crossing tracks, always stay in your lane and in the same gear. Some grade crossings have flashing red lights or lowering gates when a train approaches ("active" grade crossings). When approaching marked, or active, grade crossings, do not proceed until the gates are completely raised and the lights are off. It is illegal and dangerous to go around lowered gates or to cross while the lights are still flashing. Some grade crossing do not have gates or flashing lights. When approaching unmarked, or passive, grade crossings, slow down and be prepared to stop. Before you cross, be sure that a train is not coming. If you see a train coming, wait until it passes, and then cross the tracks when it is safe to do so. If there are multiple tracks, wait until you can clearly see down all sets of tracks in both directions for another approaching train before crossing. Remember that the train you see is closer and faster-moving than you think, and be aware that trains cannot stop quickly

Tire Blowout

A thumping sound can be a warning that a blowout is about to occur. If you hear it, get safely off the road and check your tires. If a tire blows out, hold the steering wheel tight and slowly take your foot off the gas pedal. If your vehicle skids, handle it as you would on ice or snow. Do not use your brake until your vehicle is controlled. Leave the road when it safe to do so

Going into water

A vehicle will normally float for a while, and you should have time to remove yourself before it starts to sink. Release your seat belt and escape through a window. An open door would cause water to rush in and the car could turn over on top of you. If the vehicle sinks before you can remove yourself, get into the back seat. An air pocket can form there as the weight of the engine pulls the vehicle down front first. When the vehicle settles, take a breath and escape through a window. When you rise air pressure will build in your lungs. Let it out in small breaths through your nose or lips as you surface. Do not hold your breath tight or try to blow air out; just allow the air to escape in a natural way

Night Driving

About 90% of your decisions are based on what you see. At night, you must use extra caution to make up for reduced visibility. You should also know that the ability to see well at night decreases with age. Night driving is more dangerous because the distance you can see ahead or to the side is reduced. You should drive slower than you would in daylight, especially in areas that are not known or on narrow roads with many curves. Your headlights cover about 350 feet ahead. It is important that you drive at a speed that allows you to stop safely within that distance. This is called "driving within the range" of your headlights. The law requires you to use your headlights from one-half hour after the sun sets to one-half hour before the sun rises, when visibility is less than 1,000 feet (300 m) and when you use your windshield wipers to clear rain, snow or sleet. Turn your headlights on at dawn, dusk and in fog. Even when headlights do not help you see in low-light periods, they make it easier for other drivers and pedestrians to see your vehicle. Do not use parking lights or daytime lights as a replacement. Headlights do a better job. If an oncoming driver flashes headlights at you during a period of low visibility, it means your vehicle was difficult to see and you should turn on your headlights. Be considerate when you use your high beams. Your headlights must be on low beam when you are within 500 feet (150 m) of an oncoming vehicle or within 200 feet (60 m) of a vehicle ahead of you, even if the vehicle ahead is in a different lane. You should also dim your lights for pedestrians who approach you. Any fog or driving lights your vehicle has must be arranged, adjusted or operated to avoid dangerous glare to other drivers. If an approaching driver does not dim the headlights, flash your headlights to high beam for a second, then return to low beam. To help avoid the glare of approaching high beams, move your eyes to the right. Use the road edge as a guide until the approaching vehicle passes by. To reduce glare from the lights of following vehicles, switch your interior rear view mirror to the "night" position. Light from inside your vehicle or from street lights makes it harder for you to see the road ahead. Keep the interior roof light off and dim the dashboard lights. Adjust your visors to reduce glare from lights from above. A dirty windshield increases glare from approaching headlights. Make sure your lights and windshield glass are clean for night driving

How to park on a hill

After you park on a hill, make sure to set your parking brake. Turn the wheels so they will keep your vehicle from heading into traffic. If there is a curb, turn your steering wheel completely away from it if your vehicle faces up the hill, or completely toward the curb if your vehicle faces down the hill. If your vehicle begins to move, the wheels should stop the vehicle at the curb and prevent a move down the hill. This method works best where the curb is high. If there is no curb or a low one, turn your wheels completely toward the nearest side of the road no matter what direction your vehicle faces. If your vehicle does start to move, it will move away from the street and traffic

Aggressive Drivers

Aggressive driving includes speeding, which often leads to following too closely, frequent or quick lane changes without a signal, passing on the shoulder or parts of the roadway that are not paved or being a nuisance to motorists, bicyclists or pedestrians, who don't get out of the way. Aggressive drivers sometimes run stop signs and red lights, pass stopped school buses, fail to keep right, drive while impaired by alcohol or drugs and drive in a reckless manner. Some aggressive drivers try to cause damage to another driver, and that is how aggressive driving becomes road rage. To prevent road rage, it is sometimes better not to make eye contact with another driver. The other driver can take this as being challenged. When an aggressive driver confronts you: Do not make eye contact. Remain calm and relaxed. Try to move away safely. Do not challenge an aggressive driver with increased speed or try to hold your position in your travel lane. Wear a seat belt and encourage your passengers to do the same. Ignore gestures and shouts and do not return them. Report aggressive drivers to law enforcement authorities and give a vehicle description, location, vehicle plate number and direction of travel. If an aggressive driver is following you, do not stop or leave your vehicle. Drive to the nearest police station. If an aggressive driver is involved in a crash, stop a safe distance from the crash scene. When the police arrive, report the driving behavior you saw. To avoid becoming an aggressive driver: Allow enough travel time to reach your destination on schedule. Adjust your schedule to prevent driving during times with the most highway traffic. If you are late, call ahead so you can relax. Do not drive when you are angry, upset or very tired. Make your vehicle comfortable. Listen to relaxing music and prevent conditions that make you anxious. When you drive, relax and be aware of how you sit. Sit back in your seat, loosen your hold on the steering wheel and do not grind your teeth. Be polite, courteous and forgiving to other drivers. You can control how you react. If another person drives aggressively, do not do the same. If you have the right-of-way, do not think of it as a complete right. Be prepared to yield the right-of-way to other highway users. To wait a few seconds for another driver is far better than to risk a crash

Symptoms of Alcohol and other drug on Driving

Alcohol reduces reaction time, reduces your ability to see clearly, changes your judgment of speed and distances, often makes you less inhibited and makes you more prone to take chances. The important skills you need to drive safely are made weaker. Because your vision is normally restricted at night, it is especially dangerous to drink and drive after dark. Alcohol also reduces your ability to recover from the glare of headlights. When another vehicle moves toward you, you can be blinded by its headlights for a long period of time. You do not have to look or feel intoxicated for these things to occur. The symptoms of alcohol consumption can begin long before you become intoxicated or even legally impaired and begin with the first drink. As alcohol physically limits your ability to drive, it also makes you less aware of what is happening to your safe driving abilities. It becomes difficult for you to judge your condition. You can gain confidence about driving, when you should not be driving at all. During each mile you drive, you make hundreds of decisions. Your decisions turn into actions that keep your vehicle controlled and ensure you avoid crashes. Alcohol makes it difficult to make correct decisions and to take the safest actions Drugs, which include many prescription and over-the-counter medications, can affect your ability to drive. They can have effects similar to alcohol or even worse. If you take medication, even a remedy for colds or allergies that is not prescribed, check the label for warnings about its effects. If you are unsure, ask your doctor or pharmacist about driving while on the medication. Never drink alcohol while you are take other drugs. It could be dangerous, often enhancing the effects of the alcohol and the other drug. For example, if you take one drink when you are also using a cold remedy could affect you as much as several drinks. It can be a criminal offense to drive while impaired by the effect of drugs or alcohol and drugs, illegal drugs like marijuana, cocaine, LSD, heroin and opium and by some prescription drugs like tranquilizers. Drugs can affect your reflexes, judgment, vision and alertness in ways similar to alcohol and they may have other dangerous effects. A combination of alcohol and other drugs severely reduces your ability to drive and can cause serious health problems, which can include death

When you stop behind a truck

Always leave space when you stop in back of a truck or bus at a traffic light or stop sign, especially when you face up a hill. The truck or bus could stop or move backward slightly when it starts. If you leave enough room between your vehicle and the vehicle ahead, you usually can pull away from behind and go around it

Turns

Always use signal Reduce your speed. Be alert for traffic on all sides. Take special caution to check for motorcycles. Most crashes that involve motorcycles and other vehicles are caused because the driver of the other vehicle has failed to see the motorcycle. Remember that your rear wheels will travel inside the path of the front wheels, nearer to the curb (right turn) or to traffic headed toward you (left turn). Watch for pedestrians, bicyclists and moped riders, especially on right turns. They are often difficult to see in traffic

Left turn from one way road into two way road

Approach the turn in the left lane or from the left side of a single lane. As you go across the intersection, enter the two-way road to the right of its center line, but as close as possible to the center line. Be alert for traffic that approaches from the road to the left. Motorcycles are hard to see, and it is hard to judge their speed and distance away

LEFT TURN FROM TWO-WAY ROAD INTO FOUR-LANE HIGHWAY

Approach the turn with your left wheels as close as possible to the center line. Enter the left lane, to the right of the center line. When traffic permits, you can move out of the left lane

LEFT TURN FROM TWO-WAY ROAD INTO ONE-WAY ROAD

Approach the turn with your left wheels as close as possible to the center line. Make the turn before you reach the center of the intersection and turn into the left lane of the road you enter

LEFT TURN FROM TWO-WAY ROAD INTO TWO-WAY ROAD

Approach the turn with your left wheels as close as possible to the center line. Try to use the left side of the intersection to help make sure that you do not interfere with traffic headed toward you that wants to turn left. Keep to the right of the center line of the road you enter, but as close as possible to the center line. Be alert for traffic, heading toward you from the left and from the lane you are about to go across. Motorcycles headed toward you are hard to see and it is difficult to judge their speed and distance away. Drivers often fail to see a motorcycle headed toward them and hit it while they turn across a traffic lane

How to Drive safely in Work zones

Areas where road work takes place are dangerous to drive in -- and to work in. That is why when you speed in work zones, ticket fines double, even when the workers or work vehicles are not there. Expect to find a work zone wherever you drive - you may have to decrease speed quickly or even stop. Traffic lanes can shift or be completely closed. Workers and work vehicles can be on or near your driving lane. When you drive in a work zone, make it safer because you know what to do. Orange signs in the shape of diamonds -- "work zone" warning signs - are often placed before road construction projects and other work areas that can change traffic flow. One sign can read: "flagger ahead." A flagger is a worker who motions for you to stop, continue with caution or change lanes. A flagger has the same authority as a sign, which indicates you can receive a ticket for disobeying directions. Decrease speed! Be Alert! Obey the signs! Work Zone Tips: Some signs can indicate a detour that allows you to avoid the work zone. If you already know where a work zone is ahead, you should try to use a different route. As you enter a work zone, flashing signs or signs with arrows or that warn "lane closed ahead" mean you should merge your vehicle into the correct lane when it is safe. Do not speed to the end of the closed lane and try to get into the other lane. If you move to the correct lane at first notice, you will drive in a calmer, more efficient and safe manner. Decrease your speed when a sign indicates: "Road Work 1,500 feet," that means your car, with a speed of 60 miles per hour, will get there in 17 seconds. The rear-end collision is the most common crash in a work zone. To avoid being involved in one, it helps to keep a braking distance of two seconds or more between you and the vehicle in front of you. (See "Allow Yourself Space," above) Keep a safe distance between your vehicle and traffic barriers, trucks, construction equipment and workers. Some work zones are not stationary, like when workers paint lines, patch roads or mow. These areas travel the roadway as the work is finished. Workers can be close even if you do not see them immediately after the warning signs. Obey the signs until you pass the one that states the work zone has ended

arrows

Arrows show which lanes you must use. In this illustration, for example, you can turn right only from the right lane. To go straight, you must use the left lane. You must be in the correct lane before you reach the solid line that separates the lanes

Roundabouts

As you get near the roundabout, look for the street and direction signs you need. This will help you know which exit to take. These signs must be provided along the roadside before you reach the roundabout. When you arrive at the roundabout, yield the right-of-way to any pedestrians and bicyclists. You must yield to any drivers who were in the roundabout before you. Sometimes a stop sign or traffic signal will control your point of entry. When the traffic level allows enough space and time, you may enter the roundabout. While inside the roundabout, remain in your lane until you are ready to exit. Use your right tum signal to let the other users know your intention to move from the "inside path" to the "outside path'; or if you are in position to exit now. Start to signal at the exit BEFORE the one you want to take. Do not change lanes or take an exit before you check for vehicles that may be continuing through the roundabout in the lane next to you or behind you. Expect vehicles to be in the "blind spots" you cannot see in your mirrors.

Right Turn

As you prepare to turn, get as far to the right as possible. Do not make wide, sweeping turns. Unless signs direct you to do otherwise, turn into the right lane of the road you enter

stop and crosswalk lines

At an intersection controlled by a STOP sign, YIELD sign or traffic light, there can be a white stop line painted across the lane, and/ or two parallel lines or light, you must reach the stop line, if there is one, or the crosswalk. You need a stop line or crosswalk if required to by a light, sign or traffic officer, or to yield to a pedestrian, in-line skater or scooter at a marked or unmarked crosswalk

Bicyclists and in-line skaters

Bicyclists and in-line skaters have the right to share the road and travel in the same direction as motor vehicles. They are often hard to see in traffic and have no protection from a traffic crash. Check your "blind spots" before you make a turn, parallel park, open a door or leave a curb. Do not depend only on your mirrors - turn your head to look for bicyclists and skaters and scooter operators that may be next to them or approaching. Give bicyclists and in-line skaters room when you drive. Reduce speed as you pass them. Air pressure from a vehicle that passes them quickly can send them off balance. Be aware that the bicyclist or in-line skater near or in front of you can react to road hazards like a motorcyclist would with sudden changes of speed, direction or lane position. The rules of the road and right-of-way apply to and protect these and other highway users. You must yield the right-of-way to them just as you would to another vehicle. And they must obey the rules of the road just as motor vehicle drivers do Ride in a bicycle lane, if available. Where there is none, they must remain near the right curb or edge of the road or on a right shoulder of the road, to prevent interference with other traffic. When they prepare for a left turn or must move left to avoid hazards, cyclists do not have to remain to the right. Come to a full stop before you enter a roadway from a driveway, an alley or over a curb. Never travel with more than two side-by-side in a single lane. Never ride on a sidewalk if it is prohibited by local laws. Bicyclists and their passenger and in-line skaters, age one through 13, must wear an approved helmet. Adults must obey any local laws or regulations about helmet use. Bicyclists also must: Signal turns, lane changes and stops through the use of the hand signals shown. A bicyclist can signal a right turn when they extend the right arm straight out to the right. Bicyclists must use hand signals when turning Left turn - left arm fully extended to left; Stop - left arm extended and bent down at elbow; Right turn - right arm fully extended to right or left arm extended and bent up at elbow Never carry an infant under a year old as a passenger. It is against the law. Child passengers 1 - 4 years old must ride in attached bicycle safety seats. Never carry a passenger unless the bicycle has a passenger seat. Keep at least one hand on the handlebars at all times and not carry any item which prevents correct control of the bicycle. Any bicycle crash that causes death or serious injury must be reported to DMV within 10 days of the incident. Bicycle accident report forms (MV104C) are available at any motor vehicle office. A bicycle driven on public highways must have adequate brakes and a horn or bell that can be heard at least 100 feet (30 m) away. A bicycle used at night must have a headlight visible from at least 500 feet (150 m) ahead and a red taillight visible from at least 300 feet (90 m) behind. One of these lights must be visible from at least 200 feet (60 m) away on each side. A bicycle sold by a dealer must have wide-angle, spoke-mounted reflectors or reflective tires, a wide-angle rear reflector and pedal reflectors

Vehicle condition: Brakes

Brakes that pull to one side may be wet or may need to be adjusted or repaired. If wet, you can dry them riding the pedal lightly. If this does not help, have your brakes checked by a mechanic. If you notice any change in the brake performance, have them checked immediately

Railroad crossing warning sign

COLOR: Yellow with black letters "RR" and "X" symbol. MEANING: There is a railroad crossing ahead. Use caution, and be prepared to stop. If you are following a bus or truck approaching a railroad crossing, be careful. Most buses and some trucks must stop at railroad crossings

TO D:

Chapters 8,9,10,11

Chemical Tests

Chemical tests use blood, breath, urine or saliva to measure the BAC of a person. If you are arrested for an alcohol or drug-related violation, the police officer will likely request that you submit to a chemical test. Under New York's "Implied Consent" law, when you drive a car in this state you are considered to have already given your consent to take this type of test. Chemical test refusal is a separate issue from whether you were guilty of an alcohol or drug-related violation. If you refuse to take the test after being arrested, your driver license will be suspended when you are arraigned in court on the alcohol or other drug-related charge. In addition, the fact that you refused a chemical test can be brought up in court when you are tried on the alcohol or drug-related charge. If a DMV hearing later confirms you refused the test, your driver license will be revoked even if you are found not guilty of the alcohol or other drug-related violation. For information about driver license revocations and civil penalties for chemical test refusals

The Ignition Interlock Program and Leandra's Law

Courts must order all persons convicted of driving while intoxicated or aggravated driving while intoxicated to install and maintain an ignition interlock on any vehicle owned or operated by such driver for at least 12 months. (This device, purchased and installed at the expense of the motorist, is connected to a motor vehicle ignition system and measures the alcohol content of the breath of the driver. The vehicle cannot be started until the driver provides an acceptable sample breath.) The 12 month requirement may be waived by the court if the defendant demonstrates that the interlock device was installed for at least six months, unless the court orders the interlock device to be installed for a longer period of time. The judge also must order an alcohol assessment for the repeat offender. If the assessment indicates alcohol treatment is necessary, the judge may be required to order the completion of treatment as a condition of probation. Drivers who commit these alcohol-related offenses with a child less than 16 years old in the vehicle may be charged with a class E felony, punishable up to four years in prison. (This is known as Leandra's Law.) The law also makes it a felony to drive drunk with a conditional license, which is a license that may be issued by the DMV when someone is convicted of an alcohol-related offense. Such a license may be used only for driving to and from essential destinations such as school, work and medical appointments. The conditional driver license will be revoked if the motorist does not comply with the court terms or for conviction for any traffic offense except parking, stopping or standing

Vehicle approaching head-on in your lane

Decrease speed, pull over to the right and sound your horn to warn the other driver. Do not turn into the left lane. If you do, the other driver may suddenly recover and pull back into that lane, causing a head-on collision

Blind Spots

Different from cars, large vehicles have deep blind spots directly behind them. They also have much larger blind spots on both sides than cars do. Tractors with long hoods can have a blind spot of 20 feet in front of the vehicle. You should avoid these "no zones

red arrow

Do not go in the direction of the arrow until the red arrow light is off and a green light or arrow light goes on. A right or left turn on red is not permitted at a red arrow

When you approach a truck

Do not underestimate the size and speed of an approaching tractor-trailer or other large vehicle. Its larger size will often make it appear to move at a slower speed than it really is. Also, from a distance it may not appear to be as large as it really is. The other vehicle will often reach you before you expect! When you drive on a two way highway, it is often better to move as far to the right as possible to make sure your vehicle will not be hit by an approaching tractor-trailer or other large vehicle

Penalties for Alcohol/ drug related violations

Drivers with repeat dangerous driving convictions in New York State face one of the toughest licensing policies in the nation. These regulations call for: Lifetime Record Review by DMV: DMV will review the lifetime record of all drivers who apply to have a license reinstated after a revocation. Truly Permanent License Revocation for Persistently Drunk & Dangerous Drivers: After conducting a lifetime record review, DMV will deny any application for reinstatement of a license after revocation if the applicant has: • Five or more alcohol or drug related driving convictions in his or her lifetime, or • Three or more alcohol or drug related driving convictions in the last 25 years plus at least one other serious driving offense during that period. A serious driving offense includes: a fatal crash, a driving-related penal law conviction, an accumulation of 20 or more points assessed for driving violations within the last 25 years or having two or more driving convictions each worth five points or higher. Delayed Re-Licensing, Driving Restrictions, & Interlocks for Other Drivers with Repeated Alcohol- or Drug-Related Driving Convictions: For those drivers seeking reinstatement of a license after revocation who have three or four alcohol- or drug-related convictions but no serious driving offense in the last 25 years, DMV will: • Deny their applications for five years beyond their statutory revocation period if the applicant's license was revoked for an alcohol- or drug-related offense; or two additional years if the applicant's license was revoked for a reason other than an alcohol or drug related offense; • Restore the applicant's license after that additional period as a "restricted" license limiting the applicant's driving to, for example, travel to and from work or medical visits; and • For those drivers whose revocations stem from an alcohol-related offense, require an interlock on the vehicle driven by the applicant for five years. End the Reduction of Mandatory Suspension or Revocation Periods: Previously, repeat drunk drivers whose licenses have been revoked or suspended could get their full driving privileges back in as little as seven weeks by completing DMV's Impaired Driver Program. DMV's new regulations will ensure that those drivers cannot obtain their driving privileges until their full term of suspension or revocation has ended The legal purchase and possession age for beverages containing alcohol in New York State is 21. Under the state's "zero tolerance" law, it is a violation for a person under 21 to drive with any BAC that can be measured (.02 to .07). After a finding of violation is determined at a DMV hearing, the driver license will be suspended for six months. The driver then must pay a $100 suspension termination fee and a $125 civil penalty to be re-licensed. For a second Zero Tolerance violation, the driver license will be revoked for at least one year or until the driver reaches 21, whichever is longer When you use a driver license or Non-Driver ID card as proof of age to illegally purchase beverages that contain alcohol, state law requires the suspension of your driver license or privilege to apply for a license It is a traffic infraction for a driver or passenger in a motor vehicle on a public highway, street or road to drink a beverage containing alcohol or to have a beverage containing alcohol with the intent to drink it. The penalty for a first conviction is a fine up to $150, a mandatory surcharge, a crime victim assistance fee, possible imprisonment of 15 days and a possible two points assessed against the driver license record. Additional offenses within 18 months bring higher penalties. The law exempts passengers in vehicles like stretch limousines and other vehicles that display a commerce certificate or permit issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation or the NYS Department of Transportation

Railroad Crossing signals

Flashing red lights, lowered crossing gates and/or a bell at a railroad crossing indicate that you must stop, at least 15 feet (5 m) from the tracks. Do not go across the tracks until the lights and bell have stopped and the crossing gates are completely up. Do not drive around or under a gate that is moving up or down Yield when you see a crossbuck sign, which is a sign shaped like an "X" with "RAILROAD CROSSING" printed on it. If there are multiple train tracks, the sign will show the number of tracks. Look and listen for trains before crossing any railroad tracks. If an approaching train is near enough or going fast enough to be a danger, you cannot go across the tracks, even if they have no signals or the signals are not working. Do not, under any circumstances, attempt to cross any railroad tracks unless you are certain your entire vehicle will clear all of the tracks at the crossing. You cannot go across any railroad tracks unless there is room for your vehicle on the other side. If other traffic prevents you from going fully across, wait and go across only when there is room. School buses with or without passengers, other buses with passengers on board and vehicles with explosives or flammable cargo must stop at all railroad crossings. Remember those rules if you are following one of these vehicles.

Defensive driving: allow space

Four of every 10 crashes involve rear-end collisions, normally because a person is following too closely (tailgating). Leave enough room between your vehicle and the one ahead so you can stop safely if the other vehicle stops suddenly. Brake early and gently when you prepare to stop or turn. It gives drivers behind you plenty of warning that you plan to decrease your speed. For a good "space cushion," use the two-second rule: Select an object near or above the road ahead like a sign, tree or overpass. As the vehicle ahead passes it, count slowly, "one thousand one, one thousand two." If you reach the same object before you finish the count, you are following too closely. In bad weather and when following large trucks, increase the count to at least three or four seconds for additional space. If a driver follows you too closely (tailgates) move to another lane if possible, or reduce speed and pull off the road to let the driver go by. Make sure to signal when you drive off the road and when you return to it. Do not press your brakes to warn the driver behind you - this could make a difficult condition become even more dangerous. In case you must change lanes quickly or pull over to avoid a hazard, leave some "escape" room to your left and right

steady green

Go, but yield the right-of-way to other traffic at the intersection as required by law

Loss of a wheel

Handle this as you would a blowout. A thump or noise in the wheel can be a warning sound. Leave the roadway and stop. Then check your vehicle or have it checked

Stuck Gas Pedal

Hook your shoe under the pedal and see if you can free it. If not, shift into neutral and use the brake to slow your vehicle and get off the road. Do not turn off the ignition if your vehicle has power steering or a steering wheel that has a column that locks, because if you do, you will lose power steering or not have the ability to steer at all

Hourse Riders

Horse riders are subject to, and protected by, the rules of the road. They also must ride single file near the right curb or road edge, or on a right shoulder, lane or path that can be used. The law requires you to be careful when you approach a horse being ridden or walked along a road. You must drive at an acceptable speed and at an acceptable distance away from the horse. It is illegal to sound your horn when you approach or pass a horse.

Stalling on road tracks

If a train approaches, release your seat belt, leave the vehicle and get as far away as you can from the tracks. Run toward the general direction the train is coming from. If you run "down the track" in the same direction as the train, you can be hit with debris when the train hits your vehicle. When you are completely sure no trains are corning, open your window to listen for a train and try to start the engine. If that fails, shift your vehicle into neutral and push it from the tracks

Being passed

If another vehicle passes you on the left, decrease speed slightly and keep to the right. When the vehicle has safely passed and is ahead of you, continue your normal speed. If you find that you are being passed on the right by many vehicles, you should move into the right lane and allow them to pass you on the left

How to pass on the left

If conditions are correct to pass, check in your mirrors and signal your lane change. Before you pull into the left lane, look quickly over your left shoulder, through the back side window, to make sure there is no vehicle close behind you in the left lane. Never depend on your mirrors when you prepare to change lanes. Even correctly adjusted mirrors will leave "blind spots" behind both sides of your vehicle. If a vehicle is in the blind spot, you may not see it in your mirrors. Always quickly look over your shoulder before you change lanes or pass. When you pass, move completely into the left lane. Before you return to the right lane, signal and look at your interior rear-view mirror and make sure you can see the front bumper of the vehicle you passed. Look quickly over your right shoulder to make sure that you can see at least several feet of pavement between your vehicle and the one you passed. Then return to the right lane

Solid line with broken line

If you are on the side with the solid line, you cannot pass other vehicles or go across the line except to make a left turn into a driveway. If you are on the side with the broken line, you can pass if it is safe to and you will not interfere with traffic

Blind Spots in Back

If you remain in the back blind spot of a large vehicle, you increase the chance of a crash. The other driver cannot see your car, and your view of other traffic will be blocked

fire

If you see smoke come from under the hood, pull off the road and park your vehicle. Turn off the ignition. Get away from the car and call the fire department. It is dangerous to try to fight the fire yourself

Brake Failure

If your brake pedal suddenly goes to the floor, try pumping it to increase pressure. If that does not help, use your emergency or parking brake - but use it gently. If you shift to a lower gear, it will help your vehicle decrease speed

Blocked vision

If your hood opens suddenly or your vision through the windshield becomes blocked by some other object or wipers that have failed, you can open the side window so you can see. Turn on your emergency lights and carefully pull your vehicle off the road and park it

Steering Failure

If your vehicle suddenly will not respond when you steer, slowly take your foot off the gas pedal, turn on your emergency lights and keep your foot off the brake pedal while it is safe to do so. The balance of the vehicle will allow it to continue going straight, but a sudden change in speed could send it out of control. As the vehicle decreases speed, you can brake very carefully to bring it to a stop..

Running off the pavement

If your wheels move off the pavement, do not pull the steering wheel back. Ease your foot off the gas pedal and brake gently. When your vehicle has decreased speed, check for traffic behind you, then turn carefully back onto the pavement

Penalties for texting, electronic device use

In New York State, it is illegal to use portable electronic devices, such as cell phones and smart phones, to send or receive text messages or e-mails while driving. The penalty for a first offense is a fine of up to $150. A second offense (both committed within 18 months) is a fine up to $200. A third or subsequent offense (all committed within 18 months) is a fine up to $400. Also, drivers with probationary and junior licenses who use a hand -held phone or text while driving will receive a 60-day suspension for first convictions and revocations of 60 days (for junior licenses) or six months (for probationary licenses) for subsequent convictions within six months of the time a license is restored after suspension

Laws for Alcohol and other drugs

In New York State, you can be arrested for any of these offenses: aggravated driving while intoxicated (Agg-DWI), driving while intoxicated (DWI), driving with a blood alcohol content of .08 percent or more (.08 BAC), driving while ability impaired by a drug (DWAI-drug), driving while ability impaired by alcohol (DWAI), or driving under the combined influence of alcohol and drugs. Blood alcohol content (BAC) is the percentage of alcohol in your blood and is normally determined by a chemical test of breath, blood, urine or saliva. A BAC of more than .05 percent is legal evidence that you are impaired, a BAC of .08 percent or higher is evidence of intoxication, and a BAC of .18 percent or more is evidence of aggravated driving while intoxicated. Many people think chemical test evidence is required to prove you were intoxicated or impaired. However, the testimony of a police officer about the way you drive, your appearance and behavior when arrested can provide enough evidence to convict you, even without a chemical test. If you are found guilty of any alcohol or drug-related violation, the court must revoke or suspend your driver license when you are sentenced. Even if the court allows you to continue driving for 20 days, your driver license will be taken immediately. The BAC standards and penalties for commercial drivers are even tougher than those indicated in this chapter If you kill or cause an injury to another person because of an alcohol or other drug-related violation, you can be convicted of criminally negligent homicide, vehicular manslaughter or assault. These carry a fine of thousands of dollars and a maximum jail term of 15 years. If you drive while your license is suspended or revoked, you face a mandatory fine of $200 to $1000, and a mandatory jail term or probation. If impaired or intoxicated when you are arrested, the maximum mandatory fine is $5,000 and the vehicle can be seized. Liability insurance may not cover the cost of injuries and damage from a traffic crash. You could be sued for thousands of dollars and you would find it difficult and expensive to buy liability insurance for several years. Besides fines and surcharges, you could also face costly legal fees. You could have a criminal record, which makes it harder to get a job or move forward in your job

Large Vehicles

In more than 60 percent of all fatal crashes involving cars and big trucks, the car driver, not the truck driver, contributes to the cause of the traffic crash. Four out of five times, it is the car driver who is killed. Many of these crashes could be prevented if motorists know about truck (and bus) limitations and how to steer free from situations that are unsafe and involve large vehicles. Large trucks, recreational vehicles and buses are not big cars. The bigger they are: The bigger their blind spots, The longer it takes them to stop, The more room they need to maneuver, The longer it takes an auto to pass them

Vehicle condition: lights

Keep your lights clean and free of dirt, snow and ice. Broken lenses can cause dangerous glare for other drivers, so replace them as soon as you can. Make sure headlights are adjusted correctly to give you the best view of the road

Vehicle condition: glass

Keep your windows clean and clear. Replace worn wiper blades, keep your defroster and rear window defogger in good condition and make sure there is enough windshield fluid in the reservoir

Ability to Maneuver

Large vehicles are not as maneuverable as cars. They take longer to stop and to accelerate and they often need to move wide to make their turns. You can reduce the chance of a collision with a large vehicle if you: Do not cut abruptly in front of the large vehicle; when you exit, take a few additional seconds to decrease speed and exit behind it; when you pass do not pull in front of it unless you can see the whole front of the vehicle in your mirror. Pay close attention to the turn signals. Because trucks make wide right turns, they move to the left before they turn right. Look at the turn signals. Do not delay near a large vehicle. You may not be visible to the driver in the wide area the truck needs for making a turn

Side Blind Spots

Large vehicles have much larger blind spots on both sides. If you drive in these blind spots, you cannot be seen by the driver. Even if the driver knows you are there, if you remain next to the vehicle it can make it difficult for the driver ability to avoid a dangerous situation

Distance to stop

Large vehicles take much longer to stop than smaller vehicles that travel at the same speed. For tractor trailers, the difference comes from brake delay. Air brakes transmit brake power from the tractor to the trailer and this can add many feet to the distance it takes to stop. Leave plenty of space between your car and the truck. If you are in front of a truck, indicate your intention to turn or change lanes early. Do not make sudden moves

Moped Operations

Limited use motorcycles, often called mopeds, are low speed, two or three-wheeled vehicles for limited use on public highways. There are three different classes of mopeds based on maximum performance speed. The chart below describes the requirements for moped operation. Class B and C mopeds can be driven only in the right lane of traffic, as far to the right as possible. Class A mopeds are allowed to drive in any lane and any section of a lane. Mopeds are not permitted on expressways or other controlled access highways unless posted signs permit it. When you approach a moped, use the same precautions you would when you approach a bicyclist

Flashing Red

Means the same as a STOP sign: Stop, yield the right-of-way, and go when it is safe

Motorcycles

Motorcyclists have the same rights and responsibilities as drivers of other vehicles, and must follow the same traffic laws. However, motorcyclists, like pedestrians, bicyclists and skaters, are less visible to drivers, are less stable and have less protection. To improve their visibility, motorcyclists are required to keep their headlights and taillights on at all times. For protection, motorcyclists are required to wear approved helmets, as described by USDOT federal motor vehicle safety standards (FMVSS218) and goggles or a face shield. It is often hard to judge how far away a motorcycle is or how fast it will reach you. Many motorcycle crashes that involve other vehicles occur when the driver of the other vehicle fails to judge the speed or distance or does not see the motorcycle at all, and then stops or turns left in front of the motorcyclist. On most motorcycles, the directional signal does not go off automatically after a turn. Before you stop or turn in front of a motorcyclist who signals a turn, make sure the motorcyclist is actually going to turn. A motorcyclist can use a full lane and two motorcyclists are allowed to ride side-by-side in a single lane. A motorcyclist who has experience will often change position within a lane to get a clear view of traffic, avoid hazards and be more visible to drivers. You cannot pass or drive next to a motorcycle in the same lane and a motorcyclist cannot share a lane with you. Be careful when you pass a motorcyclist. Like bicycles, the air pressure of vehicles that pass quickly can affect motorcycles. Because motorcyclists must take additional precautions when they come upon special highway surfaces, you should know what a motorcyclist may do: The motorcyclist may quickly change speed or lane position to avoid loose gravel, debris, seams or grooves in the pavement, sewer or access covers or small animals. When approaching a railroad crossing, a motorcyclist may decrease speed and rise off the seat to cushion the rough crossing and change direction to go across the tracks at a right angle. On steel deck bridges the motorcyclist may move to the center of the lane to adjust for the surface that is not even. Stay a good distance behind a motorcyclist in this situation

Left Turn from one way road into one way road

Move into the left lane when you prepare to turn, or move to the left side of a single lane, as close as possible to the left curb or edge of the road. If the road you enter has two lanes, you must turn into its left lane

When you back up

Never pass close behind a large vehicle that is backing up. Often a truck driver has to block a road to back into an area to load or unload goods. Be patient! It is far better to wait until the large vehicle has completed its backup maneuver than to try to pass. If you try to pass in this situation, it is likely that you will enter one of the blind spots. This could make your vehicle invisible to the driver and increase the risk of a traffic crash

Work area signs

Orange, with black letters or symbols. People are at work on or near the roadway and traffic can be controlled by a flag person. A work area speed limit as low as 25 MPH (40 km/h) can be posted. Even if no speed limit is provided, you must drive at a reduced speed through the work zone and you must always obey the flag persons. These illustrations show some signals a flag person will use. Know and obey them

Pedestrians and Skateboarders

Pedestrians and skateboarders are at high risk in traffic. The law requires you to be extra careful to avoid a collision with them. Look out for children near schools, bus stops, playgrounds, parks and ice cream trucks. When you back your car or truck look through your back window for pedestrians. Do not rely only on mirrors when children are near. Before you back into a driveway, or out of it, get out of the vehicle and check behind your vehicle. Pedestrians are supposed to walk on the side of the road and face the traffic in the lane nearest them. When when you make a right turn watch for pedestrians on your right. When you make a left trun, watch for pedestrians on the other side of the road on your left. Pedestrians and skateboarders who are legally crossing the road or street at marked or unmarked crossings, like an intersection, always have the right-of-way. You must decrease your speed or, if necessary, come to a complete stop. The elderly and persons with disabilities can require additional time to complete their crossings. A special right-of-way law allows blind pedestrians to go across the road with a guide dog or a white or metal cane. You must always give them the right-of-way when they are trying to cross at a marked or unmarked crosswalk, even if the traffic signals or other right-of-way rules are not in their favor. Remember to move your eyes as you drive. Look to either side every few seconds to help you spot pedestrians near or approaching the roadway. The law requires pedestrians and skateboarders to: Obey traffic and pedestrian signals, traffic officers and official signs. Use the sidewalk when available or face traffic as they walk, as far from the near traffic lane as possible. Never stand in the road to hitchhike or conduct business with motorist

yield sign

Regulation sign Decrease speed as you reach the intersection. Prepare to stop and yield the right-of-way to vehicles and pedestrians in or heading toward the intersection. You must come to a full stop at a YIELD sign if traffic conditions require it. When you approach a YIELD sign, check carefully for traffic and be prepared to stop

Seatbealts, Child safely ad air bags

Seat belts save lives and can prevent serious injuries in traffic crashes. This is why New York State requires seat belt use by adults in motor vehicles and seat belts, booster seats or child safety seats for children correct and incorrect way to wear seatbelt New York is a "primary enforcement" state. A law enforcement officer can issue a traffic ticket for failure to wear a seat belt. This law also applies to visitor from outside New York State. Highlights of the New York State occupant restraint law: In the front seat, the driver and each passenger must wear a seat belt, one person per belt. The driver and front-seat passengers 16 or older can each face a fine of up to $50 if they fail to buckle up. For vehicles driven by persons with a Class-DJ learner permit or a Class-DJ or Limited Class DJ driver license, every occupant, no matter the age or seating position, must correctly use a safety restraint. The driver must make sure that each passenger under 16 obeys the law. The driver can face a fine of $25 to $100 and receive three penalty points on his driver license for each violation. Seat belt use is not required in taxis or livery vehicles, emergency vehicles, 1964 or older vehicles or by passengers in buses (except school buses; seat belt use can required by a school district). Rural Letter Carriers are also exempt while they deliver mail. Every passenger under 16 must use a safety restraint. If less than age 4, persons must be correctly secured in a government approved child safety seat that is attached to a vehicle by a safety belt or universal anchorage (LATCH) system. A child less than 4 who weighs more than 40 pounds can be restrained in a booster seat with a lap and shoulder belt. A child of age 4, 5, 6 or 7 must use a booster seat with lap and shoulder belt or a child safety seat (The child and safety restraint system must meet the height and weight recommendations of the restraint manufacturer.) Exception: A child more than 4 feet 9 inches or more than 100 pounds is allowed to use a seat belt that has both a lap belt and a shoulder harness. If the seat belt does not fit correctly, the child must use a booster seat with a lap and shoulder belt. When you drive, you must make sure each person in your vehicle wears a seat belt. During a crash, a person without a seat belt becomes a flying object and a danger to each person in the vehicle. For more information, see publication NYS Seat Belt Law (C-1) available from the DMV web site. For added protection, adjust your vehicle head rest, lock the doors and do not keep loose, heavy objects in the passenger area. Put them in the trunk. Air bags are meant to work WITH seat belts, not to replace them. An air bag protects a front-seat occupant in a head-on crash by inflating on impact and providing a cushion so the occupant does not collide with the steering wheel, dashboard or windshield. The combination of a seat belt and an air bag offers maximum protection, partly because they help the driver maintain control of the vehicle and help prevent secondary collisions. Air bags engage (expand quickly) from the steering wheel and/or dashboard. Most adults who are correctly fastened are safer in a vehicle with air bags, but the pressure of an air bag as it opens could injure those who sit too close to it. You should sit with at least 10 inches between the center of your chest and the cover of the air bag. Place your hands on the opposite sides of the steering wheel at the 3 and 9 o'clock positions to keep them away if the air bag engages

3 point turn

Signal with your right turn signal, then pull over to the right and stop. Signal with your left turn signal, then check carefully for traffic coming toward you. Turn left, go across the road so you come to a stop while you face the left curb or edge of the road. Look again for traffic. Turn your steering wheel as far to the right as possible, then reverse the vehicle to the right curb or edge of the road. Stop, check again for other traffic, then pull away from the curb

Pavement railroad markings

Sometimes, grade crossings do not have flashing red light signals or gates. Pavement markings will often show you that a grade crossing is ahead. Stay behind the stop line while waiting for a train to pass

Land use control lights

Special above the pavement lights are sometimes used to indicate which lanes of a highway can be used at certain times: Steady Red "X": Do not drive in this lane. Steady Yellow "X": Move from this lane. Flashing Yellow "X": This lane can only be used for a left turn. Green Arrow: You can use this lane

ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLES AND SNOWMOBILES

State law allows all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and snowmobiles to legally go across many state highways and local roadways. Before they cross, they must come to a stop and yield to traffic. They must go across at a 90-degree angle to the road surface.

Steady Red light

Stop. Do not go until the light is green. If a green arrow is shown with the red light, you can go toward the arrow and only if the intersection is clear. You can make a right turn at a steady red light after you come to a full stop and yield the right-of-way to oncoming traffic and pedestrians. You can make a left turn at a steady red light when you turn from a one-way road into another one-way road after you come to a full stop and yield the right-of-way to oncoming traffic and pedestrians. You cannot make a turn at a red light if there is a NO TURN ON RED sign posted or another sign, signal or pavement marking prevents the turn. You are not allowed to turn on a red light in New York City unless a sign that permits it is posted. The driver of a school bus containing pupils cannot turn right on any red light

Drowsy and fatigued driving

Symptoms of Fatigue — Researchers have found the following symptoms to be associated with drowsy driving: Your eyes close or go out of focus by themselves. To keep your head up is difficult. You continue to yawn. Your thoughts wander and are disconnected. You do not remember driving the last few miles. You drift between lanes, tailgate or miss traffic signs. You must jerk the car back into the lane. You have drifted off the road and hit the rumble strips which produce a loud noise and vibrations. Who is Most At Risk? All Drivers who are: Deprived of sleep or fatigued. Driving long distances without rest breaks. Driving through the night or at times when you are normally asleep. Taking medication that increases sleepiness or drinking alcohol. Driving alone. Driving on long, rural boring roads. Frequent travelers, e.g., business travelers and long-distance commuters. Young People — Sleep related crashes are most common for young people, who tend to stay up late, sleep too little and drive at night. Shift Workers — Drivers who have non-traditional work schedules have a greater risk of being involved in a fatigue-related traffic crash. People With Undiagnosed Sleep Disorders — The presence of a sleep disorder increases the risk of crashes. If you find you are regularly tired in the daytime or experience any of these symptoms on a regular basis, you may have a sleep disorder and should seek medical help. Effective Countermeasures Prevention — Before you embark on a trip, you should: Get enough sleep. Plan to drive long trips with a companion. Schedule regular stops for every 100 miles or two hours. Avoid alcohol and medications (over-the-counter and prescribed) that may impair performance. Check with your doctor or pharmacist about any medication you are taking. Alcohol interacts with fatigue increasing its effects. You are not at your best if you are ill or very tired. Do not drive for at least 15 minutes after waking from sleep. Actions for the Drowsy Driver — Once driving, you must: Recognize that you are close to sleep and cannot calculate when sleep may occur. Not depend on the radio, open window or other "tricks" to keep you awake. Find a safe place to stop for a break in response to symptoms of fatigue. Pull off into a safe area from traffic and take a brief nap (15 to 45 minutes). Drink coffee or another source of caffeine to promote short-term alertness if needed. (It takes about 30 minutes for caffeine to enter the bloodstream.)

if you front wheels skid

Take your foot off the gas and shift to neutral or push in the clutch, but do not try to immediately steer. As the wheels skid sideways, they will slow the vehicle and traction will return. As traction returns, turn the wheel in the direction you want to go. Then put the transmission in "drive" or release the clutch and accelerate carefully

SLOW-MOVING VEHICLES

The "slow-moving vehicle" symbol, a reflective orange triangle, must be displayed on the back of vehicles drawn by animals, and most farm vehicles and construction equipment. The United States Postal Service also requires these orange safety-triangles to be displayed on all rural mail delivery vehicles. Use caution when you approach a slow-moving vehicle and make sure it is safe before you pass.

What side of the road do we drive on? What side can we pass on?

The law requires that we drive on the right side of the road. When we are allowed to pass other vehicles, we usually pass other vehicles on the left. You are permitted to pass on the right only in certain circumstances and it must be done only when necessary and safe. When you pass other vehicles or change lanes to keep away from hazards, do so with caution and only when necessary. You must not exceed the speed limit to pass another vehicle. .

Vehicle condition: tires

The law requires that your tires have at least 2/32nds of an inch (.16 cm) of tread. Most tires for passenger cars and light trucks have indicators called "wear bars" that show across the tire grooves when the minimum tread depth is reached. It is also illegal to drive with tires that have cuts down to the cords, bumps or bulges. Consult your owner's manual or a tire store about correct tire pressure, and check it often with a reliable gauge

When should you make your turn signals?

The law requires you to use turn signals at least 100 feet (30 m) before you make a lane change. You must never pass a vehicle that has stopped at a crosswalk to allow a pedestrian to go across

steady yellow

The light will change from green to red. Be prepared to stop for the red light

Yellow arrow

The protection of a green arrow will end. If you intend to turn in the direction of the arrow, be prepared to stop

Vehical condition: Steering

There should not be much free movement in the steering wheel. If your vehicle has power steering, check the fluid level periodically. A noise like a whine when you make a sharp turn can be indicate a problem

Moree over act

This law requires every driver to exercise care to avoid colliding with an authorized emergency or hazard vehicle that is parked, stopped or standing on the shoulder or any portion of the highway with its emergency lights or one or more amber hazard lights activated. Drivers must reduce speed on all roads when encountering such vehicles, but on parkways, interstates and other controlled access roads with multiple lanes, drivers are further required to move from the lane adjacent to the emergency or hazard vehicle unless traffic or other hazards prevent doing so safely. Violations of this law are punishable as a moving violation

Diamond symbol

This symbol indicates reserved lanes for buses, HOV (High Occupancy Vehicles) like car-pools and van-pools, bicycles or other special vehicles. You cannot enter and use these lanes unless your vehicle complies with the occupancy or other requirements indicated by signs for the times the special conditions are in effect. When used to designate reserved lanes on city streets, sections of the solid white line that separates the diamond lanes from the normal lanes can be replaced by broken white lines. In these locations, non-HOV can enter the HOV lane if they make a right turn at the next intersection. Bus lanes and HOV lanes are to promote the most efficient use of limited street and highway capacity. They assure that vehicles with the highest importance move the fastest

How to pull out of a parallel park

To pull away from a parallel parking space, make sure your wheels are straight, back up to the vehicle behind you and turn your wheels away from the curb

IF your wheels start to skid

Turn the steering wheel in the direction the vehicle is trying to go. If your rear wheels slide left, steer left. If they slide right, steer right. If your rear wheels start to slide in the other direction as you recover, turn the steering wheel toward that side. You might have to turn the wheel left and right several times to get your vehicle completely controlled. If your vehicle has anti-lock brakes (ABS), keep your foot with even pressure on the brake pedal. If your vehicle does not have ABS, pump the pedal carefully. Pump more rapidly only as your car slows down. If you brake hard with regular brakes, it will make the situation worse

To avoid Collisions with Deer

Two-thirds of all deer-vehicle collisions occur during the months of October, November and December. This is also the time when deer breed, when they travel the most. Daily deer activity is highest at dawn and dusk, which often is the highest time of travel for motor-vehicle commuters. Deer travel in groups - if you see one, expect more. Areas where there have been many deer-vehicle collisions often are marked with deer crossing signs. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation recommends these precautions motorists can take to reduce the chance of a deer hit: Be careful when you drive at dawn and dusk; this is when driver visibility is bad and the deer are most active. The risk of deer-vehicle collisions increases when deer movements increase during breeding season in October, November and December. Decrease speed when you approach deer near roadsides. Deer can "bolt" or change direction at the last minute. If you see a deer go across the road, decrease speed and be careful. Deer travel in groups, expect other deer to follow. Use emergency lights or a headlight signal to warn other drivers when deer are seen on or near the road. Use caution on roadways marked with deer crossing signs. These signs are put in areas that have had a large number of deer-vehicle collisions

Vehicle condition: general

Vehicles must be inspected at least one time each year, but that does not mean it is the only time you should have safety equipment checked. Follow your owner's manual for routine maintenance. Have problems corrected by a qualified mechanic as soon as possible. Do not wait until mechanical problems cause breakdowns or crashes. Pay special attention to the maintenance and repair of the brakes, steering mechanism, lights, tires and horn. Depend on your owner's manual and an experienced mechanic as keys to a safe vehicle

Road Rage

What is "road rage"? Road rage is an angry, hostile state which increases into violent criminal actions, or attempts of violent actions, that result from the operation of a motor vehicle. Road rage can include behavior to provoke others or to make them fearful. Aggressive driving is not road rage. However, aggressive driving can become road rage. Aggressive driving generally involves the violation of a traffic safety law, while road rage involves the breaking of a criminal law. Who can become road raged? It could happen to anyone when our irritation or anger with others leads us to behavior that is a threat to others. We become a threat to ourselves and to the safety and lives of others on and near the road or highways. To endanger, threaten or assault another person are illegal. They can result in severe penalties that include fines, imprisonment and court-ordered probation. They can also mean revocation and suspension of a driver license. Road rage can include: Shouts, excessive use of a horn or obscene gestures and threats. Driving actions like when you cut off another vehicle, drive too closely, block another vehicle so it can not use a traffic lane, chase another vehicle or run it off the road, deliberately slam into a vehicle. When you stop a vehicle at the side of the road, and get out to threaten, attack, fight or injure another motorist or passenger or a pedestrian, bicyclist or other person. Research indicates that being in a state of rage can affect your blood pressure and your ability to reason and make decisions. As a driver, you will make more errors. The chance of being involved in a traffic crash will increase. Aggressive driving and road rage can lead to revoked or suspended driver licenses, problems between family members and friends, loss of employment and legal problems. Many drivers do not recognize when their own aggressive driving or their own road rage is affecting their ability to drive safely. State law requires every DMV-approved accident prevention course to address the hazards and dangers of road rage. For information about DMV-approved accident prevention courses, see Point & Insurance Reduction Program. You can also contact one of the program sponsors. Information is available at any state or county motor vehicle office

Stalling of Railroad tracks

What should you do if you stall on the tracks, for any reason? 1. GET OUT! (That includes EVERYONE in the car, children, babies, an elderly passenger, etc.) 2. Get away from the tracks, even if you do not see a train. 3. Locate the Emergency Notification System sign and call the number provided, telling them about the stalled vehicle. Run toward the general direction the train is coming from. If a train is approaching, run toward the train but away from the tracks at a 45 degree angle. If you run "down the track," in the same direction as the train, you can be hit with debris when the train hits your vehicle

School Buses

When a stopped school bus flashes its red light(s), traffic that approaches from either direction, even in front of the school and in school parking lots, must stop before it reaches the bus. You should stop at least 20 feet (6 m) away from the bus. You can identify this bus by a "SCHOOL BUS" sign, the red lights on the top, and its unique yellow orange color. Before a school bus stops to load or discharge passengers, the driver will usually flash yellow warning lights. When you see them, decrease speed and be prepared to stop. When you stop for a school bus, you can not drive again until the red lights stop flashing or when the bus driver or a traffic officer signals the you can proceed. This law applies on all roadways in New York State. You must stop for a school bus even if it is on the opposite side of a divided highway. After you stop for a school bus, look for children along the side of the road. Drive slowly until you have passed them

When you pass

When you pass a large vehicle, it takes a longer time and requires more space than when you pass a car. On a two-way road, leave more time and space when you pass a large vehicle. Make sure you can see the whole front of the vehicle before you return to your lane after you pass. A large vehicle normally loses speed on a grade or a hill. Look far ahead when you drive. If you need to pass a large vehicle, be prepared and know when you are near a grade that can cause the other vehicle to decrease speed. Also, as your own vehicle begins a downward grade, the speed of the other vehicle can increase significantly. This will increase the time it takes you to pass it

When passing a motorcycle...

When you pass a motorcycle, remember to give the motorcycle the same full lane width as other vehicles are allowed. Never move into the same lane space as a motorcycle, even if the lane is wide and the motorcycle is to one side

Driving in Winter

Winter is the most difficult season in which to drive. Not only do you have snow and ice, but there are fewer hours of daylight. Before winter weather arrives, make sure your vehicle is in good condition. Make sure your vehicle has good snow tires. Put them on the vehicle before the first storm. Never combine radial and non-radial tires on the same vehicle. Tires with metal studs can be used in New York State only from October 16 through April 30. During ice or snow storms, do not drive unless you must. If you must drive, first clear the ice and snow from your vehicle. This includes the headlights and back lights, the windshield wipers and all of the windows. Make sure the windshield washer reservoir is filled with a cleaning solution that resists freezing. Drive slowly. Even if your vehicle has good traction in ice and snow, other drivers will travel with caution. Do not break the flow of traffic by driving faster than other vehicles. In a rear-wheel drive vehicle, you can normally feel a loss of traction or the start of a slide. With a front-wheel drive vehicle, there might not be a warning. Although front-wheel drive and four-wheel drive vehicles normally handle better in ice and snow, they do not have flawless traction; skids can occur without a warning. Do not let the ability to better handle a front-wheel or four-wheel vehicle make you drive faster than the conditions dictate. The best method to recover from a skid is the same for both front and rear-wheel drive vehicles To prevent skids on snow and ice, brake early, carefully and gently. "Press" your brakes in slow, steady strokes. Allow the wheels to keep turning. If they begin to lock up, decrease pressure on the brake pedal. As your vehicle decreases speed, you can also shift into a lower gear. When sleet, freezing rain or snow begin to fall, remember that bridges, ramps and overpasses will freeze first. Also know that slippery spots may remain after road workers have removed the snow

green arrow

You can go in the direction of the arrow, but you must yield the right-of-way to other traffic at the intersection as required by law

double solid line

You can not pass or change lanes. You can not go across the lines except to turn left to enter or leave the highway

one broken line

You can pass other vehicles or change lanes if you can safely and not interfere with traffic

one solid line

You can pass other vehicles or change lanes, but you can only do so when obstructions in the road or traffic conditions make it necessary

Passing on the right

You may pass on the right: When a vehicle ahead makes a left turn. When you are on a two-way road that is marked for two or more lanes or is wide enough for two or more lanes, and passing is not prohibited by signs or restricted by parked cars or other obstructions. When you drive on a one-way road that is marked for two or more lanes or is wide enough for two or more lanes, and passing is not prohibited by signs or restricted by parked cars or other obstructions. If you prepare to pass on the right at an intersection, check the traffic ahead carefully. Make sure a vehicle that is approaching is not prepared to turn left into your path, and watch at the right side of the road for pedestrians, bicyclists, in-line skaters and moped riders. Before you pass on the right on multi-lane roads like expressways, make sure you check your mirrors, use the correct signals for the lane change and look over your right shoulder for other vehicles. After you pass, make sure to quickly look over your left shoulder and signal before you return to the left lane

Speed saftey

You must obey the speed limit. If no limit is posted, drive no more than 55 mph (88 km/h). Often, it is common sense to keep your actual speed below the posted limit. For example, the legal limit on a slippery or fogged-in expressway might be 55 mph (88 km/h), or even 65 mph (100 km/h), but the safe speed to drive would be much lower. Even if you were to drive at 50 mph (80 km/h) on that hazardous highway, a police officer could ticket you for a speed "not reasonable" for the conditions. To keep a smooth traffic flow, some highways also have minimum speed limits. If you drive slower than the minimum speed you can halt the traffic flow and create a dangerous condition. Even if there is no minimum speed limit, those driving too slow can be as dangerous as those who drive too fast. Know that some cities have speed limits less than 55 mph (88 km/h) that is not be always posted. For example, the speed limit is 25 mph (48 km/h) in New York City unless another limit is posted

If your in an accident

You must stop, no matter the damage if you are in an accident Do not stop at a crash scene unless you are involved or emergency help has not arrived. Focus on driving and the directions given by traffic officers. Follow these first-aid tips if help is not immediately available: Do not move an injured person unless it becomes necessary because of fire or another life threatening danger. If you must move an injured person, keep the back and neck as straight as possible. Put your arms under the back, and carefully support the neck with your upper arms. Hold clothing with your hands, and pull the victim head first away from danger. If there are wires down, do not go near them. If wires touch the vehicle or lay near it, warn the occupants to remain inside until help arrives. Look to see if the injured person is breathing. If the person is not breathing and you are trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), begin to administer CPR or mouth-to-mouth breathing as shown below the Driver must report it to the DMV

Emergency vehicles

You must yield the right-of-way to fire, ambulance, police and other authorized emergency vehicles when they respond to emergencies. They will display lights that are flashing red, red and blue or red and white and sound a siren or air-horn. When you hear or see an emergency vehicle heading toward your vehicle from any direction, safely pull over immediately to the right edge of the road and stop. Wait until the emergency vehicle passes before you drive on. If you are in an intersection, drive out of it before you pull over. You must pull over and stop for an emergency vehicle even if it is headed toward you in the opposite lane of a two-way roadway. If you hear a siren or air-horn close by but do not know exactly where the emergency vehicle is, you can safely pull over to the right-side edge of the road and stop until you are sure it is not headed toward you

defensive drivers: be prepared and look ahead

You should sit in a comfortable, but vertical position, and keep both hands on the steering wheel. Slouching in the driver's seat or using only one hand on the wheel makes it more difficult or even dangerous to control your vehicle. Traffic conditions change continuously. Always scan the road ahead. Do not use the road or even the vehicle ahead as your only points of focus. Look ahead so you can prevent, or decrease, possible problems. Keep your eyes moving, notice what is happening at the sides of the road, and check behind you through your mirrors every few seconds. Anticipate errors by other drivers, bicyclists and pedestrians and think about what you will do if an error occurs. Do not assume that a driver who approaches a STOP or YIELD sign on a side road is actually going to stop or yield. It is better to assume the other driver will not stop

BAC

Your blood alcohol content (BAC) depends on: How much alcohol you drink. How much time passes between drinks. Your weight. Your BAC does not depend on the type of beverage you drink, how fit you are or how you can "hold your liquor." Different types of drinks do not affect you differently. It is the amount of alcohol you consume, not whether it is in beer, wine or liquor that raises your BAC and reduces your driving ability. These drinks contain about the same amount of alcohol - 1½ ounces of liquor, 5 ounces of wine, 12 ounces of beer and 12 ounces of wine cooler. None is "safer to drink" than the others. For a 150-pound male , each one of these drinks contains enough alcohol to increase his BAC by about .02 percent. On average, it takes the body approximately one hour to remove that much alcohol. Studies indicate that a woman will take longer to process and remove alcohol from the blood. This can cause a higher BAC over a longer period of time. .02% BAC Compared to the 150-pound male described above, your body weight can make some difference in the BAC and the effects of alcohol. No one has immunity to the effects of alcohol. It is a simple fact: the more you drink in a given period of time, the higher your BAC will be and the less safe you will drive. It takes only a few drinks to increase your BAC to levels at which it is illegal to drive. And remember, the effects of alcohol on your ability to drive begin at even lower BAC levels after just one drink. Eating before or while you drink helps slow the absorption of alcohol somewhat, but it can not prevent intoxication or impairment if you have too much to drink. The only method to effectively reduce your BAC is to not drink over a period of time. Coffee, exercise and cold showers cannot reduce your BAC and the effects of alcohol. They can help you remain awake, but it can not change your BAC or make you sober

Vehicle condition: Horn

Your horn is important safety equipment that could become your only means of warning other drivers or pedestrians of possible problems. If the horn does not work, get it repaired as soon as possible. It should be used properly, not to express anger at other drivers or pedestrians

Green emergency vehicle lights

ambulence/ resuce squad

SERVICE SIGNS

blue with white letters and symbols

flashing yellow

drive with caution

Headlight Failure

f your headlights suddenly go out, try your emergency lights, parking lights and directional signals. These may continue to work and can give you enough light to get from the roadway safely. If your headlights begin to dim, drive to a service station or pull off the road and go for help

Blue emergency vehicle lights

firetrucks

DESTINATION SIGNS

green with white letters and symbols Show the direction and distance to locations

Disability parking

it is illegal to park in a disability spot

Narrowing edge line

lane gets narrower

REGULATION SIGNS

normally are white rectangles with black letters or symbols, but some are different shapes, and some can use red letters or symbols Some regulation signs have a red circle with a slash over a symbol. This indicates that an action, like a right turn, is not allowed or that some vehicles are restricted from the road. Rectangular white signs with black or red letters or symbols are indications to be alert for special rules.

WARNING SIGNS

normally are yellow and diamond-shaped, with black letters or symbols You are approaching a hazardous location or a location where there is a special rule, as shown in the sample signs. Sometimes a warning sign is joined with a yellow and black "recommended speed" sign. This indicates reduced speed is advised in that area

Stop sign

regulation sign Come to a full stop, yield the right-of-way to vehicles and pedestrians in or heading toward the intersection. Go when it is safe. You must come to a stop before the stop line, if there is one. If not, you must stop before you enter the crosswalk. If there is no stop line or crosswalk, you must stop before you enter the intersection, at the point nearest the intersection that gives you a view of traffic on the intersecting roadway

amber emergency vehicle lights

snowplows

Turn hand signals

straight- left up- right down- brake

Route signs

varied colors Indicate interstate, U.S., state or county routes. The shape tells you the type of route you are on. The sample signs, left to right, are for state, U.S., and interstate routes. When you plan a trip, use a highway map to decide which routes to take. During the trip, watch for destination signs so you will not get lost, or have to turn or stop suddenly