Dynamic Study Modules: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

A

Normal arterial blood pH is __________. A. 7.4 B. highly acidic C. strongly alkaline D. neutral E. 6.45

B

The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________. A. magnesium B. sodium C. calcium D. chloride E. phosphate F. potassium

D

A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________. A. an increase in ECF water concentration B. an increase in potassium levels in the ICF C. inhibition of the osmoreceptors D. a rise in plasma osmolality E. stimulation of the baroreceptors

B

ADH acts on the __________ to __________ water excretion. A. intestines; increase B. kidneys; decrease C. intestines; decrease D. kidneys; increase

C

Acidosis results from elevated levels of what ion? A. Calcium B. Chloride C. Hydrogen D. Phosphorus E. Sodium

B

All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center except __________. A. angiotensin II B. hypotonic extracellular fluid C. input from baroreceptors D. a decline in blood volume

C

All of the following would cause edema except __________. A. incompetent venous valves B. hypoproteinemia C. hypotension D. liver disease

A

All of the following would occur if there was an increase in plasma osmolality except __________. A. production of large amounts of urine B. thirst C. release of ADH D. concentrated urine

B

Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis. A. 7.35 and 7.45 B. 7.0 and 7.35 C. 6.5 and 7.0 D. 6.5 and 7.35

C

Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water. A. ten minutes B. half an hour C. one hour D. three hours

C

Edema is accumulation of fluid in the __________. A. intracellular space B. plasma C. interstitial space D. special fluid compartments

B

Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________. A. bases B. salts C. acids D. organic molecules

A

Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention. A. aldosterone B. rennin C. ADH D. ANP

A

Hyperventilation can lead to __________. A. respiratory alkalosis B. metabolic acidosis C. metabolic alkalosis D. respiratory acidosis

D

Identify the statement related to "C." A. The body's "internal environment" B. Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" C. The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells D. Fluid in the blood

B

Identify "A," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure. A. Increased filtrate NaCl concentration in ascending limb of nephron loop B. Decreased stretch in afferent arterioles C. Inhibits baroreceptors in blood vessels D. Posterior pituitary releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

B

Identify "A," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure. A. Increased Na+ (and H2O) reabsorption in distal kidney tubules. B. Increased peripheral resistance in response to angiotensin II C. Increased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys D. Increased peripheral resistance in response to baroreceptors

D

Identify "B," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure. A. Increased stretch in afferent arterioles B. Inhibits baroreceptors in blood vessels C. Posterior pituitary releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone) D. Decreased filtrate NaCl concentration in ascending limb of nephron loop

D

Identify "B," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure. A. Increased peripheral resistance in response to angiotensin II B. Increased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys C. Increased peripheral resistance in response to baroreceptors D. Increased Na+ (and H2O) reabsorption in distal kidney tubules

A

Identify "C," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure. A. Inhibits baroreceptors in blood vessels B. Decreased filtrate NaCl concentration in ascending limb of nephron loop C. Decreased stretch in afferent arterioles D. Posterior pituitary releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

D

Identify "C," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure. A. Increased Na+ (and H2O) reabsorption in distal kidney tubules. B. Increased peripheral resistance in response to angiotensin II C. Increased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys D. Increased peripheral resistance in response to baroreceptors

A

Identify "D," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure. A. Posterior pituitary releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone) B. Decreased filtrate NaCl concentration in ascending limb of nephron loop C. Inhibits baroreceptors in blood vessels D. Decreased stretch in afferent arterioles

B

Identify "D," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure. A. Increased Na+ (and H2O) reabsorption in distal kidney tubules B. Increased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys C. Increased peripheral resistance

C

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "A." A. Carbon dioxide B. Ions C. Oxygen D. Nitrogenous waste

B

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "B." A. Oxygen B. Carbon dioxide C. Ions D. Nitrogenous waste

B

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "C." A. Carbon dioxide B. Nitrogenous waste C. Ions D. Oxygen

A

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "D." A. Ions B. Carbon dioxide C. Oxygen D. Nitrogenous waste

B

Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "A." A. Kidney tubules B. Increased K+ concentration in the ECF C. Increased Na+ reabsorption D. Increased K+ secretion E. Homeostatic plasma levels of Na+ and K+

A

Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "B." A. Kidney tubules B. Increased K+ concentration in the ECF C. Increased Na+ reabsorption D. Increased K+ secretion E. Homeostatic plasma levels of Na+ and K+

C

Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "C." A. Increased K+ concentration in the ECF B. Kidney tubules C. Increased Na+ reabsorption D. Homeostatic plasma levels of Na+ and K+

C

Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "D." A. Increased K+ concentration in the ECF B. Kidney tubules C. Increased K+ secretion D. Increased Na+ reabsorption E. Homeostatic plasma levels of Na+ and K+

B

Identify the possible causes of hypercalcemia at "A." A. Decreased neuromuscular excitability leading to cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, skeletal muscle weakness, confusion, stupor, and coma; kidney stones; nausea and vomiting. B. Hyperparathyroidism; excessive vitamin D; prolonged immobilization; renal disease (decreased excretion); malignancy C. Burns (calcium trapped in damaged tissues); hypoparathyroidism; vitamin D deficiency; renal tubular disease; renal failure; hyperphosphatemia; diarrhea; alkalosis D. Increased neuromuscular excitability leading to tingling fingers, tremors, skeletal muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions; depressed excitability of the heart; osteomalacia; fractures.

A

Identify the possible causes of hyperkalemia at "A." A. Renal failure; deficit of aldosterone; rapid intravenous infusion of KCl; burns or severe tissue injuries that cause K+ to leave cells B. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; bradycardia; cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest; skeletal muscle weakness; flaccid paralysis. C. Gastrointestinal tract disturbances (vomiting, diarrhea), gastric suction; Cushing's syndrome; inadequate dietary intake (starvation); hyperaldosteronism; diuretic therapy D. Cardiac arrhythmias, flattened T wave; muscular weakness; metabolic alkalosis; mental confusion; nausea; vomiting.

D

Identify the possible causes of hypernatremia at "A." A. Thirst. CNS dehydration leads to confusion and lethargy progressing to coma; increased neuromuscular irritability evidenced by twitching and convulsions. B. Solute loss, water retention, or both (e.g., excessive Na+ loss through vomiting, diarrhea, burned skin, gastric suction, or excessive use of diuretics); deficiency of aldosterone (Addison's disease); renal disease; excess ADH release; excess H2O ingestion C. Most common signs are those of neurologic dysfunction due to brain swelling. If sodium amounts are normal but water is excessive, the symptoms are the same as those of water excess: mental confusion; giddiness; coma if development occurs slowly; muscular twitching, irritability, and convulsions if the condition develops rapidly. In hyponatremia accompanied by water loss, the main signs are decreased blood volume and blood pressure (circulatory shock). D. Dehydration; uncommon in healthy individuals; may occur in infants or the confused aged (individuals unable to indicate thirst) or may result from excessive intravenous NaCl administration

D

Identify the possible causes of hypocalcemia at "C." A. Decreased neuromuscular excitability leading to cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, skeletal muscle weakness, confusion, stupor, and coma; kidney stones; nausea and vomiting. B. Hyperparathyroidism; excessive vitamin D; prolonged immobilization; renal disease (decreased excretion); malignancy C. Increased neuromuscular excitability leading to tingling fingers, tremors, skeletal muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions; depressed excitability of the heart; osteomalacia; fractures. D. Burns (calcium trapped in damaged tissues); hypoparathyroidism; vitamin D deficiency; renal tubular disease; renal failure; hyperphosphatemia; diarrhea; alkalosis

B

Identify the statement related to "D." A. Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" B. The body's "internal environment" C. Fluid in the blood D. The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells

D

Identify the possible causes of hypokalemia at "C." A. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; bradycardia; cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest; skeletal muscle weakness; flaccid paralysis. B. Renal failure; deficit of aldosterone; rapid intravenous infusion of KCl; burns or severe tissue injuries that cause K+ to leave cells C. Cardiac arrhythmias, flattened T wave; muscular weakness; metabolic alkalosis; mental confusion; nausea; vomiting. D. Gastrointestinal tract disturbances (vomiting, diarrhea), gastric suction; Cushing's syndrome; inadequate dietary intake (starvation); hyperaldosteronism; diuretic therapy

A

Identify the possible causes of hyponatremia at "C." A. Solute loss, water retention, or both (e.g., excessive Na+ loss through vomiting, diarrhea, burned skin, gastric suction, or excessive use of diuretics); deficiency of aldosterone (Addison's disease); renal disease; excess ADH release; excess H2O ingestion B. Thirst. CNS dehydration leads to confusion and lethargy progressing to coma; increased neuromuscular irritability evidenced by twitching and convulsions. C. Dehydration; uncommon in healthy individuals; may occur in infants or the confused aged (individuals unable to indicate thirst) or may result from excessive intravenous NaCl administration D. Most common signs are those of neurologic dysfunction due to brain swelling. If sodium amounts are normal but water is excessive, the symptoms are the same as those of water excess: mental confusion; giddiness; coma if development occurs slowly; muscular twitching, irritability, and convulsions if the condition develops rapidly. In hyponatremia accompanied by water loss, the main signs are decreased blood volume and blood pressure (circulatory shock).

A

Identify the possible consequences of hypercalcemia at "B." A. Decreased neuromuscular excitability leading to cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, skeletal muscle weakness, confusion, stupor, and coma; kidney stones; nausea and vomiting. B. Hyperparathyroidism; excessive vitamin D; prolonged immobilization; renal disease (decreased excretion); malignancy C. Burns (calcium trapped in damaged tissues); hypoparathyroidism; vitamin D deficiency; renal tubular disease; renal failure; hyperphosphatemia; diarrhea; alkalosis D. Increased neuromuscular excitability leading to tingling fingers, tremors, skeletal muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions; depressed excitability of the heart; osteomalacia; fractures.

C

Identify the possible consequences of hyperkalemia at "B." A. Renal failure; deficit of aldosterone; rapid intravenous infusion of KCl; burns or severe tissue injuries that cause K+ to leave cells B. Gastrointestinal tract disturbances (vomiting, diarrhea), gastric suction; Cushing's syndrome; inadequate dietary intake (starvation); hyperaldosteronism; diuretic therapy C. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; bradycardia; cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest; skeletal muscle weakness; flaccid paralysis. D. Cardiac arrhythmias, flattened T wave; muscular weakness; metabolic alkalosis; mental confusion; nausea; vomiting.

A

Identify the possible consequences of hypernatremia at "B." A. Thirst. CNS dehydration leads to confusion and lethargy progressing to coma; increased neuromuscular irritability evidenced by twitching and convulsions. B. Dehydration; uncommon in healthy individuals; may occur in infants or the confused aged (individuals unable to indicate thirst) or may result from excessive intravenous NaCl administration C. Solute loss, water retention, or both (e.g., excessive Na+ loss through vomiting, diarrhea, burned skin, gastric suction, or excessive use of diuretics); deficiency of aldosterone (Addison's disease); renal disease; excess ADH release; excess H2O ingestion D. Most common signs are those of neurologic dysfunction due to brain swelling. If sodium amounts are normal but water is excessive, the symptoms are the same as those of water excess: mental confusion; giddiness; coma if development occurs slowly; muscular twitching, irritability, and convulsions if the condition develops rapidly. In hyponatremia accompanied by water loss, the main signs are decreased blood volume and blood pressure (circulatory shock).

A

Identify the possible consequences of hypocalcemia at "D." A. Increased neuromuscular excitability leading to tingling fingers, tremors, skeletal muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions; depressed excitability of the heart; osteomalacia; fractures. B. Decreased neuromuscular excitability leading to cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, skeletal muscle weakness, confusion, stupor, and coma; kidney stones; nausea and vomiting. C. Burns (calcium trapped in damaged tissues); hypoparathyroidism; vitamin D deficiency; renal tubular disease; renal failure; hyperphosphatemia; diarrhea; alkalosis D. Hyperparathyroidism; excessive vitamin D; prolonged immobilization; renal disease (decreased excretion); malignancy

B

Identify the possible consequences of hypokalemia at "D." A. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; bradycardia; cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest; skeletal muscle weakness; flaccid paralysis. B. Cardiac arrhythmias, flattened T wave; muscular weakness; metabolic alkalosis; mental confusion; nausea; vomiting. C. Gastrointestinal tract disturbances (vomiting, diarrhea), gastric suction; Cushing's syndrome; inadequate dietary intake (starvation); hyperaldosteronism; diuretic therapy D. Renal failure; deficit of aldosterone; rapid intravenous infusion of KCl; burns or severe tissue injuries that cause K+ to leave cells

A

Identify the possible consequences of hyponatremia at "D." A. Most common signs are those of neurologic dysfunction due to brain swelling. If sodium amounts are normal but water is excessive, the symptoms are the same as those of water excess: mental confusion; giddiness; coma if development occurs slowly; muscular twitching, irritability, and convulsions if the condition develops rapidly. In hyponatremia accompanied by water loss, the main signs are decreased blood volume and blood pressure (circulatory shock). B. Thirst. CNS dehydration leads to confusion and lethargy progressing to coma; increased neuromuscular irritability evidenced by twitching and convulsions. C. Solute loss, water retention, or both (e.g., excessive Na+ loss through vomiting, diarrhea, burned skin, gastric suction, or excessive use of diuretics); deficiency of aldosterone (Addison's disease); renal disease; excess ADH release; excess H2O ingestion D. Dehydration; uncommon in healthy individuals; may occur in infants or the confused aged (individuals unable to indicate thirst) or may result from excessive intravenous NaCl administration

A

Identify the statement related to "A." A. Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" B. The body's "internal environment" C. Fluid in the blood D. The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells

B

Identify the statement related to "B." A. Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" B. The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells C. Fluid in the blood D. The body's "internal environment"

D

Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including __________. A. decreased surface area relative to body volume B. lower amount of fluid intake and output in infants C. high residual volume of infant lungs D. inefficiency of infant kidneys E. low rate of insensible water loss from skin

A

Lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, humors of the eye, synovial fluid, serous fluid, gastrointestinal secretions are considered part of what fluid compartment? A. D B. B C. C D. A

A

Match the acid-base regulatory mechanism/term with its characteristic or function: Bicarbonate ions. A. Referred to as the alkaline reserve B. The most common buffer system in cells C. Uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base D. Least common extracellular buffer

C

Match the acid-base regulatory mechanism/term with its characteristic or function: Phosphate buffer system. A. Referred to as the alkaline reserve B. The most common buffer system in cells C. Uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base D. The most common extracellular buffer

B

Match the acid-base regulatory mechanism/term with the characteristic or function: Protein buffer system. A. Referred to as the alkaline reserve B. The most common buffer system in cells C. Uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base D. The most common extracellular buffer system

C

Match the electrolyte balance term with its correct characteristic: Aldosterone. A. Vitamin D deficiency can result from a deficiency. B. A condition that results from water intoxication C. The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels D. An excess amount of potassium in the ECF

C

Match the electrolyte balance term with its correct characteristic: Hypocalcemia. A. The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels B. A condition that results from water intoxication C. Vitamin D deficiency can be a cause D. An excess amount of potassium in the ECF

A

Match the electrolyte balance term with its correct characteristic: Hyponatremia. A. A condition that results from solute loss, water retention, or both B. The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels C. Vitamin D deficiency can be a cause D. An excess amount of potassium in the ECF

D

Match the electrolyte balance term with the correct characteristic: Hyperkalemia. A. The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels B. Vitamin D deficiency can be a cause C. A condition that results from water intoxication D. An excess amount of potassium in the ECF

D

Match the following buffer system with its appropriate example: Bicarbonate buffer system. A. Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO4) B. Strong acids (HCl) buffered by amine groups (-NH2 group) C. Weak acid (H2CO3−) buffered by strong acid (HCl) D. Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (NaHCO3)

A

Match the following buffer system with its appropriate example: Phosphate buffer system. A. Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO4) B. Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (NaHCO3) C. Strong acids (HCl) buffered by amine groups (-NH2 group) D. Weak acids (NaHCO3) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO4)

C

Match the following buffer system with its correct product: HCl + Na2HPO4 A. H2CO3 + NaCl B. NaHCO3 + H2O C. NaH2PO4 + NaCl D. Na2HPO4 + H2O

B

Match the following buffer system with its correct product: NaOH + H2CO3. A. H2CO3 + NaCl B. NaHCO3 + H2O C. NaH2PO4 + NaCl D. Na2HPO4 + H2O

B

Match the following buffer system with its correct product: NaOH + NaH2PO4. A. H2CO3 + NaCl B. Na2HPO4 + H2O C. NaHCO3 + H2O D. NaH2PO4 + NaCl

A

Match the following buffer systems with its correct product: HCl + NaHCO3. A. H2CO3 + NaCl B. NaHCO3 + H2O C. NaH2PO4 + NaCl D. Na2HPO4 + H2O

B

Match the following condition with its causes: Metabolic acidosis. A. Vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone B. Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion C. Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem D. Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury

C

Match the following condition with its causes: Metabolic alkalosis. A. Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion B. Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem C. Vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone D. Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury

D

Match the following condition with its causes: Respiratory acidosis. A. Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion B. Vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone C. Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury D. Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem

C

Match the following condition with its causes: Respiratory alkalosis. A. Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion B. Vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone C. Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury D. Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem

A

Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Dehydration. A. When water output exceeds intake over a period of time B. Promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated C. An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling D. Loss of mainly solute from the body

D

Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Edema. A. When water output exceeds intake over a period of time B. Promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated C. Loss of mainly solute from the body D. An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling

B

Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Hyponatremia. A. When water output exceeds intake over a period of time B. Promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated C. An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling D. Promotes net osmosis out of cells, causing them to crenate (shrink)

D

Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Chloride. A. Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid B. Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid C. Most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid D. Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid E. Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid

D

Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Magnesium. A. Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid B. Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid C. Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid D. Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid E. Most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid

D

Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Potassium. A. Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid B. Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid C. Most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid D. Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid E. Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid

B

Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Sodium. A. Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid B. Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid C. Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid D. Most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid E. Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid

C

Match the following electrolyte with its description: Monohydrogen phosphate. A. Major extracellular cation B. Major intracellular cation C. Major intracellular anion D. Major extracellular anion

A

Match the following electrolyte with its description: Sodium. A. Major extracellular cation B. Major intracellular cation C. Major extracellular anion D. Major intracellular anion

A

Most water is excreted via the __________. A. kidneys B. intestines C. lungs D. skin

A

One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________. A. generating new HCO3- B. reabsorbing H+ C. reabsorbing CO2 D. generating Na+ ions

D

Parathyroid hormone __________. A. activates osteoblasts B. is released when aldosterone levels climb C. results in a lowering of calcium levels D. enhances release of calcium from bone E. targets the thyroid gland

C

Pica occurs when there is a deficiency of __________ in the body. A. electrolytes B. water C. minerals such as iron D. salt

D

Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________. A. ADH secretion B. plasma protein levels C. water intake D. Na+ transport

B

Someone who is suffocating would develop __________. A. respiratory alkalosis B. respiratory acidosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis

C

The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as __________. A. aldosteronism B. Cushing's disease C. hyponatremia D. hypernatremia E. hypokalemia

C

The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment? A. Extracellular fluid B. Interstitial fluid C. Intracellular fluid D. Blood plasma

C

The major source of water loss from the body is __________. A. feces B. insensible skin loss C. urine D. insensible respiratory loss E. sweat

E

The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________. A. bicarbonate buffer system B. phosphate buffer system C. sulfate buffer system D. chloride buffer system E. protein buffer system

C

The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________. A. the concentration of Na+ in blood plasma B. water balance in the body C. the concentration of K+ in the ECF D. the level of aldosterone in the plasma

E

The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________. A. K+ B. Ca2+ C. Fe2+ D. Mg2+ E. Na+

D

The only organ(s) of the body that can remove excess fixed acids is (are) the __________. A. liver B. lungs C. spleen D. kidneys E. sweat glands

A

Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________. A. insensible water loss B. metabolic water C. water of oxidation D. water intake

C

When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases __________. A. a person experiences an increased thirst B. more ADH is released C. there is an increase in the level of aldosterone D. osmoreceptors are stimulated E. there is an increase in the level of ANP

B

Which condition would cause a drop in pH? A. Hypernatremia B. Hypoventilation C. Hyperventilation D. Hypovolemia E. Hypokalemia

A

Which of the following individuals would have the most body water? A. An infant B. A healthy young female C. A healthy young male D. An older obese person

B

Which of the following is associated with the swelling of cells? A. Edema B. Hypotonic hydration C. Dehydration D. Hypoproteinemia

D

Which of the following is incorrect? A. Anything that impairs respiratory system functioning causes acid-base imbalances. B. When respiratory system problems cause the pH imbalance, the resulting condition is either respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis. C. Ventilation can have a significant effect on pH. D. Ventilation will have a significant effect on pH, but pH will remain within normal physiological limits.

C

Which of the following is not a source of acid? A. Breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins B. Loading and transport of carbon dioxide C. Inspiration of carbon dioxide D. Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid E. Aerobic respiration

A

Which of the following is not an electrolyte? A. Glucose B. Sodium C. Potassium D. Chloride

B

Which of the following is the correct sequence of buffer system response from fastest to slowest? A. Respiratory system, renal, chemical buffers, B. Chemical buffers, respiratory system, renal C. Renal, chemical buffers, respiratory system D. Chemical buffers, renal, respiratory system

A

Which of the following is the most important process affected by calcium levels? A. Neuromuscular excitability B. Blood clotting C. Cell membrane permeability D. Secretory behavior

C

Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated? A. Nervous tissue B. Muscle tissue C. Adipose tissue D. Bone

A

Which of the following would increase sodium excretion? A. Progesterone B. Estrogen C. Glucocorticoids D. Aldosterone

C

Which statement about acids is true? A. They have little physiological effect on chemical reactions in cells. B. Alkalosis occurs when acid levels are high in the body. C. Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution. D. Most hydrogen ions in the body come from the ingestion of acidic foods.