Dutch Art Final Terms

Italianette

- Italianate appealed to wealthier clientele - painters influenced by Italian light w/Dutch attributes in the work (like cows!) - artists who went over to Italy and adopted the style of landscape painting that they found there (Poelenburg)

Houwelijk

- Jacob Cat's book on marriage

Pre-Rembrandtists

- Lastman, Lievens (shared a workshop with Rembrandt) — those who worked around the same time as Rembrandt and were influential on his work

Hendrickje Stoffels

- a 23 year old woman who came to the house as a maid/in house servant (she came after Geertje, the woman that Rembrandt sent to the spinhouse rip lol) - unable to marry R b/c of the financial settlement linked to Saskia's will saying he would not receive any more of the inheritance - testified against Geertje, saying how Rembrandt did not breach any promise - had to appear before the Council of the Reformed Church when she was prego w R's daughter for "living in sin" and was banned from the church :(

Rembrandt Research Project

- a group of scholars that determine if some Rembrandt paintings were actually done by Rembrandt rather than his students - analyzed paint samples, X-ray images and other radiographic research - forensic analysis of handwriting

cityscapes

- appears around 1650 - depicted cities from far away or up close - rise of map making illustrations of cities contributed to the increased depiction of cities - last main subject to appear in 17th c

States General

- assembly of the estates of an entire country especially the sovereign body of the Dutch republic from 16th to 18th centuries - ruling body, representatives from all of the ruling provinces

Delft School

- best known for genre paintings: images of domestic life, views of households, church interiors, courtyards, squares and the streets of the city of Delft - Carel Fabritius and Nicolaes Maes are the founders of these specialities in the 1640s - also Delft was obsessed with neatness and cleanliness, precision and social gentility

discs of confusion

- blurred aspects you see through a camera obscura - "Woman with a Red Hat" — blurred white circles on the chair

foot warmer

- can indicate female virtue - commonly used by women when seated

Little Ice Age

- early 17th c in the Netherlands -- incredibly cold, more ice and snow -- led to starvation, poverty, etc - however depicted skating and fun pastimes (focused on the good) -- some motifs of slippery-ness of life - dutch oddly prospered during this age - New wind patterns actually sped up ships that left the republic for Asia or America, shortening their journeys. - the Dutch fought most of their wars on or around water, and climatic cooling helped their armies and fleets.

engraving (with/without inscriptions)

- engraving (take a burin, a V shaped instrument, to dig lines out of the copper plate, can vary the thickness of the lines to achieve gradations of tone)

Stadholder

- essentially the President, but only had power over military action (but they ruled over the entire Dutch Republic) - hereditary, House of Orange

etching

- etching (put waxing ground on top of the copper plate, a use an etching needle to dig into the wax substance, digging lines into the wax and immerse the plate into acid, and the acid will dig the lines into the copper plate — Rembrandt accordingly carried around waxy plates with him) - etching, free flowing (take a copper plate, dig lines out the copper plate, and those lines will absorb the ink and put in a printing press to get an impression of the lines you dug into the paint)

camera obscura

- first mentioned in the 15th c - in 1891, Vermeer was the first speculated about using the camera obscura to create optical illusions (much debate over this) - consisted of small darkened rooms with light admitted through a single tiny hole. The result was that an inverted image of the outside scene was cast on the opposite wall, which was usually whitened.

bentveugels or schildersbent

- fraternity in Rome where they would have initiation rights that involved dressing up as Bacchus and drinking massive quantities of wine (Breenbergh and Poelenburg formed this frat in Rome)

Rembrandt

- his self portraits deliberately portray himself as crude, broken/weathered by life - he has an awareness of other famous artists in his self portraits (deliberately fashions himself after other artists, signs his name "Rembrandt" like Titian or Michelangelo) - moved to Amsterdam in 1631 - beginning, overt action around the 40s becomes more introspective, more internally dramatic than externally dramatic (light was almost more subtle than it was in his earlier careers)

underpainting

- in oil painting, the process of painting the canvas in a base, often monochrome color as a first step in creating the areas of light and dark value

Italianates

- middle class protestant dutch art patrons were more interested in collecting bucolic landscape scenes rather than religious works - to accommodate this, artists would turn to the Italian landscape -- mountainous landscape w/ golden skies in comparison to flat, cloudy Holland

graeuwtjes or grauwtjes

- monochrome paintings executed in tones of brown. - Adrian van de Venne produced many paintings like this of peasants and beggars

seascapes

- most of the early seascapes were centered in Haarlem and Utrecht - bakhuizen represents the last generation of marine painters in Holland

Tonalists

- popular in the 30s and 40s, monochromatic color palette, stuck to very muted shades - emphasized the sky and depicted the landscape with blurred outlines, all bathed in unifying color and atmosphere - initially started by Esaias van de Velde and was adopted later by his student Jan van Goyen

Batavians, Claudius Civilis

- pre Dutch, they were under roman rule and decided to revolt against their Roman oppressors - perfect subject for the dutch b/c they revolted against the Spanish - claudius civilis was their leader yeet

drypoint (burr)

- produces a velvety/soft line - sharp needle to sketch into a metal plate (displaces metal) and then ink is pushed into the grooves - R used selective wiping of the ink off the plate to create a range of tonal effects - drypoint (use something called a drypoint needle and essentially scrape lines into the plate, displacing thin ridges of metal which is called a burr, so when you print it the outcome is a nice, soft, velvety line)

Dutch Classicists

- represent forms idealized in a classical way but also the subject matter (Abduction of Europa) - popular in 50s and 60s

William the Silent, Prince of Orange

- the leader who led the Dutch patriots in defense of Protestantism in the Netherlands and became known as "father of his country" - a leader of the movement for the Netherland's independence.(he was named "the Silent" because of his small circle of confidants.) - first stadholder

80 Year War

- war of Netherlands' independence from Spain - led to the separation of the north and south in the Netherlands and the formation of the Dutch Republic

Treaty of Munster (1648)

- where Spanish and Dutch representatives signed the peace treaty - for the Dutch Republic it meant more than an end to the war -- it signified definitive recognition of national sovereignty

Geertje Dircx

- woman R employs after Saskia died and leaves baby Titus (was Titus's wetnurse) - 1649, she took R to court and sued his ass for 'breach of promise' where she said he promised to marry her - lol R sent her to the spinhouse and even paid the cost of her transport there yikes - got out of spinhouse in 1655

Selective Naturalism

- would produce mass amounts of some subjects and ignore others (some of which were subjects they should be most proud of) - rain is very rarely depicted in Dutch landscapes -- one of the subjects that was neglected - seascapes: dutch shores were not rocky, yet rocky shores were commonly depicted (not an accurate/ realistic portrayal of reality) - shipwreck scene formula: one completely wrecked ship, one struggling/ suffering, and one that might make it

Han van Meegeren

Dutch impressionist; 1900's Loved Vermeer, forged his paintings and sold them Dilemma to critic: 1) admit you're wrong and know nothing about great art (subj) 2) recognize that a 2nd rate artist is really better than Vermeer (obj) lol he fooled the Nazis hehe

arcadian

Rural, rustic, or pastoral, especially suggesting simple, innocent contentment. - reflective of perfect freedom/ pastoral/ shepherds/prosperity

silverpoint

a drawing tool made of silver used in the 14th and 15th century over a coated paper, which produced very fine and crisp lines. - silverpoint is essentially a metal point on a stylus, use on special paper and the metal point chemically reacts to the paper (very hard to work with b/c can't erase and make changes)

burin

a pointed tool used for engraving or incising

Utrecht Caravaggisti

a term applied to a number of Dutch painters active in Utrecht who were strongly influenced by Caravaggio's work and who in the 1620s made their city the chief centre of his style in northern Europe.

emblem book

book that illustrates and describes popular and esoteric iconography

glazing

in oil painting, application of multiple layers of transparent films over a color to alter it slightly

Calvinism (Reform Church)

main religion in the Netherlands after they achieved their independence

12 Year Truce (1609)

temporary end to the hostilities between Spain and the Northern Netherlands

"working up"

the process of applying paint to canvas