Drugs and Behavior Chap 6

Identify a true statement about cocaine hydrochloride.

It cannot be heated to form vapors for inhalation.

Identify an accurate statement about the molecular structure of methamphetamine.

It has a methyl group added to the basic amphetamine structure.

The best available treatment for narcolepsy seems to be to keep the patient awake during the day with _____.

amphetamines

Which of the following is true of cocaine's mechanism of action?

Its behavioral effects likely depend on an interaction of multiple neurotransmitters.

Which of the following is true of the addictive potential of cocaine?

Most of the cocaine users use the drug without experiencing functional impairments.

The method of smoking cocaine by converting cocaine hydrochloride into freebase can be very dangerous because _____.

the combination of fire and ether fumes is extremely explosive

Sigmund Freud recommended cocaine as a treatment for _____ addiction.

morphine

_____ is the most common route by which cocaine is used recreationally.

snorting

The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 reduced the sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine to _____.

18:1

Under the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, the amount of crack cocaine required to trigger a five-year sentence is at least _____ grams

28

Identify a provision of the Anti-drug Abuse Act of 1986.

An individual convicted of selling five grams of crack cocaine would be required to serve a minimum sentence of five years in prison.

Identify the countries that are the primary source of illicit cocaine in the United States.

Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia

The racial rhetoric establishing a bogus connection between Black cocaine users and depraved acts against white people was a major contributor to the passage of the 1914 _____

Harrison Act

____ is a sleep disorder in which individuals do not sleep normally at night and in the daytime experience uncontrollable episodes of muscular weakness and falling asleep.

Narcolepsy

The evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of amphetamines and _____ in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, shows that these medications increase brain catecholamine activity.

Ritalin

Identify a true statement about the addictive potential of cocaine.

The majority of cocaine users do not—and will not ever—meet criteria for cocaine use disorder (addiction).

Identify a possible reason for paranoid psychosis in an heavy amphetamine user.

The psychosis results from dopaminergic stimulation.

Identify an advantage of using amphetamines in the treatment of depression.

Their antidepressant effects occur rapidly compared with standard antidepressant medications.

Identify a reason for acute cocaine poisoning.

adulteration of illicit cocaine with other chemicals

Characteristics of acute cocaine poisoning are similar to that of _____ overdose.

amphetamine

Ephedrine, an active ingredient in an herb called ma huang in China, is similar in structure to _____.

amphetamine

Amphetamines are used to treat symptoms of _____.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Amphetamine intoxication at higher doses, especially administered for extended periods, can cause a user to _____.

become suspicious to the point of paranoia

Powder and crack cocaine are qualitatively the same drug because powder cocaine _____, which will produce the onset of effects as rapid as smoking crack cocaine.

can be dissolved in water or saline and injected intravenously

Match the routes of administration of cocaine with their effects.

chewing and sucking the coca leaves: slower onset of effects and much lower blood levels than other routes snorting cocaine hydrochloride: absorbed quite rapidly and reaches the brain rather quickly

The origin of the earliest civilization in the Americas, the beginning around 5000 B.C. of what was to become the Inca Empire in Peru, has been traced to the use of _____.

coca

Identify the products introduced by Angelo Mariani in which he used an extract from the coca leaves.

coca lozenge, and coca tea

Identify a product developed by Angelo Mariani that made him rich and famous.

coca wine

Coca leaves contain, besides the oils that give them flavor, the active chemical _____.

cocaine

In an 1885 lecture before a group of psychiatrists, Sigmund Freud commented on the use of _____ as a stimulant.

cocaine

Mixing cocaine with simple household chemicals, including baking soda and water, and then drying it resulted in a lump of smokable cocaine known as _____.

crack

One reaction to limited amphetamine availability in the 1970s was an increase in the number of illicit laboratories making methamphetamine, which acquired the name "_____."

crank

During the 1950s and early 1960s, amphetamines were the treatment of choice for _____.

depression and fatigue

In the context of the action mechanism of amphetamines, studies on laboratory animals implicate _____ in mediating amphetamine-related reinforcement.

dopamine

There is a notable likeness between the molecular structures of the catecholamine neurotransmitters _____ and the basic amphetamine molecule.

dopamine and norepinephrine

True or false: According to studies, paranoid psychosis after high-dose IV use of amphetamine is primarily the result of the personality predisposition of a user.

false

True or false: Parents of cocaine-exposed infants must not make too much eye contact with their babies because it overwhelms the child.

false

Amphetamines are used to treat symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder because they _____.

improve concentration in hyperactive people

Identify a consequence of limited amphetamine availability due to tightened controls on legally manufactured amphetamines during the 1970s.

increase in the number of illicit laboratories making methamphetamine

It appears that humans in the Andes first settled down and formed communities around places where calcified lime could be mined. This was because the psychoactive effects of drugs can be made stronger by adding some calcified lime that helps _____

increase the extraction of cocaine

Identify an impact of consuming cocaine repeatedly and at increasingly high doses.

increased irritability

A consequence of using cocaine during pregnancy is that it _____.

increases the risk for spontaneous abortion

Cocaine is still used in surgery for the laryngeal and esophageal regions because it _____.

is absorbed well into mucous membranes

After 1884, the use of cocaine as an anesthetic drug gained popularity because _____.

it was thought as a safe and effective drug

The wake-promoting effect of amphetamine is the reason for its use in treating _____, a condition in which an individual spontaneously falls asleep as many as 50 times a day.

narcolepsy

Identify the neurotransmitters whose reuptake is blocked by cocaine.

norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

During the 1960s, physicians used injectable amphetamines to treat _____.

obesity

During the 1960s, hospital emergency rooms sometimes used methamphetamine in the liquid form to stimulate respiration in patients suffering from _____.

overdose of sleeping pills

In severe cases, chronic toxicity of cocaine can result in a full-blown _____, in which an individual loses touch with reality and experiences auditory hallucinations.

paranoid psychosis

When the potential for misuse of cocaine as an anesthetic drug became clear during the 19th century, _____, a synthetic agent with similar characteristics, was discovered in 1905.

procaine

In the United States, Dr. W. S. Halsted, who was later referred to as the father of modern surgery, experimented with the ability of cocaine to _____.

produce local anesthesia

According to studies, use of amphetamines and methylphenidate helps in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, by _____.

reversing catecholamine-associated deficits

Most of the illicit cocaine available in all major U.S. metropolitan areas originates in _____.

south america

According to research on the effects of amphetamines, students use amphetamines in order to _____.

stay awake and study longer

Ephedrine is often called a sympathomimetic drug because it _____.

stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

Amphetamines increase the activity of monoamine neurotransmitters by _____.

stimulating the release of these neurotransmitters

The 1914 Harrison Act led to a decline in cocaine use by _____.

taxing and regulating the production, importation, and distribution of coca products

True or false: In response to concerns about cocaine, President Ronald Reagan issued a proclamation designating October 1986 as Crack/Cocaine Awareness Month, and Congress passed the Anti-drug Abuse Act of 1986.

true