DSM A&P2 Lab Chapter 17

what are Cell fragments involved in blood clotting and the repair of damaged blood vessels

platelets

Which plasma protein would you expect to be elevated if you were suffering from strep throat?

Immunoglobulins

Placing blood in a test tube initiates which pathway in the clotting process

Intrinsic pathway.

White blood cells are able to move from the blood into the surrounding tissues. What is the functional significance of this ability?

It allows them to travel to the site of an infection and respond quickly to exogenous pathogens.

Nonspecific defenses do not discriminate between one type of threat or another. The specific immune response will provide a counterattack against specific types of invading pathogens. What cell type is responsible for specific defense?

Lymphocytes

Red blood cells have a limited lifespan and then are phagocytized by macrophages in the liver, spleen and red bone marrow. What happens to the iron in the heme group of RBCs?

The iron will be either stored in the liver or transported back to the red bone marrow to be incorporated into new hemoglobin.

How is it that liver disorders can alter the composition and the functional properties of blood?

The liver is the primary source of plasma proteins.

What is hematocrit?

The percentage of formed elements in whole blood.

How do basophils respond to an injury? __________.

They release histamine and heparin.

Which two enzymes are needed to convert plasminogen to plasmin?

Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

what is the clumping of red blood cells that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed

agglutination

What are antibodies that react to specific surface antigens on red blood cells

agglutinins

The number of eosinophils increases dramatically during __________.

an allergic reaction or a parasitic infection

A patient's blood test revealed an elevated level of neutrophils, a condition called neutrophilia. Which of the following is a possible cause for the neutrophilia?

bacterial infection

which WBC migrate to injury sites and release histamine to dilate blood vessels.

basophils

During RBC recycling, each heme unit is stripped of its iron and converted to __________.

biliverdin

What is the primary site of erythropoiesis in an adult?

bone marrow

Which of the following is a compound that stimulates platelet aggregation?

ADP

Which of the following is NOT a good reason why venipuncture is a common technique for obtaining a blood sample?

Blood does not clot as easily coming from veins as it does from arteries.

The primary function of a mature red blood cell is which of the following?

Transport of respiratory gases

Clot destruction involves a process that begins with __________.

activation of the proenzyme plasminogen, which initiates the production of plasmin

Where are most plasma proteins produced?

liver

Erythropoietin appears in the plasma when peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to __________.

low oxygen concentrations

Myeloid stem cells develop into __________________.

megakaryocytes

Platelets promote vessel repair by releasing ________.

platelet-derived growth factor

How much blood does an adult male normally have?

5-6 liters

If a person has type A blood, Rh surface antigens on the blood cells, and anti-B antibodies in the plasma, what is that person's blood type?

A positive

Why is there a difference in the hematocrit between males and females?

Androgens stimulate red blood cell production and estrogens do not.

A woman comes to the emergency department bleeding profusely. A quick blood test shows agglutination using the anti-B antibody and the anti-Rh antibody. There was no reaction with the anti-A antibody. What is her blood type?

B+

You have determined that the woman has type B+ blood. The blood bank is running low on blood, which of the following is the best option for your patient?

B-

What of the following types of blood would cause a cross-reaction when given to a person with type A-positive blood?

B-positive

What affects almost every aspect of the clotting process?

Calcium ions and vitamin K

A decreased number of megakaryocytes would interfere with what process?

Clot formation

In which phase of hemostasis is fibrin deposited, creating a solid blood clot?

Coagulation phase

In addition to water and proteins, what else make up plasma?

Electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes

Leucocytes or white blood cells fight infection. They have the ability to leave the bloodstream and enter a damaged or infected area. What is the name of this process of leaving the bloodstream?

Emigration or diapedesis

Which of the following is a locally produced hormone causing smooth muscle contraction during the vascular phase?

Endothelin

Which component makes up the largest proportion of the formed elements?

Erythrocytes

What is the specific term for the production of red blood cells?

Erythropoiesis

Which of the following is a notable feature of leukemia?

Excessive numbers of white blood cells

In the process of hemostasis, what triggers the Extrinsic Pathway of the coagulation phase?

Factor III (Tissue Factor or TF)

Which of the plasma proteins functions in blood clotting?

Fibrinogen

What type of molecules are the antigens found on our blood cells?

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of the unusual shape of the red blood cell?

Greater hemoglobin carrying capacity

Agglutinogens are contained on the __________, whereas the agglutinins are found in the __________.

cell membrane of the RBC; plasma

Signs of iron-deficiency anemia include __________.

decrease in hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and O2-carrying capacity

what is the migration of white blood cells from capillaries to surrounding tissues

diapedesis

which WBC Specialize in the destruction of multicellular parasites

eosiniphils

Which of the following types of white blood cells are involved in fighting off parasitic infections, such as flukes and roundworms?

eosinophils

Reticulocytes are nucleated immature cells that develop into mature __________.

erythrocytes

t or f: plasma is a formed element

false

t or f: Blood is slightly acidic, with a pH of 6.5.

false, 7.35-7.45

Which plasma proteins functions in blood clotting?

fibrinogen

Thrombin is required to convert _________________.

fibrinogen to fibrin

Megakaryocytes are specialized cells of the bone marrow that are responsible for __________.

formation of platelets

Which category of plasma proteins includes antibodies?

globulins

what is The percentage of whole blood that is composed of blood cells

hematocrit

A patient developed an obstruction in his renal arteries that restricted blood flow to his kidneys. What change would occur to the formed elements?

hematocrit would increase

Which part of hemoglobin binds oxygen?`

heme

what is iron-containing pigment molecule in hemoglobin that binds to oxygen

heme

Jessica has just moved from Orlando, Florida, to Denver, Colorado. What condition is she now experiencing that is stimulating the production of erythropoietin and, consequently, more red blood cells?

hypoxia caused by an increase in her elevation above sea level

Which WBC are Responsible for cell-mediated and humoral immunity activities.

lymphocytes

Circulating mature RBCs lack __________.

mitochondria, ribosomes, nuclei

Which type of white blood cell circulates in the blood for about 24 hours before entering the tissues and differentiating into a macrophage?

monocyte

which WBC Migrate into peripheral tissues to become macrophages.

monocyte

which WBC Specialize in the destruction of bacteria.

neutrophil

What type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut?

neutrophils

Which group of white blood cells are classified as granulocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

If agglutinogen B meets with agglutinin anti-A, what is the result?

no agglutination occurs.

In which pregnancy are an Rh-positive mom and an Rh-positive child at risk of developing erythroblastosis fetalis?

none

Protein synthesis in a mature RBC occurs primarily __________.

nowhere; mature red blood cells cannot synthesize proteins

What is the term for the characteristic of white blood cells whereby they are attracted to a specific chemical stimulus

positive chemotaxis

Which blood type can safely be transfused into a person with type O blood?

type O

In which phase of hemostasis does local contraction of an injured blood vessel occur?

vascular phase

t or f: Mature red blood cells do not divide and therefore have a short life span

true

In order to produce a massive amount of fibrin molecules, thrombin needs to be present. To ensure abundance of thrombin production, thrombin stimulates its own production by stimulating the formation of tissue factor and PF-3, which activates further platelet aggregation. This pattern of stimulation is known as a ____________________.

positive feedback loop

The formed elements of the blood consist of __________.

red and white blood cells and platelets

Where are red blood cells produced in an adult?

red bone marrow

Even if blood is carefully collected into a tube that has not been treated with an anticoagulant, it will clot. Which part of hemostasis is triggered by the activation of clotting factor XII?

the intrinsic pathway