Dynamics of Personality - Chapter 9

Gamification

Using games to reinforce positive practices. E.g. playing a game with elephants to learn about insulin management.

Humans are social beings (three components).

We learn from OBSERVING OTHERS. We learn via VICARIOUS REINFORCEMENT. We also think about VALUE OF REWARDS.

Disinhibition

Weakening of inhibitions or constraints by observing the behavior of a model. "If others are doing it, it's okay for me to too."

Competencies (Mischel)

What you're good at. E.g. Extroverts are easily able to act with others.

Group differences in locus of control (three major)

Women = external. High SES = internal. Low SES = external. Minority groups = external.

Four mechanisms of observational learning

1. Attentional processes (paying sufficient attention to a model, nature of activity and model, attractiveness is important) 2. Retention processes (remembering model's behavior enough so that it can be imitated) 3. Motor production processes (translating model's behavior and movements into our own) 4. Motivational processes (perceiving that model's behavior will lead to reward, we don't enact everything we learn, we reflect and evaluate whether to do it again)

Four components of predicting behavior

1. Behavior potential (do you think your behavior will have the desired reward?) 2. Expectancy (What do you want to get from this behavior?) 3. Reinforcement value (Is it worth it?) 4. Psychological situation (Context of the behavior)

Three variables that affect modeling, according to the Bobo Doll Study

1. Characteristics of the model (similar to observier, higher status/prestige, easy to imitate, aggression emulated more easily) 2. Characteristics of the observer (lower self-esteem, dependent, history of conforming, motivated) 3. Reward consequences (consequence of behavior is desirable, no punishment) [STRONGEST VARIABLE]

Four components of motivation

1. Extrinsic reinforcement (socially constructed reward, important for early stages of learning but won't maintain the behavior over time) 2. Intrinsic reinforcement (natural rewards for behavior, self-satisfying, better at sustaining the behavior) 3. Vicarious reinforcement (watching other people get rewarded [or punished]) 4. Self-reinforcement (regulating your own behavior through setting your own standards, permits us to control our own thoughts, actions, feelings, etc.) [MOST IMPORTANT]

Four components of agency (ability to make things happen)

1. Intentionality (behaving purposefully, having a goal) 2. Forethought (anticipating outcomes) 3. Self-reactiveness (motivating and regulating our behavior, self-control) 4. Self-reflectiveness (reflecting on our thoughts and behaviors and making changes as needed)

Moral disengagement allows people and institutions and to perpetuate and encourage violence and inhumane activities while justifying their behavior through five components.

1. Justification 2. Euphamisms (genocide being called "ethnic cleansing" 3. Displacement/diffusion of responsibility 4. Ignoring, minimizing, ore redefining our actions* 5. Dehumanizing/blaming the victim

We behave differently based on four components

1. People we're with 2. Where we are 3. Level of authority 4. Others?

Three cognitive processes of self-regulation (influencing your own behavior)

1. Self-monitoring (paying attention to our own behavior) 2. Self-judgment (informed evaluation of our behaviors based on attitudes, beliefs, etc.) 3. Affective self-reaction (how we feel after observing a behavior)

From an agentic perspective, people are not only ________ __ their environments, they ________ __________ __ their environments. This is a cycle.

Affected by Actively contribute to

Social Learning Theory (three components)

Albert Bandura's theory. People learn from and with other people, via OBSERVATION, IMITATION, and MODELING. Can take place without direct action.

Walter Mischel's theory of behavior

Behavior specificity (behavior is determined by the specific situation). We only behave the same way across situations if we expect similar consequences. Stimulated the person-situation debate.

Julian Rotter's locus of control

Belief that reinforcements are controlled either by one's own behavior (internal) or outside forces (external). I-E scale measures individual's perception of control.

Self-efficacy

Belief that you can successfully do a behavior and achieve desired results. Entails judgments of ability. Influenced by past accomplishments (MOST IMPORTANT), vicarious experiences, and social influences.

Triadic reciprocal causation

Big idea of social learning theory. Behavior is affected by the interplay of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors. All three variables are affected by each other.

Bandura's theory of social learning requires _________ _________ and subjective interpretation of environment.

Cognitive processes

_________ _________ allow us to learn a behavior before actually performing it.

Cognitive processes

CAPS

Cognitive-affective personality system. Personality is a STABLE SYSTEM that mediates selection construction, and processing of information that generates behavior. Behavioral signature (personality consistencies found in stable patters of behavior across situations)

Modeling

Component of observational learning. Matching the structure or style of behavior of someone else. Learning by observing others (more intentional).

The social learning theory encourages the use of ____________ ____________ to modify behavior, through interactive computer-assisted feedback.

Contemporary technologies

Behavioral modification

Form of psychotherapy that uses Bandura's social learning theory. Systematic use of modeling as an aid of changing behaviors. E.g. Watching models interacting with feared objects helped clients overcome phobias. E.g. Watching someone manage diabetes led to better insulin management.

Modeling can also be used in _____ therapy.

Group

Personal constructs (Mischel)

How you view yourself

A balance in internal and external locus of control is _____.

Ideal

Modeling has shown to be successful even when it's ________ and in reducing _______.

Imagined Anxiety

Delay of Gratification

Important element of cognitive person variables. Ability to delay gratification predicted IMPULSE CONTROL and MOTIVATIONAL PROCESSES. Less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol as an adult with high levels.

Observational learning can be ___________ or _________. You learn new responses by observing others without ______ ___________.

Intentional Accidental Direct enforcement

Self-regulatory systems and plans

Mischel's biggest contribution. E.g. Pace yourself and plan ahead.

Results of Bandura's Bobo Doll Study (1961)

Modeling is a very powerful way of influencing personal behavior. It is more powerful than he hypothesized.

According to Mischel, personality is both ______ and ________.

Stable Variable

Communal mastery

The belief that one can succeed by being closly interconnected with others.