eapp

step in creating a reading outline

(picture)

APA Style

- a set of guidelines for clear and precise scholarly communication that helps authors, both new and experienced, achieve excellence in writing. - used by millions of people around the world in psychology and also in fields ranging from nursing to social work, communications to education, business to engineering, and other disciplines for the preparation of manuscripts for publication as well as for writing student papers, dissertations, and theses (American Psychological Association, 2019).

Introduction

- basic details about the material (title, director or artist, and the like) - main assessment

Analysis/Interpretation

- discussion & analysis of the work (employ the approach here) - better to ask these questions: what aspects of the work make you think it is a success or failure? were there unanswered questions or plot lines? if yes, how do they affect the story? does the work remind you of other things you experienced through analogies, metaphors, or other figures of speech? how does the work relate to other ideas or events in the world and in your studies? what stood out while you were watching the film or performance?

Summarizing

- does not match the source word for word - involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, but including only the main points -presents a broad overview so is usually much shorter than the original text -when you want to avoid or minimize direct quotation or use the main idea of the text and write it in your own words

Paraphrasing

- does not match the source word-for-word - involves putting a passage from a source into your own words - changes the words or phrasing of a passage and retains and fully communicates the original meaning - use when you want to avoid or minimize direct quotations or rewrite the author's words by not changing the message or use your own words to state the author's ideas.

Direct Quoting

- matches the source word for word - is usually a short part of the text - cited part appears between quotation marks - when you want to begin your discussion with the author's stand; or highlight the author's expertise in your claims or discussion

Conclusion/Evaluation

- reinforcement of the main assessment - comparison to a similar work - recommendation of the material if you like it

What is a good Thesis Statement?

-A good thesis statement is SPECIFIC. -A good thesis statement is unified, and expresses one main idea. -A good thesis statement is does not simply state a fact, but sets the stage for analysis of a topic.

formalism

-claims that literary works contain intrinsic properties and treat each work as a distinct work of art. -in short, it posits that the key to understanding a text is through the text itself - the historical context, the author, or any other external content is not necessary in interpreting the meaning

Marxist Criticism

-is concerned with differences between economic classes and implications of a capitalist system, such as the continuing conflicts and the elite. Hence, & attempts to reveal that the ultimate source of people's experience is the socioeconomic system.

Plot Summary/Description

-the gist of the plot -a simple description of the artwork

Why write a Thesis Statement?

-to test your ideas by narrowing them into a sentence or two -to better organize and develop your argument -to provide your reader with a "guide" to your argument

Structure of a Concept Paper

1.Bibliographic Information 2.Rationale of the Study 3.Statement of the Problem/Objectives 4.Framework of the Study 5.Methodology 6.Timeline 7.References

A reaction paper, a review, and a critique are specialized forms of writing in which a reviewer or reader evaluates any of the following:

A scholarly work (e.g., academic books and articles) A work of art (e.g., performance art, play, dance, sports, film, ehibits) designs (e.g., industrial designs, furniture, fashion design) Graphic designs (e.g., posters, billboards, commercials, and digital media)

APA

American Psychological Association

decimal outline

An outlining system that uses a combination of numbers and decimal points to differentiate levels of headings

followng are the common aspects looked into formalism

Author's techniques in resolving contradictions within the work Central passage that sums up the entirety of the work Contribution of parts and the work as a whole to its aesthetic quality Relationship of the form and the content Use of imagery to develop the symbols in the work Interconnectedness of various parts of the work Paradox, ambiguity, and irony in the work Unity in the work

When paraphrasing:

DO NOT use paraphrasing software--it does not create accurate paraphrases and can create meaningless communications. Read the text carefully. Be sure you understand the text fully. Put the original text aside and write your paraphrase in your own words. Considering each point of the original text, how could you rephrase it if you were explaining it to one of your classmates who hadn't read it? Do not simply replace every third or fourth word of the original passage. This is a form of plagiarism.

in writing a concept paper, you should learn how to explain your concepts using the following:

Definition, Explication, Clarification

The common aspects locked into when using feminism are as follows:

How culture determines gender How gender equality (or lack of it) is presented in the text How gender issues are presented in literary works and other aspects of human production and daily life How women are socially, politically, psychologically, and economically oppressed by patriarchy How patriarchal ideology is an overpowering presence

In writing a critique using feminism approach, the following guide questions are considered:

How is the life of women portrayed in the work? •Is the form and content of the work influenced by the writer's gender? •Does the work challenge or affirm traditional views of women? •What does the work say about women's creativity? •What does the work reveal about the actions of patriarchy? •How do the images of women in the work reflect patriarchal social forces that have impeded women's efforts to achieve full equality with men? •What marital expectations are imposed in the work? What effect do these expectations have? •What role does the work play in terms of women's history and tradition?

The common aspects looked into when using reader response criticism are as follows:

Interaction between the reader and the text in creating meaning The impact of the reader's delivery of sounds and visuals on enhancing and changing meaning

common structure of a critique paper or review

Introduction (around 5% of the paper) Plot Summary/Description (around 10% of the paper) Analysis/Interpretation (in no particular order, around 75% of the paper) Conclusion/Evaluation (around 10% of the paper)

Original paragraph from Nancy Woloch's book, Women and the American Experience: A Concise History: "The feminization of clerical work and teaching by the turn of the century reflected the growth of business and public education. It also reflected limited opportunities elsewhere. Throughout the nineteenth century, stereotyping of work by sex had restricted women's employment. Job options were limited; any field that admitted women attracted a surplus of applicants willing to work for less pay than men would have received. The entry of women into such fields—whether grammar school teaching or office work—drove down wages."

Paraphrased version (using an APA in-text citation): According to Nancy Woloch (2002) in Women and the American Experience: A Concise History, the "feminization" of jobs in the nineteenth century had two major effects: a lack of employment opportunities for women and inadequate compensation for positions that were available. Thus, while clerical and teaching jobs indicated a boom in these sectors, women were forced to apply for jobs that would pay them less than male workers were paid.

The common aspects looked into when using Marxist between the working class criticism are as follows:

Social class as represented in the work Social class of the writer/creator Social class of the characters Conflicts and interactions between economic classes

BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Surname, First Name Middle Name of Author. (Month, Year submitted). Proposed title of the research (10-15 words). Track & strand of author. Name of School.

example of informal

Tocopherol (Vitamin E) is naturally found in vegetable oil, fish and nuts.

example of formal

Vitamin E is a light-yellow fat-soluble vitamin that acts as an anti-oxidant.

Thesis Statement

a controlling idea about a topic that the writer is attempting to prove. It is usually found at the beginning of the text or at the end of it.

TIMELINE

a diagram that shows the events (or future events) that will serve as a calendar for the future activities prior to your concept paper

CONCEPT PAPER must show

a preview of the improvements that the proponent would like to have implemented.

Outlining

a summary that gives the essential features of a text. It shows how the parts of a text are related to one another as parts that are of equal importance, or sections that are subordinate to a main idea (Valdriz, 2017).

A good thesis statement is unified, and expresses one main idea.

a)Although some people believe that George Washington was the best president, Abraham Lincoln was much better. b)Abraham Lincoln was the best president because he fought to keep the country together and fought for the elimination of slavery. statement b is better

A good thesis statement is does not simply state a fact, but sets the stage for analysis of a topic.

a)The Civil War took place between 1861-1865. b)The Civil War, which took place between 1861-1865, was the most devastating war in United States history. statement b is better

A good thesis statement is SPECIFIC.

a)The Crusades were fought because of religion. b)The Crusades were fought due to religious fanaticism and a struggle for power in the Holy Land. statement b is better

Summary, Paraphrase, and Direct Quoting must all be

attributed to the original source

Paraphrasing is preferred over quoting

because it shows that you understand the outside material you are using and it gives you more agency over your paper by allowing you to explain the expert opinions, research studies, or other evidence to your reader as it relates to your topic and thesis.

Quoting

common in lower levels of academic writing, but at the college level, it should be done sparingly and only when paraphrasing will not justify the meaning of the original author. It is not uncommon to have only 1 or 2 (or even zero) of this in an academic paper, with paraphrased information being used instead.

2 types of outline format

decimal outline and alpha-numeric outline

Implied thesis statement

does not appear in the essay at all and required own analyzation

critical evaluation

does not simply highlight negative impressions. It should deconstruct the work and identify both strengths and weaknesses. It should examine the work and evaluate its success, in light of its purpose.

Feminist criticism

focuses on how literature presents women as subjects of socio-political, psychological, and economic oppression. It also reveals how aspects of our culture are patriarchal, i.e., how our culture views men as superior and women as inferior.

Approaches in Writing a Critique

formalism feminist criticism reader-response criticism marxist criticism

Writing a critique

helps us to develop a knowledge of the work's subject area, an understanding of the work's purpose, intended audience, development of argument, structure of evidence or creative style, and a recognition of the strengths and weaknesses of the work.

CONCEPT PAPER can be helpful

in addressing social issues aiming for solutions.

Critiquing

is a constructive way to better explore and understand the material we are working with. - Through our critique, we do a deep evaluation of a text. A critique is a genre of academic writing that briefly summarizes and critically examine a work or concept. - When we critique a text, we interrogate it. When we critique, our own opinions and ideas become part of our textual analysis. We question the text, we argue with it, and we examine it for deeper meanings

CRITIQUE

is a more formal word for a carefully expressed judgment, opinion, or evaluation of both the good and bad qualities of something—for example, books or movies.

Reader-Response Criticism

is concerned with the reviewer's reaction as an audience of a work. This approach claims that the reader's role cannot be separated from the understanding of the work; a text does not have meaning until the reader reads it and interprets it. Readers are therefore not passive and distant, but are active consumers of the material presented to them.

Outlining consists of

major topics and sub topics

alpha-numeric outline

most commonly used uses roman numeral, capitalized

CRITICISM

most often used broadly to refer to the act of negatively criticizing someone or something or a remark or comment that expresses disapproval.

2 types of thesis statements

stated implied

Stated thesis statement

the statement actually appears in the introduction or end of the text

What's APA?

the style of documentation of sources used by the American Psychological Association. This form of writing research papers is used mainly in the social sciences, like psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as education and other fields (Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2005)

Summarizing is reserved

when you need to provide your reader with broad background information or a general overview of a topic, theory, practice, or a literary work or film

TIPS in paraphrasing

you keep the same meaning of the original text, but you restate the meaning in a way that it makes sense to you. Paraphrasing should be the primary way of presenting information from a source.

CLARIFICATION

• A method in which the points are organized from a general abstract idea to specific and concrete examples. •It entails the analysis of the concept by looking at the examples and specifying some of its characteristics to arrive at one working definition which can be used throughout the paper.

the guide questions when critiquing using formalism approach:

• How are the various parts of the work interconnected? •How is the work structured? What techniques, styles, media were used in the work? Are they effective in portraying the purpose? •How does the author's choice of point of view affect the reader's understanding and feelings about the text? •Does the work enhance understanding of key ideas? Does the work engage (or fail to engage) with key concepts or other works in its discipline? •What types of evidence or persuasion are used? Has evidence been interpreted fairly? •What lesson does the author want me (the reader) to learn about life?

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

•100 words; 3-5 questions; not more than half a page in length •What specific questions do you need to answer convincingly in order to fill the gap? (i.e., presumed relationships between key concepts and/or variables included in the study)

RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

•250 words; 2-3 paragraphs; not more than one page in length

METHODOLOGY

•250 words; 2-3 paragraphs; not more than one page in length •What research design will be used? (e.g., exploratory, causal, qualitative, quantitative, or mixed design) •What data will be obtained? (i.e., what dataset will be used and what will they help explain) •Where will the data be obtained? (i.e., target respondents and location) •How will the data be collected? (e.g., through survey, FGD, key informant interview, etc.) •How will the data be analyzed? (e.g., through content analysis, descriptive and/or inferential statistics)

FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

•250 words; 2-3 paragraphs; not more than one page in length •What specific theory in your field of discipline would help explain your research hypotheses/questions? Or are you proposing to construct a new theory? •What does this theory say about the relationship between the different concepts and/or variables included in your study? (i.e., direction and strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables)

How do I properly integrate and cite a quote, paraphrase, or summary?

•A direct quote or a paraphrase is most commonly used in the body paragraphs of a paper and more specifically, in the supporting sentences of the body paragraph. •Quotes should be reserved only as needed, paraphrasing whenever possible. See information above on whether you should quote, paraphrase, or summarize. •Using the ICE method (Introduce, Cite, and Explain) will help you to integrate and cite your evidence from outside sources.

EXPLICATION

•A method of explanation in which sentences, verses, quotes, or passages are taken from a literary or academic work and then interpreted and explained in a detailed way. •Present your thesis clearly in the introduction & follow it up with a detailed analysis of a passage or text.

EXPLICATION begins and ends with...

•Begin the body by analyzing & explaining how the text was constructed. •This should end with a concise conclusion by restating your thesis and major arguments.

Extended

•Detailed way of defining a term and is usually composed of at least one paragraph. •This incorporates various patterns of development (e.g. formal and informal definition, comparison & contrast, narration, description, classification, analogy, cause & effect).

There are 3 ways in presenting definition:

•Informal •Formal Extended

uses of CONCEPT PAPER

•It serves as a foundation of the full proposal. •It helps determine whether a certain project is feasible or not. •It is used to obtain informal feedback on the ideas prior to preparing the full proposal.

MAJOR TOPICS

•Most general or main ideas. •They are assigned a Roman Numeral followed by a period in an outline, i.e. I., II., III., etc. •The Roman Numerals are placed on the left margin of the paper.

When summarizing:

•Start by reading the text and highlighting the main points as you read. •Reread the text and make notes of the main points, leaving out examples, evidence, etc. •Without the text, rewrite your notes in your own words. Restate the main idea at the beginning of your summary plus all major points. Include the conclusion or the final findings of the work. •Include an in-text citation in the expected formatting style (APA, MLA, etc.)

SUB-TOPICS

•The ideas that are related to the major topics. •They are identified by upper-case letters that are indented beneath the major topics. (A., B., C., etc.)

DEFINITION

•The method of identifying a given term and making its meaning clearer. •This mode of explanation contains the term to be defined and the detailed exposition of the term through the use of illustrations, examples, and description

Formal

•This explains a term by incorporating the term to be defined (species), the general category of the term (genus), and the quality that makes the term different from other terms in the same category (differentia).

CONCEPT PAPER

•This is a summary of what the project is about prior to the submission of a project proposal. •This provides an overview of the project, and helps funding agencies eliminate proposals that are likely to be dis- approved.

Informal

•This is done through a parenthetical or brief explanation.

REFERENCES

•Use American Psychological Association (APA) 7th edition style of referencing. •hanging indention

RATIONALE OF THE STUDY should answer

•What do previous studies say about the topic? (at least 5 related studies published in last 10 years) •What specific gap in our understanding of this topic (i.e., absence, uncertainty, insufficiency, controversy or contradiction in available explanation) do you want to pursue? •In what context does it become necessary and important to fill this gap? (i.e., in relation to your field of discipline, research agenda of the region, university, graduate school, and/or planning needs of your agency)

common examples of when you might quote instead of paraphrase include:

•using exact statistics or numerical data •when writing about literature and providing textual evidence from the poem, story, etc. •including a judge's decision or reasoning on a court case •providing a definition