Early Childhood

Which of the following describes Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self?

After being told by many other individuals that she is an outgoing person, Jessica begins to see herself the same way.

Tammy is playing blocks with a friend when she suddenly reaches for one of her friend's blocks and takes it. Right after she does this, Tammy says out loud in a scolding voice, "don't take from others without asking". According to Mead, what part of self is Tammy developing here?

Me

Which of the following is an example of the use of fine motor skills?

Sonjia is playing a game where she holds the thumb and index finger an each apart. Her sister then drops a dollar through the opening and if Sonjia can "catch" it by pinching it, she can keep it.

Kodi is 4 years old. Throughout potty training his parents have been harsh and ridiculed him often for mistakes. According to Freud's theory, which of the following is Kodi likely to be as an adult?

Stubborn, neat, and stingy.

According to Mead's "I and me" theory, how does the "I" differ from the "me?"

The "I" is spontaneous, creative, and innate, while the "me" is the social definition of the individual.

Kayla is 4 years old. She learns new words by connecting them to concepts that she already understands. What is this process called?

Fast-mapping

Children raised with this parenting style may fail to learn self-discipline and develop uncertainty toward boundaries.

Permissive

Mandy has been reading a lot of child development books and websites. She is becoming confused about what she should be looking for with her child's physical growth. Which of the following is true about a child's physical growth during early childhood?

the child will grow about 3 inches in height per year

The theory of mind is:

the understanding that the mind holds people's beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions.

Ruben is a middle school teacher. He spend a great deal of energy thinking about how to get his budding scientists to work on challenging tasks that they can't easily do on their own, but they can do with the help of their peers. Ruben is relying on which psychological concept?

the zone of proximal development

Steven's mom just lost her job and she's not sure how she's going to make ends meet. Lately, Steven hasn't had much reassurance he'll get enough food to eat on a daily basis. What type of stress is this most likely to be?

toxic stress

The processes of myelination and synaptic pruning make neural processing ________ and ________ complex.

faster; more

Edgar can sound out most three-letter words, but when he sees a long eight-letter word, he turns to his teacher instead of trying to sound it out. His teacher encourages him to go ahead and try to sound it out by breaking it down into two parts. According to Vygotsky, Edgar

is in the zone of proximal development.

Gross motor skills involve ________, while fine motor skills involve ________.

large muscle groups; exact movements of fingers and hands

Mike slapped his brother, so his mother places him in "time out" to reconsider his actions. What operant conditioning principle does this use?

negative punishment

In operant conditioning, which is the most effective method of teaching a behavior?

positive reinforcement

Miracle is a devoted mom of two picky toddlers. She wants her kids to eat healthily and understands that struggles over food are bad because ________.

power struggles can teach your child to eat or refuse to eat in order to gain favor or express anger toward someone else

The area of the brain behind the forehead that helps us to think, strategize, and control emotions is the ________.

prefrontal cortex

Children learning a new language rule may not use it correctly. If a child uses a new rule with words that the rule is not appropriate for, then the child has ________ the rule.

overregulated

Sam is 3 years old, and his brother, Dan is 2 years old. What is Sam likely to have that Dan does not?

All of his primary teeth.

Young children tend to lack the awareness that altering a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties. What is this awareness called?

Conservation.

Sam is 15 and his cousin, John, is 4. How are John's taste preferences likely to differ from those of his older brother?

John's taste preferences are likely to be less established.

Four-year-old Amy is playing with a truck. Which of the following is NOT likely to be true?

The other children are probably making fun of Amy.

________ is gross motor skill, while ________ is a fine motor skill.

Walking; coloring

A sticker chart designed to reward a child for every ten stickers earned for doing household chores is an example of what?

a token economy

Delia is trying to help two-year-old Simon understand that he should eat his cereal and not throw his cereal to the ground. When she first gives Simon his cereal, before he has had a chance to really throw it, Delia tells Simon, "Simon, I like the way you are eating your cereal!" What type of conditioning is Delia using to help Simon learn?

operant conditioning

Devin is 4, and his little sister, Carmela, is 8 months. How will Devin's appetite likely differ from that of his infant sister?

Children in early childhood have less of an appetite than infants.

Deion, who is 4 years old, is very surprised when he meets a woman firefighter who comes to his school. He tells her that he thought only men were firefighters. What does this reflect?

Gender stereotyping.

Janet is the mother of a 6 year old. She is looking for a way to decrease his risk of obesity. Which of the following is likely to help her do this?

Increase his water consumption.

Jenna is 4 years old, and is beginning to think of her own ideas and initiate action. Which of Erikson's stages of development is she in?

Initiative vs. guilt.

Danny is 5 years old. He has been taught in school that adding an "ed" to the end of a word means it's past tense, or something that's already happened. After learning this, Danny begins applying the rule to all words, even those that are supposed to be exceptions. What is this called?

Overregulation.

Karen is 4 years old, and she often assumes that everyone shares the same perspective as her. This limitation in early childhood thinking is known as:

Egocentrism

One of the most important factors to consider in choosing a daycare is

the student and teacher ratio

Negative, stressful events in childhood that have profound and lasting sociological, psychological, and physiological effects are referred to as what?

adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles involves parents who hold high expectations for their children but are also responsive to their children's needs?

authoritative

Three-year-old Tristan's parents took him to the toy store. While there, he wanted to buy a Barbie. Which of the following would be the best parental response to the situation if Tristan's parents wanted him to do less gender stereotyping as he grew older?

Allow Trison to purchase Barbie.

Angela is 7 years old, and her little sister, Maurya is 2 years old. How are Angela's visual pathways likely to differ from those of her sister?

Angela's visual pathways are likely to be more mature, allowing her illustrations to more clearly reflect what she visualizes.

Michael is 3 years old, and while playing outside he falls and scrapes his knee. When his grandmother later asks him what happened, he tells her that the driveway was being mean and made him fall. Which limitation of childhood thinking does this belief reflect?

Animism

Which of the following situations is most likely to be a positive stressor and learning experience?

meeting a new friend and forming a connection

The Love and Logic approach emphasizes the importance of providing loving support while helping children learn to be respectful and responsible. Which parenting style is similar to the Love and Logic approach?

Authoritative

Which of the following disorders involves delayed or lacking development of theory of mind?

Autism.

Dan is 5 years old, and progressing through Freud's phallic stage of development. When he uses proper manners, such as saying please and thank you, he notices that his parents are happy, so he uses proper manners more often. When he leaves his toys out after playing with them, he notices that his parents are not happy, so he avoids doing this in order to avoid loss of love. What did Freud call this process?

Introjection.

For as long as Alessandro can remember his parents have been constantly arguing, often ignore him and his siblings for long periods of time, and he often does not get enough to eat. What sort of stress is Alessandro likely suffering from?

Toxic stress

Melanie and Lucas are both 4 years old. Melanie comes from a family of high socioeconomic status (SES), while Lucas comes from a family of low SES. According to research by Hart and Risley, why is it likely that these two children will experience different academic outcomes in school?

Children from high SES families are exposed to more words than children from low SES families, and therefore have an advantage when starting school.

Sadid is 2 years old and his older sister, Jenn, is 5 years old. While they're playing one day, Jenn puts a barrette in Sadid's hair. Sadid gets upset and states that he doesn't want to be a girl, and that he likes being a boy. Jenn laughs because she understands that putting the barrette in Sadid's hair did not make him a girl. What has Jenn achieved that Sadid has not?

Gender constancy.

In a pre-k classroom, children are allowed time to play with toys throughout the day. The teacher encourages the girls to play with dolls, and the boys to play with toy trucks. Which of the following concepts does this reflect?

Gender role socialization.

Sam is 3 years old, and many of the shows she watches provide opportunities for viewers to jump and dance. Which type of motor skill development does this promote?

Gross motor skills.

Which of the following reflect what Erikson believed to be the main influence on personality development?

Relationships with other individuals.

Jake is 4 years old, and learning to use language and think about the world symbolically. His older sister Jaimie is 13 years old, and progressing into puberty. Jake's younger sister, Taylor, just turned a year old. Which of these children - Jake, Jaimie, or Taylor - are considered to be in the preoperational stage of development according to Piaget's theory?

Jake

Jenna is 6 years old, and her sister Anna is 3 years old. How are Jenna's physical proportions likely to differ from those of Anna?

Jenna is likely to have a longer torso.

Jovie is 2 and her older brother Chris is 5. Which of Freud's stages do these children fit into?

Jovie is in the anal stage, while Chris is in the phallic stage.

Shalecia is noticing that her child has much better coordination between the left and right hemispheres. She is wondering what is behind this increased coordination, so she asks her doctor. Dr. Marti tells Shalecia that the growth spurt that occurs in the ________ results in improved coordination between right and left hemispheres.

corpus callosum

Mike is 5 years old, and often comes up with new things to do and try, such as building forts in the living room with couch cushions. His older brother, Lucas, is a teenager who is struggling to develop his own self-identity. Which of the brothers would Erikson classify as being in the initiative vs. guilt stage of development?

Mike.

Kayla is 3 years old. Her teacher shows her a crayon box and asks her what she thinks is inside. She says, "Crayons." The teacher opens the box, showing Kayla that there is chalk inside. She asks Kayla again what she thought was in the box at first, and Kayla says, "Chalk." The teacher does the same thing with Mitch, who is 5 years old. After seeing the chalk, when asked what he thought was in the box at first, he says, "Crayons." Based on their responses, which child (Kayla or Mitch) has started to develop theory of mind?

Mitch.

Children in kindergarten are usually between 4 and 6 years of age. Which one of Piaget's developmental stages does this coincide with?

Preoperational.

Sam is 4 years old, and she is learning to utilize language effectively and think about the world symbolically. Which of Piaget's developmental stages is sam currently in?

Preoperational.

Molly views herself as a kind and generous person, who is empathetic towards others and capable of helping others in need. This is Molly's:

Self-concept.

Shaelynn is a 4 year old girl. Mealtimes in her house tend to be negative, and often involve tensions and her parents arguing. How is this likely to affect Shaelynn?

She is likely to develop problems eating and digesting food due to stress.

Critics of the "participation trophy" effect in children's activities that praise all children's efforts oppose which parenting style posed by Lemasters and Defrain?

Teacher-counselor.

Achmed and his sister, Talia, are getting snacks from their mom. Their mom grabs two different sized bowls from the cupboard—one is narrow and small, while the other is large and wide. She asks Achmed to count twenty goldfish crackers to put in each bowl. When he's done, Achmed sees his amount in the large, wide bowl, and he protests that Talia got more. This act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation, whilst disregarding all others is known as ________.

centration

Madison is five years old and loves to play make-believe, draw, dance ballet, and play basketball with her older sister. Piaget would say that Madison is still developing her use of logical rules, also referred to as ________.

operations

Howard's mother is taking a psychology course in college. She is concerned that her three-year-old is capable of sexual arousal, but better understands his behavior after learning about modern sexual development theory. According to the theory, three-year-old Howard is capable of sexual arousal that includes:

physical arousal

Charlee is 4 and has begun to understand that her mind is capable of holding thoughts that are incorrect. Charlee is developing ________.

theory of mind