EAQ Ch. 4 Theoretical foundations

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted to the hospital after complaints of chest pain and shortness of breath. She remained in ICU for two days due to her elevated blood pressure of 190/100 mm Hg but has since been placed on a medical floor. According to systems theory, what factors constitute the input component? Blood pressure of 190/100 mm Hg Antihypertensive drugs administered in the ICU History of chest pain History of shortness of breath Improvement from health interventions given in the ICU

Blood pressure of 190/100 mm Hg History of chest pain History of shortness of breath According to systems theory, the nursing process has four components including input, output, feedback, and content. Input is any information or data obtained after assessing the patient's health. This includes information about the patient's physiological function or information about the interaction between the patient and the environment. Therefore, the information about blood pressure, history of chest pain, and breathlessness constitute input data. Antihypertensive drugs and the interventions that were given to the patient are the data included in the content information.

A patient is admitted to an acute care area. The patient is a businessman who is worried about getting back to work. He has had severe diarrhea and vomiting for the last week. He is weak, and his breathing is labored. Using Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what is this patient's immediate priority? Self-actualization Air, water, and nutrition Safety Esteem and self-esteem needs

Air, water, and nutrition

Which theories describe the life processes of an older adult facing chronic illness? Systems theories Developmental theories Interdisciplinary theories Health and wellness models

Developmental theories

What is middle-range theory? It addresses specific phenomena and reflects practice. It is the first level in theory development and describes a phenomenon. It provides a structural framework for broad concepts about nursing. It is linked to outcomes (consequences of specific nursing interventions).

It addresses specific phenomena and reflects practice. A middle-range theory focuses on a specific field or phenomenon rather than the broad scope of nursing. A grand theory is systematic and broad in scope and provides a structural framework for nursing practice. A descriptive theory is the first level of theory development and describes the phenomena under study. A prescriptive theory details nursing interventions for a specific phenomenon and the expected outcome of the care. These theories help guide research.

Which statement about theory-based nursing practice is incorrect? It contributes to evidence-based practice. It provides a systematic process for designing nursing interventions. It is not linked to nursing outcomes. It guides the nurse's assessment.

It is not linked to nursing outcomes. Theory-based nursing practice does reflect nursing outcomes. For example, prescriptive theories address specific nursing interventions and predict the patient response.

The nurse is caring for a patient who has electively terminated a pregnancy. During the caring process, the patient shares her feelings and emotions with the nurse, which results in the nurse developing a bond with the patient. Which nursing theory would be most appropriate to help develop an interpersonal relationship? Nightingale's theory Peplau's theory Neuman's theory Henderson's theory

Peplau's theory Peplau's theory is to develop interactions between the nurse and the patient. This theory mainly focuses on the nurse developing a therapeutic relationship with the patient to help promote health and prevent sickness. Although Nightingale's theory does promote a relationship between the patient and the nurse, its primary focus is to facilitate the reparative processes of the body by doing manipulations in the environment. Neuman's theory also promotes a therapeutic relationship between the nurse and the patient, but its primary focus is attaining total wellness by much needed interventions. Henderson's theory mainly focuses on working independently with other health care providers and helping the patient to gain independence. A secondary area of concern may be to promote a patient-nurse relationship.

What are the demands of Roy's adaptation model that can be useful in helping the patient? Economical Pathological Physiological Psychological Dependence-independence

Physiological Psychological Dependence-independence Roy's adaptation model is an example of a grand theory and is based on the physiological, psychological, sociological, and dependence-independence adaptive modes. Economical and pathological adaptive modes are not part of Roy's theory.

What is the goal of Watson's theory? To develop interaction between the nurse and patient To promote health, restore the patient's health, and prevent illness To focus on caring as a means of coping with illness To facilitate the reparative processes of the body by manipulating the patient's environment

To promote health, restore the patient's health, and prevent illness

The nursing student is studying Neuman's system model of nursing. Including the physiological, how many concepts interact with each other to form this system? Record your answer using a whole number.

5 Betty Neuman's theory is based on stress and the patient's reaction to it. This theory has five components: physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual. These concepts interact with internal and external factors at all levels of prevention and with each other to achieve optimal wellness.

A patient who is in the terminal stages of cancer has moderate pain and severe dyspnea. Her husband informs the nurse that she believes in prayer and her last wish is to die while listening to prayer. What should the nurse do first? Perform a prayer. Administer pain medications. Administer oxygen. Arrange for a chaplain.

Administer oxygen.

While working in a community health clinic, it is important to obtain nursing histories and get to know the patients. Part of history taking is to develop the nurse-patient relationship. Which statements apply to Peplau's theory when establishing the nurse-patient relationship? An interaction between the nurse and patient must develop. The patient's needs must be clarified and described. The nurse-patient relationship is influenced by the patient's and the nurse's preconceptions. The nurse-patient relationship is influenced only by the nurse's preconceptions. The nurse-patient relationship should not establish trust.

An interaction between the nurse and patient must develop. The patient's needs must be clarified and described. The nurse-patient relationship is influenced by the patient's and the nurse's preconceptions.

The nurse is using Orem's theory while delivering care to a patient. According to this theory, what should be the goal of the nursing interventions? Care for and help the patient attain complete self-care. Help the patient adapt to changes in physiological needs. Communicate with the patient to establish positive adaptation to the environment. Assist the patient to do activities independently and to gain strength.

Care for and help the patient attain complete self-care. Different theories of nursing have different goals. Orem's theory focuses on patient self-care needs and its goal is to care for and help the patient attain complete self-care. Helping a person to adapt to changes in physiological needs is the goal of Roy's theory. According to King's theory, the nurse should use communication skills to help a patient reestablish positive adaptation to the environment. Henderson believed that nurses should work with other health care workers to assist the patient to do activities independently and help to gain strengths that the patient is lacking.

A senior nurse is teaching nursing theories to a group of nursing students. What are the components of nursing theories that explain a nursing phenomenon? Concepts Definitions Corrections Assumptions Compositions

Concepts Definitions Assumptions Nursing theory contains a set of concepts, definitions, and assumptions or propositions that explain a phenomenon. These elements help to make the theory practice based and contribute to effective nursing care. Corrections and compositions are not nursing theory components.

What is content? Content is data entering the system. Content is the end product. Content is data related to system functioning. Content is product and information obtained from the system.

Content is product and information obtained from the system.

As an art, nursing relies on knowledge gained from practice and reflection on past experiences. As a science, what does nursing rely on? Experimental research Nonexperimental research Research from other disciplines Professional opinions

Experimental research Nonexperimental research Research from other disciplines

A theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions. What does a theory do? It formulates legislation. It explains a phenomenon. It measures nursing functions. It reflects the domain of nursing practice.

It explains a phenomenon.

What is true about a prescriptive theory? It addresses specific phenomena and reflects practice. It is the first level in theory development and describes a phenomenon. It provides a structural framework for broad concepts about nursing. It is linked to outcomes (consequences of specific nursing interventions).

It is linked to outcomes (consequences of specific nursing interventions).

What is descriptive theory? It addresses specific phenomena and reflects practice. It is the first level in theory development and describes a phenomenon. It provides a structural framework for broad concepts about nursing. It is linked to outcomes (consequences of specific nursing interventions).

It is the first level in theory development and describes a phenomenon. A descriptive theory is the first level of theory development and describes the phenomena under study. A grand theory is systematic and broad in scope and provides a structural framework for nursing practice. A middle-range theory focuses on a specific field or phenomenon rather than the broad scope of nursing. A prescriptive theory details nursing interventions for a specific phenomenon and the expected outcome of the care. These theories help guide research.

Which statement is true regarding the nursing process? It is the end product of a system. It is the product and information obtained from a system. It is the information that comes from a patient's assessment. It is the information provided to a system about its functions.

It is the product and information obtained from a system. The nursing process includes the product and information obtained from the system. It is the information about the nursing interventions for patients with specific health problems. Output is the end product of a system. Input is the information that comes from a patient's assessment. Feedback serves to provide information to a system about its functions.

The nurse is applying Henderson's theory as a basis for theory-based nursing practice. Which other elements are important for theory-based nursing practice? Knowledge of nursing science Knowledge of related sciences Knowledge about current health care issues Knowledge of standards of practice Knowledge of bias

Knowledge of standards of practice Knowledge of nursing science Knowledge of related sciences Henderson's theory is an example of a grand theory. Regardless of which particular nursing theory is selected, the nurse must use knowledge from nursing and related sciences, experience, and standards of practice when providing care.

Who used anthropology to form a theory of cultural care diversity and universality? Leininger Roy King Orem

Leininger

A patient with leukemia is admitted to a hospital. The nurse is developing strategies to help the patient cope with the prognosis. Which theory could help the nurse in developing the strategies? Grand theory Mishel's theory Peplau's theory Descriptive theory

Mishel's theory Mishel's theory on uncertainty focuses on dealing with uncertainty in disease processes such as cancers. Therefore, this theory can assist the nurse in developing strategies to help the patient deal with the uncertainty of the prognosis of leukemia. A grand theory does not guide the nursing interventions but provides a structural framework for broad, abstract ideas about nursing. They are extremely comprehensive. They do not specifically help in developing strategies to increase coping. Peplau's theory focuses on the nurse-patient interpersonal relationship; increasing coping skills is just one aspect of the theory. Descriptive theories explain phenomena that would be helpful to explain in nursing assessments. They are not useful for guiding nursing actions. However, they would be helpful in explaining the phenomena of stress and coping but may not be helpful to the nurse in developing strategies for coping.

The nurse finds that an elderly patient is underweight, malnourished, and cachexic. The patient does not have a family but does have a close friend who visits often. The patient appears depressed and complains about not achieving enough during life. Which of the patient's needs falls under the third level of Maslow's hierarchy? Need for nutrition Need for the visiting friend Need for a sense of achievement Need for a sense of usefulness

Need for the visiting friend Maslow's hierarchy involves five levels. The first level involves basic needs including food, air, and water. The second level includes safety and security needs. The third level includes love and belonging needs such as friendship. The fourth level includes self-esteem needs such as self-confidence, sense of achievement, usefulness, and self-worth. The final level includes the need of self-actualization. Therefore, the need for meeting the friend comes under the third level of hierarchy. Nutritional needs come under the first level and the need for a sense of achievement and usefulness are fourth-level needs.

The nurse is discussing Orem's nursing theory with a colleague. Which statements about this theory are true? The goal of nursing care is to provide culturally competent care. Orem's theory focuses on interpersonal relations between the nurse, the patient, and the patient's family. Orem's theory focuses on the patient's self-care needs. The goal is to help the patient perform self-care and manage his or her health problems. Nursing care aims to increase the patient's ability to independently meet his or her own needs.

Orem's theory focuses on the patient's self-care needs. The goal is to help the patient perform self-care and manage his or her health problems. Nursing care aims to increase the patient's ability to independently meet his or her own needs. Orem's theory was developed by Dorothea Orem. The theory focuses on the patient's self-care needs. In this theory, the goal is to help the patient perform self-care and manage his or her own health problems. According to the theory, the nurse helps the patient to increase the ability to meet his or her needs independently. The goal of Leininger's theory is to provide culturally competent care. Peplau's theory focuses on interpersonal relations between the nurse, the patient, and the patient's family.

What are the phases of Peplau's theory? Orientation Termination Proposition Working phase Assumptions

Orientation Termination Working phase Peplau's theory states the importance of developing a good nurse-patient interpersonal relationship in caring for a patient. This theory has four phases including orientation, working phase, and termination. Propositions or assumptions are not phases of Peplau's theory. These refer to the taken-for-granted statements that explain the concepts, definitions, and purposes of a nursing theory.

What are the links of the meta-paradigm of nursing? Person Nursing Research Environment Knowledge development

Person Nursing Environment A paradigm is a pattern of thoughts that describes the domain of a particular discipline such as nursing. The meta-paradigm of nursing has four links including person, health, nursing, and environment or situation. Research and knowledge development are not links of the nursing meta-paradigm; they are elements of the nursing paradigm that direct the activity of the nursing profession.

A senior nurse is explaining the importance of nursing theory to a group of nursing students. What statements are true about prescriptive theories? Prescriptive theories are action-oriented. Prescriptive theories test the validity and predictability of a nursing intervention. Prescriptive theories are more limited in scope and less abstract. Prescriptive theories guide nursing research to develop specific nursing interventions. Prescriptive theories address a specific phenomenon and reflect practice.

Prescriptive theories are action-oriented. Prescriptive theories test the validity and predictability of a nursing intervention. Prescriptive theories guide nursing research to develop specific nursing interventions.

Why is nursing research important in the profession of nursing? Research can lead to new theories. Research helps to test all components of a theory. Research is not done in nursing. Research determines the accuracy of a theory. Research helps in testing a theory before it is implemented.

Research can lead to new theories. Research determines the accuracy of a theory. Research helps in testing a theory before it is implemented. Research that tests nursing theories determines how accurately a theory describes a nursing phenomenon. Testing helps to develop evidence for describing or predicting patient outcomes. The researcher has a theoretical idea of how patients describe or respond to a phenomenon and subsequently generates research questions or hypotheses to test the assumptions of the theory. Research is useful to test a theory before it is implemented. No single study tests all components of a theory.

The nurse is studying the theories of nursing. Which would the nurse categorize as phenomena of nursing? Self-care Nursing care Pathophysiological processes Client response to stress Sociocultural factors affecting health

Self-care Nursing care Client response to stress Nursing theories focus on the phenomena of nursing and nursing care. A phenomenon is the term, description, or label given to describe an idea or response to or about an event, situation, process, group of events, or group of situations. Examples of nursing phenomena include caring, self-care, and patient responses to stress. Pathophysiological processes and sociocultural factors affecting health are not phenomena but concepts that help describe a phenomenon.

A patient is bedridden after an accident and she needs to adapt to her surroundings for physiological, sociological, and psychological needs. The nurse has decided to apply Roy's theory to the patient's condition. Which statements apply to Roy's theory when establishing patient adaptations? The nurse will determine which demands are causing problems for the patient. The nurse assesses how well the patient is adapting to problems. Adaptation to the basic physiological need should be the only goal of the nurse. Nursing care should be directed toward helping the patient adapt to changes. The need for nursing care arises only when the person cannot adapt to internal environmental demands.

The nurse will determine which demands are causing problems for the patient. The nurse assesses how well the patient is adapting to problems. Nursing care should be directed toward helping the patient adapt to changes. According to Roy's theory, the goal of nursing care should be to help the patient adapt to changes. The nurse should determine which demands are causing the problem and should assess the patient's response to the changes that need to be adapted to. The nurse should directly care for the patient and help her adapt to the changes. The goal of nursing should not be limited to adaptation of basic physiological needs. It should also include developing a positive self-concept, performing social roles, and achieving balance between dependence and independence. The need for nursing care arises when the person cannot adapt to either internal or external environmental demands.

What are components of the nursing paradigm? The person, health, the environment, and theory Health, theory, concepts, and the environment Nurses, physicians, health, and patient needs The person, health, the environment/situation, and nursing

The person, health, the environment/situation, and nursing The nursing paradigm focuses on the person, health, the environment/situation, and nursing. All the elements interact with one another with the patient being central.`