EAPS 100 Exam #2

In which of these four lakes is the water table above the land surface? 1 and 2 2 and 3 3 and 4 1 and 4 None of these choices are correct.

2 and 3

Which of these numbered features contains the least amount of Earth's water? 4, groundwater 2, atmosphere 5, lakes 3, glaciers and ice sheets 1, ocean

2, atmosphere

Ozone consists of ________blank molecules of oxygen, is found primarily in the ________blank and protects us from ________blank. 2; troposphere; meteors 2; troposphere; cosmic rays 3; stratosphere; ultraviolet rays 2; stratosphere; X-rays and gamma rays

3; stratosphere; ultraviolet rays

Approximately ________blank percent of insolation arriving at the top of the atmosphere is eventually absorbed by the ground. 20 70 50 40

50

Which of the following objects is best at absorption of incoming light and the emission of heat? B D A C

A

Which of the following is true about tsunamis? In deep water they are slow enough a boat can outrun them. They form a high wall of water when still in deep water. A tsunami can flood areas that are several kilometers inland. All of these are true. None of these are true.

A tsunami can flood areas that are several kilometers inland.

What happens on either side of the equilibrium line in a glacier? Melting occurs only above the line and sublimation occurs only below the line. Above the equilibrium line, the amount of accumulation exceeds the amount lost by various processes. Sublimation occurs only above the line and melting occurs only below the line. Air temperatures are below freezing below the line and above freezing above the line.

Above the equilibrium line, the amount of accumulation exceeds the amount lost by various processes.

Shield volcanoes commonly have fissure eruptions. lava flows. fire fountains. dikes at depth. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following are characteristics of actively erupting volcanoes? glowing orange lava flowing downhill. fragments of molten rock blasting into the air. billowing clouds of ash rising into the air. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a way volcanoes and magma can cause earthquakes? Volcanic explosions cause seismic waves. Volcanoes can load the crust, causing faulting and earthquakes. Many volcanoes have steep, unstable slopes that can cause landslides that shake the ground. Moving magma within or below the volcano can cause earthquakes. All of these are ways that volcanoes can cause earthquakes.

All of these are ways that volcanoes can cause earthquakes.

Which of the following can be caused by over pumping of groundwater? land subsidence a change in the flow direction the destruction of an aquifer All of these can be caused by over pumping.

All of these can be caused by over pumping.

What features in the image help you identify the location of the fault? stream channel runs parallel with faults linear ridges and valley scarp All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

What landforms would you expect to see in this figure after the glaciers melted completely away? U-shaped valleys narrow, sharp ridges high, sharp peaks All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following can cause extensive damage well after the ground shaking associated with an earthquake stops? tsunami fire flooding from subsidence or failure of dams All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following processes produce sedimentary clasts? fracturing of bedrock that results in angular pieces breaking of round cobbles as they are transported scouring and abrasion of bedrock along rivers decomposition of granite into quartz grains and clay All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

What concepts can be explained using this diagram? The diagram shows a hillside that slopes down to the ocean. Rain falls on top of the hill. A river of water runs down the hill to the ocean. Ground water also flows down the hill to the ocean. Water evaporates from the ocean, to the sky, and the cycle continues. the movement of water between the oceans and the land how precipitation ends up in rivers or groundwater how weathering causes the seas to become saltier All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct. I AM NOT SURE THIS IS RIGHT!

Some scientists think that Yellowstone could cause a future disaster because the area is part of a caldera. a magma chamber is still present at depth . past eruptions from Yellowstone carried ash over a huge area of western North America. land near Yellowstone is uplifting in some places and subsiding in others. All of these reasons are correct.

All of these reasons are correct.

Which of the following is a characteristic of S-waves? they cannot travel through liquids they shear rock from side to side or up and down they displace the rock in a direction that is perpendicular to their travel direction All these are characteristic of S-waves.

All these are characteristic of S-waves.

How can climate influence the processes along coastal landscapes? It controls the amount of precipitation, which affects the amount of erosion. It affects the size and intensity of storms. Wet climates result in more vegetation which may stabilize the soil. Melting glaciers cause sea level to rise. All these are ways in which climate influences coastal processes.

All these are ways in which climate influences coastal processes.

Earthquakes may be caused by movement along faults. volcanic eruptions and magma movement. landslides. explosions and human activity. All these may be caused by earthquakes.

All these may be caused by earthquakes.

Which of the following graphs is typical for the profile of a river? D B A C

C

Which of the following images represents matter in the gaseous state, with the greatest kinetic energy? A C B

C

Which of the letters represents the summer solstice for the Northern Hemisphere? C A D B

C

What is the main way that position of the continents can influence global sea level? Clustering of continents near the poles causes ocean temperatures to fall substantially. Continents at high latitudes provide a setting in which large ice sheets can form. Clustering of continents near the poles squashes the planet, causing sea level to rise. Continents near the equator receive higher amounts of rainfall.

Continents at high latitudes provide a setting in which large ice sheets can form.

What is the origin of smooth troughs (T on this figure) cutting across the landscape in the Great Lakes area? The areas were covered by soft marine sediments. A huge flood coming from Iowa flowed toward the Great Lakes. Glaciers carved the smooth troughs. All these resulted in the smooth troughs.

Glaciers carved the smooth troughs.

The diagram on the right shows the record of one earthquake on seismograms at three different stations in a seismic network. ISCO station is closest to the earthquake. WUAZ station was right at the earthquake. DUG station is farthest from the earthquake. WUAZ is the closest station, followed by DUG, and then ISCO. None of these choices are correct.

ISCO station is closest to the earthquake.

If three seismic stations have the following P-S intervals: DUG = 57 sec, WUAZ = 73 sec, ISCO = 14 sec, what is the order from closest station to the earthquake to the one farthest away? ISCO-DUG-WUAZ WUAZ-DUG ISCO DUG-ISCO-WUAZ ISCO-WUAZ-DUG

ISCO-DUG-WUAZ

How does the addition of water cause melting? It decreases the pressure on the rocks. It increases the temperature while decreasing the pressure. It changes the location of the liquid-solid boundary. It heats the rocks.

It changes the location of the liquid-solid boundary.

What happens when a glacier encounters the sea or a lake? The ice is more dense than water and so scrapes along the bottom. White icebergs float but blue icebergs sink to the bottom. Large blocks of ice collapse off the front of the glacier and become icebergs. Rocks released from melted icebergs float on the water surface. All these occur when a glacier encounters the sea or a lake.

Large blocks of ice collapse off the front of the glacier and become icebergs.

This diagram indicates that The horizontal axis shows 8 minutes of time starting at 8 a m. The graph shows normal waves from 0 to 2.5 minutes, a P wave from 2.5 to 4 minutes, an S wave from 4 minutes to 7 minutes, and a surface wave from 7 to 8 minutes. surface waves cause the smallest vibrations. S-waves are the last waves to arrive at the station. surface waves arrive first, followed by S-waves and then P-waves. P-waves arrive first, followed by S-waves. S-waves are the first waves to arrive at the station and then die out into P-waves.

P-waves arrive first, followed by S-waves.

The largest concentration of composite volcanoes on Earth is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire. East African rift zone. San Andreas fault.

Pacific Ring of Fire.

How does the character of a rock influence weathering? Fractures and other discontinuities block the entry of water into a rock and so make the rock more resistant to weathering. Minerals that are soluble can be dissolved and reprecipitated and so are resistant to weathering. Rocks that are broken have more surface area and so weather faster. Rocks that are easily weathered and eroded generally form steep cliffs. None of these describe how the character of a rock influences weathering.

Rocks that are broken have more surface area and so weather faster.

Which of the following statements about streams is NOT true? Some streams can simply transport material instead of eroding or depositing material. Streams typically do not respond to a change in climate. A steep stream high above base level generally will be eroding its channel. Base level is the lowest elevation to which a stream can erode.

Streams typically do not respond to a change in climate.

What happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured? The surface area decreases as the rock is fractured. The surface area does not change because the volume does not change. The surface area increases as the rock is fractured. There are more pieces, but the surface area does not change.

The surface area increases as the rock is fractured.

What happens to snowflakes as they become progressively buried within glaciers? They become less dense because of large amounts of trapped air. They begin to melt as they are insulated from the cold air. They become interlocking crystals of ice. They can become brighter white because of trapped air. All these occur when snowflakes become buried within glaciers.

They become interlocking crystals of ice.

Which of the following is a characteristic of P-waves? They travel slower than other seismic waves. They displace the rock back and forth in a direction that is perpendicular to their travel direction. They compress and then expand the rock in the direction the wave travels. They are generated near the surface and only compress the rock as they travel. They cannot be recorded on seismographs.

They compress and then expand the rock in the direction the wave travels.

Which of the following are ways that viscosity affects gases in magma? Viscous magma prevents gas from escaping easily. Abundant silica chains in viscous magma allow gas to pass quickly through the magma. Less viscous magma allows gas to escape, which can lead to very explosive eruptions. All of the answers are correct.

Viscous magma prevents gas from escaping easily.

What is the main reason why the oceans are salty? Blowing salt crystals become incorporated into clouds and fall with the rainfall. The early oceans were salty because comets are dirty snowballs. Salt deposits that formed early in Earth's history become dissolved by modern oceans. Weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty.

Weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty.

Approximately how fast does groundwater move beneath the surface of Earth? a few kilometers per hour a few centimeters per day a few meters per day a few kilometers per day

a few meters per day

What carved this U-shaped valley? wind a rapidly downcutting river a glacier a slowly downcutting river

a glacier

A volcanic eruption occurring beneath an ice sheet is likely to cause lengthy lava flows. enormous flows. a hazardous flood.

a hazardous flood.

Which of the following is NOT a major controlling factor in volcanic eruption style? age of volcano chemistry of the magma magma volatile content

age of volcano

Composite volcanoes are so called because they are a combination of shield volcanoes, scoria cones, and other volcanoes. have many different types of geologic hazards. were first discovered on the island of Composita in Italy. are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows. None of these choices are correct.

are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows.

A single volcano may produce only nonexplosive eruptions. either explosive or nonexplosive eruptions, but never both. only explosive eruptions. both explosive and nonexplosive eruptions

both explosive and nonexplosive eruptions

Which of the following is most likely to occur at shallow crustal levels? recrystallization of minerals ductile behavior brittle deformation metamorphism growth of new minerals

brittle deformation

Potential energy is best expressed when: atoms are moving at 200 km/hr. changing a liquid to a gas. atoms are moving at 500 km/hr. pulling or pushing an object.

changing a liquid to a gas.

The main cause of caldera collapse is a fissure eruption that allows the shield volcano to split into two or more parts. collapse of the north flank by landslides. removal of magmas that form pillow basalt. collapse of the roof of a magma chamber as magma erupts.

collapse of the roof of a magma chamber as magma erupts.

The most dangerous type of volcano is a composite volcano. scoria cone. scoria cone whose magmas are interacting with groundwater. huge shield volcano.

composite volcano.

In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: controls the amount of water that can be stored. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts. is constant from one type of material to another.

controls the amount of water that can be stored.

When making macaroni and cheese you notice the noodles rising and falling in the boiling water. This is best explained through the process of: advection. radiation. convection. conduction.

convection

Which of the following involves the release of latent heat back into the environment? melting sublimation evaporation deposition

deposition

Narrow canyons are formed when erosion widens the canyon before the downward incision begins. downward incision is slower than widening of the canyon by erosion. downward incision is faster than widening of the canyon by erosion.

downward incision is faster than widening of the canyon by erosion

The image shows a surface expression of slip along a normal fault caused by an earthquake. What is the indicated feature? fault scarp hanging wall graben hypocenter

fault scarp

Fractures along which the rock has slipped relative to the other side are called beds. cracks. faults. joints.

faults

What is probably the least expensive approach for avoiding shoreline hazards? bringing in sand to replenish what is lost to storms using private insurance money to rebuild houses destroyed by erosion and waves using federal disaster money to rebuild houses destroyed by erosion and waves building up the land level so communities, such as New Orleans, are above sea level forbid the building of houses or other structures in high-risk areas

forbid the building of houses or other structures in high-risk areas

When basaltic lavas reach the ocean they cause lava fountains at the vent on land. form pillow basalts. can flow long distances on top of the water. form circular calderas. All of the answers are correct.

form pillow basalts.

All of the following involve the input of energy EXCEPT: freezing. sublimation. melting. evaporation.

freezing

Ash layers from the three most recent caldera-forming eruptions at Yellowstone (2.1, 1.3, and 0.64 million years ago) stretch from Wyoming to Colorado. from one side of Yellowstone National Park to the other. from Canada to Mexico. from California to Washington, D.C.

from Canada to Mexico.

How did the joints in this photograph form? from burial from cooling from uplift from weathering from tectonics

from cooling

As one approaches the equator, the angle of incidence ________blank and insolation is distributed over a ________blank. decreases; smaller area increases; wider area increases; smaller area decreases; wider area

increases; smaller area

Electromagnetic radiation: is composed of interacting electrical and magnetic fields. radiates out in confined planes or straight lines. is composed entirely of waves. is visible in all its forms.

is composed of interacting electrical and magnetic fields.

How is sand moving (overall) in the diagram of the beach? offshore toward the sea constantly toward the shore laterally to the left laterally to the right

laterally to the right

These photographs show different types of eruptions. Select the proper label for each lettered eruption. ava flow - A lava fountain -B lava dome - C eruption column -D

lava flow - A lava fountain -B lava dome - C eruption column -D

Most earthquakes occur at depths of greater than 100 km. less than 100 km. 100-700 km.

less than 100 km.

What is a common rock that can be dissolved by water and weak acids? quartzite quartz-rich sandstone limestone All of these choices are correct.

limestone

Earthquakes at Mount St. Helens prior to the major eruption in 1980 were caused by magma rising in the volcano. tectonic plate movement. landslides.

magma rising in the volcano.

Which of the following typically decreases downstream in a river? flow velocity discharge channel size maximum sediment grain size None of these choices are correct.

maximum sediment grain size

Which of the following processes involves energy storage in the water molecule in the form of latent heat? melting, freezing, condensation, deposition melting, evaporation, sublimation condensation, evaporation, deposition, sublimation freezing, condensation, deposition

melting, evaporation, sublimation

Earth's radiation balance involves: conduction and convection emitting energy directly into space. energy being radiated only upward into space. most energy emitted directly into space with no interaction with the atmosphere. most energy leaving Earth in the form of longwave radiation.

most energy leaving Earth in the form of longwave radiation.

From this graph, one should conclude that: most of the energy input into the system goes toward changing temperature not changing state. most of the energy input into the system goes toward a more ordered, rigid, molecular structure. None of these options are correct. most of the energy input into the system goes toward changing state, not to change temperature.

most of the energy input into the system goes toward changing temperature not changing state.

What tectonic setting is interpreted to be the cause of volcanism at Yellowstone? a large meteorite impact that struck the area 100 years ago magma that is coming up along a bend in a transform fault subduction along the coast of the Pacific Northwest movement of North America over a mantle plume

movement of North America over a mantle plume

What is the most common gas in the atmosphere? nitrogen (N2) oxygen (O2) methane (CH4) carbon dioxide (CO2)

nitrogen (N2)

The earthquake location shown as the red dot is generated on what type of fault? reverse fault thrust fault normal fault strike-slip fault

normal fault

An object emits a range of electromagnetic energy wave lengths because: lowest and highest vibration rates are cancelled. not all molecules vibrate at the same speed. relativity theory states that objects attain varying terminal velocities. all molecules vibrate at the same rate.

not all molecules vibrate at the same speed.

Some rocks and minerals are not stable at the surface because they are exposed to water. they formed in high-temperature environments. they formed in high-pressure environments. they are exposed to oxygen. of all these reasons.

of all these reasons.

All of the following are true in regard to Earth's radiation balance EXCEPT: at around 35°, incoming insolation is roughly balanced with outgoing longwave radiation. outgoing longwave radiation increases poleward in regular increments, peaking at the poles. poleward of 35° regions emit more outgoing longwave radiation than they receive as insolation. the equator, tropics, and subtropics receive more insolation than what they emit as outgoing longwave radiation.

outgoing longwave radiation increases poleward in regular increments, peaking at the poles.

During a hurricane or other strong coastal storm, material on barrier islands can be moved from the seaward side to the side away from the sea in the process called overwash. ebb. collision. sheet erosion.

overwash

Which of the following processes is NOT physical weathering? frost wedging oxidation thermal expansion near-surface fracturing prying by plant roots

oxidation

Which of the following weathering processes results in the reddish orange coating on rocks, in soils, and on metal (rust)? oxidation salt crystallization freeze thaw differential weathering

oxidation

What is the origin of curved ridges (R on this figure) in the Great Lakes area? folds produced during a continental collision piles of sediment deposited by retreating glaciers remnants of a meteoroid impact paths of ancient rivers

piles of sediment deposited by retreating glaciers

Most earthquakes occur along continental margins. major rivers. plate boundaries. lines parallel with Earth's magnetic field.

plate boundaries.

Which of the following is NOT a typical match between the type of eruption and resulting rock type? lava from a composite volcano - andesite volcanic-derived mudflow - breccia with angular fragments eruption column - tephra pyroclastic flow - scoria

pyroclastic flow - scoria

The depths of most earthquakes in subduction zones are shallow. are intermediate. are deep. range from shallow to deep.

range from shallow to deep.

Which particles of sediment are most likely to be transported as suspended load? small, low-density particles pebbles of average density sand and gravel of relatively high density dissolved ions in solution All of these choices are correct.

small, low-density particles

Which of the following is a key part of the formation of most natural bridges? folding of soft rock layers volcanic eruptions spheroidal weathering stream erosion None of these choices are correct.

stream erosion

Sudden movement on a fault can cause a tsunami when a hurricane or cyclone is occurring. the fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor. hot water trapped below the seafloor is released. a fault on land has a large displacement.

the fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor.

The margins of glaciers are usually darker than the interior primarily because shearing causes the ice to expel air and become darker. glaciers are transparent so the underlying bedrock is visible. the sides are moving faster than the interior of the glacier. the sides have a higher concentration of rocks and other debris. All of these choices are correct.

the sides have a higher concentration of rocks and other debris.

What happens to a river as it flows through a delta and encounters the sea? the discharge and water velocity increase. the maximum sediment grain size carried by the river increases. the total sediment load carried by the river decreases. All of these choices are correct.

the total sediment load carried by the river decreases.

The size of clasts that a stream can carry is primarily controlled by: the dissolved and suspended load of a stream. the water temperature. how close the stream is to the ocean. the velocity and turbulence of the current. whether it is a permanent or ephemeral stream.

the velocity and turbulence of the current.

Which two uses consume most freshwater in the United States? drinking water and showering mining and industrial use irrigation and drinking water thermoelectric power and irrigation mining and raising livestock

thermoelectric power and irrigation

The southern San Andreas fault near Los Angeles is considered a candidate for a major earthquake because it is a divergent plate boundary. this segment of the fault has not moved for more than 100 years. it moved fairly recently during the Northridge earthquake and so is ready to move again. magma is rising along the fault and heating it up.

this segment of the fault has not moved for more than 100 years.

What atmospheric layer is the home of weather, has the greatest density of gas molecules, and has a decrease in temperature with height? stratosphere troposphere mesosphere thermosphere

troposphere

What are the rounded hills inside the Valles Caldera? volcanic necks landslides volcanic domes scoria cones

volcanic domes

Oceans heat and cool more slowly than land because: of the great amounts of latent heat available to directly warm ocean water. of the lack of mixing through the oceanic water column. water has a high specific heat, which dampens temperature changes. oceans lack transparency, which dampens temperature changes.

water has a high specific heat, which dampens temperature changes.

What causes high and low tides? the tendency for water on a spinning globe to be thrown outward daily heating and cooling of the seas, which causes seawater to contract and expand a rise in sea level during the day because of an increase in storms water is pulled by the gravity of the Moon All of these choices are correct.

water is pulled by the gravity of the Moon

The relationship between weathering and erosion can best be characterized as weathering loosens material after erosion has carried it away, but erosion can also scour and move unweathered material. weathering must happen once erosion has moved material. weathering loosens material before erosion carries it away, but erosion can also scour and move unweathered material.

weathering loosens material before erosion carries it away, but erosion can also scour and move unweathered material.

Which of the following would be evidence that a volcano has NOT been active for a long period of time? well-developed soils on volcanic rocks relatively unweathered lava flows a layer of ash blanketing hillslopes

well-developed soils on volcanic rocks

When will an area experience high tide? when there is a quarter moon in the sky in the early afternoon when water temperatures are highest when the moon is directly overhead or on the opposite side of Earth during a period of intense sunspot activity

when the moon is directly overhead or on the opposite side of Earth

The joints in the photograph mimic topography, indicating that they formed while the rocks were still buried at great depth. when the weight of overlying rocks was unloaded, allowing expansion along the joints. along a subduction zone. while the granite was still molten.

when the weight of overlying rocks was unloaded, allowing expansion along the joints.

Without greenhouse gases, Earth's temperature would be: 15°C. 0°C. −18°C. 68°C.

−18°C.