Drug Education: Block 2, Chapter 7: Explaining Drug Use

In contrast with recreational drug use, identify the factors that drive heavy and chronic drug abuse.

-Hopelessness -Community disorganization and disintegration -Poverty

Match the types of drug users based on their degree of unconventionality with their descriptions.

-Mildly unconventional youngsters: They are likely to drink and experiment with marijuana, but do little else -Moderately unconventional youngsters: They are likely to drink alcohol more heavily than others, use marijuana regularly, and experiment with other drugs. -Highly unconventional youngsters: They are likely to become seriously involved not only with alcohol and marijuana, but also with more dangerous drugs as well.

According to Howard S. Becker, which of the following must happen for someone to become a marijuana user?

-One must learn the proper technique of smoking marijuana -One must learn to enjoy the effects of the drug -One must learn to perceive the effects of the drug

According to Denise Kandel, which of the following socialization agents are tightly related to drug use?

-Parents -Peers

According to Denise Kandel, which of the following are the four main agents of adolescents' socialization.

-Parents -Peers -School -Media

Which of the following types of parents are most likely to raise offspring who both engage in criminal behavior and indulge in drugs?

-Parents who fail to recognize that their children are engaging in wrongdoing -Parents who are lacking in strong affection for their children -Parents who fail to monitor their children's behavior

According to the self-derogation perspective of the inadequate-personality approach of drug abuse, identify the sources of low self-esteem in the users.

-Physical stigmata -High expectations of achievement -Peer rejection

Identify the absolutely necessary preconditions for drug use.

-Predisposition to drug use -Availability of a drug

Identify the conditions that have made drug abuse especially attractive and appealing.

-The decay of much of the economic structure on which the lower sector of the working class rested -A feeling of hopelessness, alienation, depression, and anomie among many inner-city residents

Identify the models that were used by sociologist Denise Kandel in her approach to the selective interaction/socialization model of drug use.

-The learning theory -The subcultural model -The social control model

Identify the models that Bruce Johnson used to study drug use in a college setting.

-The subcultural models -The socialization models

Which of the following is true of genetic factors of drug use?

Adopted children have rates of alcoholism closer to those of their natural parents

Most of the research attempting to demonstrate a genetic factor in drug abuse has focused on the addiction to _____.

Alcohol

Unlike the maintainers, the euphoria seekers are associated with _____.

An extremely expensive lifestyle and participation in illegal activity to support it

The _____ theory of drug use argues that in a competitive, materialistic, achievement-oriented society, success is encouraged as attainable for all members but actually is attainable for only a small proportion of society.

Anomie

_____ theories are those "kinds of people" explanations that postulate specific physical mechanisms in individuals that impel or influence them either to experiment with drugs or to abuse them once they are exposed to them.

Biological

According to the inadequate-personality approach, drug abuse is a _____.

Defense mechanism

Behavior that is not in accord with the norms of, and that tends to be condemned by, the majority is known as _____.

Deviant

According to the theory of ______, the key mechanism in becoming criminal or deviant is the fact that one associates and interacts differentially with social circles whose members define crime and deviance in favorable terms.

Differential association

The social learning theory proposes that the use and abuse of psychoactive substances can be explained by _____.

Differential exposure to groups in which use is rewarded

According to the anomie theory of deviant behavior, _____ is an innovative adaptation to blocked or frustrated material success for many members of society who have learned to expect that success but who live in a setting in which high levels of achievement are all but impossible.

Drug dealing

Identify a true statement about the absolutely necessary preconditions for drug use.

Each of the preconditions is necessary to explain drug use

True or False: In reality, most of the people living in deteriorated communities abuse drugs.

False

True or false: According to Howard S. Becker, the content of the user subculture is primary.

False

According to the inadequate-personality approach of drug abuse, the more inadequate the personality of an individual, the higher _____.

His or her involvement with drug abuse

In contrast to compulsive drug abuse, identify a factor that causes the recreational drug use.

Involvement with a subcultural group

Identify a true statement about conflict theory of drug abuse.

It addresses the issues that much of the public finds most troubling

Identify a drawback of Howard S. Becker's model of drug use.

It does not include any discussion of specific individual characteristics that cause someone to use drugs

Identify a characteristic of recreational drug use as suggested by conflict theory.

It is engaged in by a broad spectrum of the class structure

The social learning theory of drug use holds that _____.

It is in the group setting where reward and punishment take place

According to Howard S. Becker's model of drug use, how does regular use of marijuana take place?

It is only through contact with other users

Identify a characteristic of negative reinforcement for drug use.

It occurs when an individual does something to seek relief or to avoid pain

Identify a characteristic associated with the positive reinforcement for drug use.

It occurs when an individual receives a pleasurable experience

The first systematic application of subcultural theory to drug use was made by Howard S. Becker, who focused on the process of becoming a _____ user.

Marijuana

Identify a true statement in relation to the theory of metabolic imbalance of drug use.

Methadone maintenance based on metabolic imbalance has helped a certain proportion of addicts

In contrast with members of more affluent communities, poor and minority communities are _____.

More likely targets for petty and organized criminals

Metabolic imbalance is known to be a possible causal factor in _____ addiction.

Narcotic

Howard S. Becker's model of drug use holds that _____.

One first uses drugs and during the course of drug use, learns the necessary explanations for further use

According to the researchers who emphasize the unconventional personality as a key factor in drug use, the adolescent more likely to experiment with and use drugs is _____.

One who is concerned with personal autonomy

With respect to personality, the adolescent less likely to experiment with and use drugs is _____.

One who values and expects to attain academic achievement

According to self-control theory to drug use, _____ is a factor that operated in the past but exerts a lifetime influence.

Parental socialization

The proponents of the theory of positive reinforcement argue that _____.

Physical dependence is not a necessary mechanism for drug abuse

Identify a characteristic of drug abuse among poor, minority communities.

Poor neighborhoods are especially vulnerable to intrusions by drug dealers

In the first systematic application of subcultural theory to drug use, Howard S. Becker was concerned with the _____.

Question of how someone comes to use and experience marijuana in a way that it will continue to be used to achieve pleasure

_____ argues that deviance and crime will take place if a motivated offender, something worth offending against, and someone who can defend or protect that which is offended against are present.

Routine activities theory

The term _____ refers to the fact that potential drug users do not randomly fall into social circles of users but are attracted to certain individuals and circles because their own values and activities are compatible with those of current users.

Selective interaction

The proponents of _____ theory conceive of crime as including not only crime itself but also a variety of other illegal, illegitimate, deviant, and self-interested actions.

Self-control

According to _____ theory, what causes drug use, like most or all deviant behavior, is the absence of the social controls encouraging conformity.

Social control

In order to explain drug use, _____ theorists situate their theory at the community level

Social disorganization

The _____ holds that behavior is molded by rewards and punishment, or reinforcement.

Social learning theory

The theory that tends to deal with the broader, structural factors related to an individual to explain drug use is called the _____.

Sociological theory

According to the anomie theory of deviant behavior, a person who is most likely to become a drug addict is _____.

Someone who has attempted and failed at both legal and illegal means to achieve success.

According to experts, the movement from the first type of drug use to the second is far more likely to take place among _____.

The impoverished than among the affluent

In the context of the different types of narcotic addicts, identify a characteristic of a maintainer.

The maintainer takes just enough narcotics to avert withdrawal distress

Which of the following theories of drug use argues that involvement in a particular social group with attitudes favorable to drug use is the key factor in fostering one's own drug use, and that involvement in a group with negative attitudes toward drug use tends to discourage such use?

The subcultural theory

According to self-control theory, which of the following is true of crime and drug use?

They are basically the same sort of behavior

Identify an accurate characteristic of the euphoria seekers which makes them different from the maintainers.

They usually resort to criminal activities

Identify the key elements of the problem-behavior proneness dimension of drug use.

Unconventionality and the willingness to take risks

According to the anomie theory of drug use, deviant behavior that includes illicit drug use takes place _____.

When avenues to material success are blocked off