Early Childhood Education Praxis Test 5027

Map scale

the relationship (or ratio) between distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground.

Sentence Fluency

the rhythm and flow of the language, the sound of word patterns, the way in which the writing plays to the ear, not just to the eye "She walked slowly to her car. Deep down, she was sad because it was her last day. Her new job will begin on Monday."

high frequency words

words that appear most often in printed materials

Double vowel sounds

"Having two sounds." ai, oa, ea, ie, ee, oe, ue Rain Paint Boat Coat Clean Dream Coffee tie cried argue rescue

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as The kids were just bowls of ice cream melting in the sun. America is a melting pot. Her lovely voice was music to his ears. The world is a stage. My kid's room is a disaster area because he refuses to clean it up. Life is a rollercoaster. Their home was a prison.

Personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes "The sun smiled down on us." 'The story jumped off the page." "The light danced on the surface of the water."

CVC

A CVC word is a word that is made up of a consonant, vowel and consonant sound. Cat, hot, tip, man and hut are all CVC words.

Simple sentence

A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause Emma is writing a letter. We wake up early in the morning. My brother speaks loudly. I have driven a car

Complex Sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the microwave. Although he was wealthy, he was still unhappy.

Inductive Reasoning

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. Most of our snowstorms come from the north. It's starting to snow. This snowstorm must be coming from the north.

A first-grade student has specific learning disability in writing. Which of the following testing accommodations is most appropriate to be included in IEP to meet the needs of the student? A) Allowing the student to dictate answers requiring written responses to a scribe B) Providing the student with an alternate assignment without any written responses C) Having the student answer fewer questions that require written responses D) Having the student complete all written work in a quiet space to avoid distractions

A) Allowing the student to dictate answers requiring written responses to a scribe Option (A) is correct. Allowing a student to dictate responses to a written assignment to a scribe is an example of an accommodation that can appropriately be made for a student with an IEP in writing. In this instance, the expectations for what the student should learn have not changed; therefore, the teacher action represents an accommodation not a modification.

A teacher overhears student conversations during class and learns that many of them love to play with toy bricks and logs that can be used to make objects such as buildings and spaceships. During a unit on the American Revolution, the teacher assigns students to use the toys to create a diorama of an important event before the outbreak of the American Revolution. Which of the following is the most likely instructional benefit provided by the assignment? A) Appealing to student creativity and engagement B) Preventing students from losing focus during class C) Facilitating the use of differentiated instruction D) Considering multiple points of view

A) Appealing to student creativity and engagement Students have demonstrated that they are interested in creating models using building-block-style toys. The teacher chooses to appeal to that interest in an attempt to engage students in the content.

I enjoyed the trip to the museum. We rode there in the school bus. We also saw many displays and ate lunch. Which of the following instructional strategies will be most useful in helping the student improve the preceding writing sample? A) Asking student questions about the trip B) Providing the student with an informational text to find more ideas. C) Asking the student to write a list of descriptive words.

A) Asking the student questions about the trip. Option (A) is correct. The sample given does not include details about the trip, what the student saw, or when and where the trip took place. Asking questions about the trip will help the student add more details to the narrative.

During an elementary school civics lesson, students ask how they can practice active citizenship without yet having the ability to vote. Which TWO authentic experiences can the teacher facilitate to meet the students' interests? A) Attending a virtual city council meeting B) Collecting signatures for a petition to prevent construction in a local forest C) Obtaining boating licenses for students to use at a local lake D) Participating in a classroom mock trial based on a historical court case

A) Attending a virtual city council meeting B) Collecting signatures for a petition to prevent construction in a local forest Attending a city council meeting, either virtually or in person, and collecting signatures for a petition are both ways that students under the age of 18 can practice active citizenship.

Which TWO of the following words are decodable? A) Club B) And C) Think D) The E) Where

A) Club C) Think These can be sounded out and decoded.

My grandmother enjoys making delicious meatballs for the entire family, but my sister refuses to eat them. The sentence can best be described as: A) Compound B) Complex C) Simple D) Compound-complex

A) Compound Compound sentences consist of two independent clauses joined together by a comma and a conjunction.

Which of the following activities is best for building on students' existing knowledge when starting a new unit on culture for second-grade students? A) Creating a list of traditions practiced in their families. B) Taking notes while reading an expository text about different customs. C) Comparing different religions practiced around the world D) Describing the development of different languages

A) Creating a list of traditions practiced in their families. Option (A) is correct. Students develop an understanding of traditions and customs by first observing them within their own families and communities.

Which of the following words is an example of a homonym? A) Fair B) Vroom C) Peek D) Demoralize

A) Fair Option (A) is correct. Homonyms are words that have the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings. Fair can mean just or light in complexion.

A first-grade teacher introduces a unit on family. Which of the following activities is the most appropriate way to introduce the concept? A) Gathering the students in a circle and reading a book about different types of families around the world. B) Brainstorming with the students about how their families can participate in the different school events. C) Assigning the students homework for which they have to discuss their own family ancestry with a family member.

A) Gathering the students in a circle and reading a book about different types of families around the world. Option (A) is correct. Reading a book to introduce the concept is the most appropriate way to introduce a lesson in first grade.

Which of the following best identifies the purpose of the explanatory genre of writing? A) Giving information about a topic or describing something accurately B) Describing an account of an imaginary event or experience C) Presenting a claim and providing a convincing set of reasons to support the claim D) Retelling the story of an important moment and clarifying its significance to the author.

A) Giving information about a topic or describing something accurately Option (A) is correct. The purpose of explanatory writing is to describe or explain a topic using facts and details.

Are they me said like The words in this list are best described as: A) High frequency B) Decodable C) Phonetically regular D) Rhyming

A) High frequency Option (A) is correct. High-frequency words, or sight words, are commonly used words that frequently occur in the written material that emergent readers typically read, and which often do not follow commonly taught phonics rules.

A small town holds a heritage celebration fair annually. Which of the following activities best allows elementary students to consider multiple perspectives about the fair? A) Interviewing community members about the fair and writing an article for the school paper B) Comparing attendance at the fair with that of previous years C) Volunteering to help plan the next year's fair D) Comparing the monetary contributions of the largest to the fair

A) Interviewing community members about the fair and writing an article for the school paper Option (A) is correct. Interviewing community members would best provide students with multiple perspectives to consider about the annual fair.

Learning to differentiate among words that have common roots by examining the modifications that result when prefixes or suffixes (such as "pre-," "un-," "dis-," "-tive," "-tion," "-ment") are added to known roots is accomplished through the use of: A) Morphological analysis B) Configuration cues C) Contextual clues D) Phonemic analysis

A) Morphological analysis Option (A) is correct. Morphology is the study of morphemes, which are words, word stems, and affixes, basically the units of language one up from phonemes.

A prekindergarten teacher sends home with students reading adventure bags filled with theme-based fiction and nonfiction picture books as well as interactive activities. The students are encouraged to read and discuss one book daily with a family member and record their activities in a reading log. The strategy best promotes: A) Oral language development B) Phonemic awareness C) Phonological Awareness D) Word Recognition

A) Oral language development Option (A) is correct. Daily reading and discussion of books with a family member encourages interaction and provides students with opportunities for oral language development through interactive activities.

Which of the following is an example of modifying the physical environment to adapt to the needs of the people living in a community? A) Planting trees to decrease highway traffic noise B) Introducing digital maps to make navigation easier C) Identifying areas of natural drainage to limit building D) Allowing free access to the local library

A) Planting trees to decrease highway traffic noise Option (A) is correct. It demonstrates how people have modified the physical environment by planting trees that did not previously exist.

Ms. Craig asks her students to write the word "Sailboat". Levi spells the word "PKLLEEP". At which of the following levels is Levi Spelling? A) Prephonemic B) Phonemic C) Transitional D) Conventional

A) Prephonemic Option (A) is correct. At the prephonemic stage, students know some letters and may begin experimenting with letters, but the sound-symbol correspondence is absent.

Which of the following teaching strategies most effectively supports emergent writers in a preschool classroom? A) Providing students with functional writing opportunities connected to class activities. B) Teaching students how to use guided visualization to create mental pictures when writing. C) Using model texts to teach students how to identify text structures prior to writing. D)Assign students a prewriting activity of identifying the audience and purpose for writing.

A) Providing students with functional writing opportunities connected to class activities. Option (A) is correct. The most developmentally appropriate teaching strategy listed is supporting emergent writing through functional writing opportunities that are connected to class activities.

Which of the following best describes automaticity? A) Rapid recognition of words without conscious decoding. B) Independent decoding of sentences using phonics and sight reading. C) Rapid decoding of words by applying new phonics knowledge. D) Fluent reading of sentences with expression and phrasing

A) Rapid recognition of words without conscious decoding. Option (A) is correct. Automaticity is the ability to decode automatically through word recognition.

Which THREE of the following classroom activities are effective for helping a student who is the slow and nonfluent reader? A) Reading along with a taped or recorded book B) Time reading sessions designed to increase the number of words per minute C) Repeated choral readings of the class's favorite poems and funny stories D) Listening to the teacher read with intonation and stress.

A) Reading along with a taped or recorded book C) Repeated choral readings of the class's favorite poems and funny stories D) Listening to the teacher read with intonation and stress. Pressuring a child who is a slow and nonfluent reader to read at a predetermined rate puts undue stress on the child. It makes him or her feel inadequate and is somewhat akin to failure.

Which of the following is most effective in helping young children develop phonological awareness? A) Singing Songs with Simple Rhymes B) Singing the Alphabet song C) Using large markers to print letters D) Looking for environmental print

A) Singing songs with Simple Rhymes Option (A) is correct. Phonemes are the sounds of a language that children must learn in order to speak and later to read. Such sounds are learned by hearing them over and over and repeating them. When children sing songs with simple rhymes, they are making the sounds of the language that a prents or a teacher is encouraging them to reproduce.

Since the snow was falling fast, the teacher asked the students to quickly finish the quiz. The sentence contains which of the following grammatical errors? A) Split infinitive B) Lack of parallel structure C) Misplaced modifier D) Sentence fragment

A) Split infinitive Option (A) is correct. A split infinitive occurs when a word, usually an adverb, usually an adverb, is placed between the two parts of infinitive. In the example given, the adverb "quickly" separates the two parts of the infinitive "to finish". The sentence should read "to finish the quiz quickly".

The children were excited to go back to school in September. The teachers were excited to go back to school, too. Which of the following revisions best improves the writing? A) The children and the teachers were excited to go back to school in September. B) The teachers were excited to go back to school in September; and the children were excited too. C) The children and the teachers were excited too, about going back to school in September. D) In September, the children were excited to go back to school and so were the teachers.

A) The children and the teachers were excited to go back to school in September. The revision successfully combines the two sentences by introducing a compound subject.

While reviewing a short assignment about money, a first-grade teacher notices an answer that represents a trend among student responses: "In the US today, most businesses trade food and goods with each other. This helps people get the things they want." To address the misconception in the student response, the teacher should focus instruction on which of the following concepts? A) The difference between trade and bartering B) The role of the government in the economy C) The differences between needs and wants D) The concept of supply and demand

A) The difference between trade and bartering The student response indicates a misunderstanding of how businesses exchange goods and services for money and suggests that most businesses in the US barter goods to one another. To address the misconception, the teacher can create a lesson that clarifies how most people purchase goods from businesses using money.

In which THREE of the following ways do graphic novels support reading comprehension? A) They allow the reader to visualize story elements. B) They help the reader differentiate between dialogue and narration. C) They present simplified vocabulary and sentence structure to the reader. D) They assist the reader in identifying tone and mood. E) They task the reader with evaluating a small number of pages and images.

A) They allow the reader to visualize story elements. B) They help the reader differentiate between dialogue and narration. D) They assist the reader in identifying tone and mood. The images in graphic novels act much like a storyboard, dividing the story into frames. The division supports readers in identifying various story elements. Graphic novels use speech bubbles to convey dialogue and narration. Illustrations in graphic novels help the reader identify the mood and tone of the text.

In order to develop phonemic awareness, students with special needs must first: A) Understand the utility and function of oral and written language B) Have a formal diagnosis of a developmental delay C) Receive explicit instruction in oral and written language

A) Understand the utility and function of oral and written language Option (A) is correct. Before students with disabilities can begin to develop phonemic awareness, they need to understand the functions and uses of literacy. A literacy-rich environment stimulates students with disabilities to participate in language and literacy activities in their daily lives and gives them the beginning understandings of the utility and function of oral and written language.

In which TWO of the following words do the underlined portions exemplify a close syllable pattern? A) hap-py B) e-late C) joy-ful D) con-tent E) de-light

A) hap-py D) de-light Closed syllables possess short vowel sounds and end in a consonant. "hap" has the short "a" vowel and ends with the consonant "p". "tent" has the short "e" vowel and ends with the "t" consonant.

resoultion

Also known as a denouement, this is how your story ends. The resolution of a narrative arc isn't always happy, but it does close the loop and show how the events of the story have changed the characters and the world around them.

split infinitive

An infinitive consists of the word to and the simple form of a verb (e.g. to go and to read). "To suddenly go" and "to quickly read" are examples of split infinitives because the adverbs (suddenly and quickly) split (or break up) the infinitives to go and to read. Juan played his guitar to entertain the audience. (used as an adverb to modify played) Juan played his guitar to expertly entertain the audience.

Emergent Readers

As we mentioned above, emergent readers have learned the alphabet and are beginning to understand early phonics. They can often read independently with assistance if needed. You know your emerging reader is moving on to the next stage if they're starting to comprehend word meaning more automatically instead of focusing on word recognition alone.

In a student discussion about whether the school cafeteria should stop selling junk food, which of the following statements best demonstrates active listening? A) "In my opinion, it would be a mistake to remove junk food from the cafeteria because no one would eat there anymore." B) "Raul thinks that our health should come before eating what we love, but Lacey argues that the schools should not take away our right to choose." C) How many of you would actually buy lunch if the cafeteria stopped selling junk food?"

B) "Raul thinks that our health should come before eating what we love, but Lacey argues that the schools should not take away our right to choose." The statement demonstrates paraphrasing of others' statements. An active listener spends more time listening than talking, which paraphrasing demonstrates.

Which of the following sources best represents a secondary source of information? A) A journal written by a Civil War nurse B) A documentary about Harriet Tubman C) A letter from George Washington to his wife D) A transcript of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address

B) A documentary about Harriet Tubman Option (B) is correct. The images and information in the documentary may include primary sources, but the combining and interpreting of these sources makes the documentary a secondary source.

Which of the following is most typically included in the conclusion of an oral presentation? A) An expansion of the thesis B) A summarization of the main points C) An attempt to build rapport with the audience D) A move to gain the audience's attention

B) A summarization of the main points The conclusion of an oral presentation usually contains a clear summary of the main points to reinforce the presentation's goal.

Which of the following sentences contain a simile? A) As darkness fell, the rain poured down with a vengeance B) After completing the difficult task, I felt as light as a feather C) I was so hungry thar I could have eaten everything in the store D) I watched in wonder as the white-capped waves washed the shore

B) After completing the difficult task, I felt as light as a feather. Similes compare two things using "like" or "as". The sentence makes a comparison between the speaker and a feather using the phrase as light as a feather.

Carly cuts carrots carefully. The preceding statement best exemplifies which of the following types of figurative language? A) Simile B) Alliteration C) Personification D) Metaphor

B) Alliteration Option (B) is correct. In an alliteration, all the words in a sentence begin with the same sound or letter.

Which of the following words contains an open syllable? A) Combat B) Basic C) Insect D) Velvet

B) Basic Option (B) is correct. In an open syllable, nothing comes after the vowel, and the vowel sound is pronounced with its long sound. The word "basic" has two syllables, and nothing comes at the end of the first syllable after the letter "a".

During a small group literacy workshop, a kindergarten teacher asks students to identify the word that does not belong in the list of words. Pig, pan, bug, pack The activity best addresses which of the following phonemic awareness of skills? A) Segmentation B) Categorization C) Substitution

B) Categorization Option (B) is correct. In phoneme categorization, students identify the word or words in a set that have a different initial phoneme sound. Having students recognize that the word "bug" is different because it does not begin with /p/ like the other three words is an example of phoneme categorization.

During a presentation, the speaker grimaces apologetically and then pauses to allow the audience to react to the message. In this situation, the speaker best demonstrates which of the following skills? A) Enunciating words to ensure clear delivery of a message B) Communicating by matching nonverbal cues with a message C) Explaining details thoroughly to ensure understanding of a message

B) Communicating by matching nonverbal cues with a message Option (B) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of verbal and physical cues and their translation. Facial expressions and pauses are examples are nonverbal communication that can support or enhance the delivery of a message.

A second-grade teacher prepares for a beginning lesson focused on interpreting data from a map. Which TWO of the following map characteristics best support the teacher's lesson when used in a related activity? A) Shows a small area of land B) Contains a compass rose C) Provides a legend D) Includes a relevant title E) Represents sections of land in vibrant colors

B) Contains a compass rose C) Provides a legend A compass rose helps students who are interpreting a map to locate items presented in the legend. A legend contains symbols that represent objects on the map, and it is critically important to helping students successfully interpret data on a map.

A third-grade teacher is planning a geography activity in which students determine the highest points of elevation in four religions of the country. Which of the following tools will students need to learn to interpret to complete the activity? A) Longitude and latitude B) Contour lines C) Scale D) Compass rose

B) Contour lines Contour lines are used to topographic maps to represent elevation, or height above sea level.

During a unit titled "All About Me," a first-grade teacher would like the students to create a timeline of their life to share with the class. Which of the following is most important for the students to include in the project? A) Descriptions or pictures of their special events related to their family's culture B) Dated photographs of important events arranged in sequential order C) Pictures of family members and friends arranged in order of importance D) Magazine clippings of favorite foods their family enjoys

B) Dated photographs of important events arranged in sequential order A timeline is an arrangement of events in the order of their occurrence.

Which of the following is an appropriate approach to teach a third-grade student about the reason for the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution of the US? A) Listing why the colonies wanted independence B) Discussing why it's important to protect individual liberties C) Comparing how the colonies were founded D) Illustrating how a national church would unite the country

B) Discussing why it's important to protect individual liberties It is important for students to know that the Bill of Rights was created to protect individual rights by limiting the government authority.

During the writers' workshop, a first-grade teacher notices that Joanna is sitting and watching other students write but is not writing her own story. When the teacher asks why she is not writing, Joanna says that she can't write because she doesn't know how to spell words. Which instructional strategies are most beneficial for the teacher to use with Joanna? A) Working one-on-one with Joanna to teach her new spelling words. B) Encouraging Joanna to use inventive spelling when she writes.

B) Encouraging Joanna to use inventive spelling when she writes Option (B) is correct. Young children begin to hear separate sounds in words and benefit from help in writing the sounds they hear (that is from guidance in inventing spellings).

During a lesson on the creation of the Bill of Rights, an elementary social studies teacher notices that students are struggling to understand some of the language used in primary source documents. Which of the following actions should the teacher take to make the content more accessible to young students? A) Excluding primary sources from future lessons to prevent further difficulty B) Focusing on instruction on key concepts from the sources to limit cognitive strain C) Asking students to search for more age-appropriate translation on the internet D) Developing a vocabulary quiz to assess mastery of language from the late 1700s.

B) Focusing on instruction on key concepts from the sources to limit cognitive strain Although young students may struggle with language used in the early 1700s, teachers can help to facilitate understanding by focusing instruction on the concepts and arguments made in the documents without requiring students to master the language or excluding the documents altogether.

An elementary teacher can most effectively introduce students to the concept of civic participation by: A) Providing clearly defined classroom rules B) Having students help create classroom rules C) Helping students settle disputes calmly D) Creating an assigned seating chart

B) Having students help create classroom rules Having students help create classroom rules allows them to be part of the civic process and introduces them to the concepts of justice, equality, rules of law, and citizenship.

Which of the following activities would be most effective in establishing a democratic classroom? A) Having the class create models of important monuments in Washington B) Holding meetings with students to create rules for the class C) Having students role-play ways of being a good citizen D) Reading a book about the writing of the Constitution to the class

B) Holding meetings with students to create rules for the class Democracy is demonstrated by having students or student representatives create the rules for the class.

In which of the following student responses are both sentences simple sentences? A) Mario: At school. Everyone does work. B) Jackson: He played at the park. Mom went to the house. C) Anna: she's smiling because the dog came back. After he came back, he wanted food. D) Jacquelyn: Drive fast! We'll be late if we don't hurry.

B) Jackson: He played at the park. Mom went to the house. Option (B) is correct. Simple sentences are called independent clauses and contain a subject and a verb. Both sentences contain a subject and a verb.

Which of the following components of an effective oral presentation describes the highness and lowness of a speaker's voice? A) Volume B) Pitch C) Articulation D) Pace

B) Pitch Option (B) is correct. Pitch means the highness or lowness of a speaker's voice. Effective speakers vary the highness and lowness of their voice, or pitch, to indicate emphasis.

Which of the following strategies is most effective in developing preschool children's understanding of print concepts? A) Giving children opportunities to retell or act out stories B) Placing children's names on their desks and in other appropriate places C) Creating a class library with books from different genres for the children D) Providing opportunities for children to respond to open-ended questions

B) Placing children's names on their desks and in other appropriate places Option (B) is correct. Print awareness is an understanding that print carries meaning. Using labels and name cards will help children understand that written words have meanings.

A teacher provides students with a list of words that include "precede," "project," "illegal," and "disappear." The students are most likely learning about which of the following concepts? A) Onsets B) Prefixes C) Consonant blends D) Diphthongs

B) Prefixes Option (B) is correct. A prefix is a letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning. In the examples given, pre-, pro-, il-, and dis- are prefixes.

After a speaker gives an oral report, a member of the audience asks the speaker the following questions. Could you tell me more about . . . ? Why do you think this . . . is important to understand the topic? At the beginning of your speech, you said . . . Can you say more about that idea? The questions best demonstrate that the audience member has an understanding of which of the following components of active listening? A) Empathizing B) Probing C) Accepting D) Paraphrasing

B) Probing Option (B) is correct. The question tests your knowledge of active listening. The listener in the scenario is showing that he or she wants to know more about the topic and so asks probing questions to learn more information.

Which of the following terms best describes the ability to read with expression and appropriate phrasing? A) Accuracy B) Prosody C) Rate D) Schema

B) Prosody Option (B) is correct. Prosody refers to the appropriate use of phrasing and expression to convey meaning when reading aloud.

During a reading lesson, a third-grade teacher writes the lines of a poem on separate strips of paper. The teacher then holds up he strips one at a time and has students read the phrases aloud together. Which of the following is most likely the goal of the activity? A) Fostering students' understanding of the structure of poems. B) Reinforcing students' use of proper phrasing to promote fluency C) Helping students identify rhyme schemes accurately D) Improving students' spelling and sight word vocabulary.

B) Reinforcing students' use of proper phrasing to promote fluency Option (B) is correct. Reading fluently requires a reader to read phrases together instead of word by word. Fluent readers group words into phrases, as opposed word to word. By holding up groups of words together in a poem, it helps the students to see them as a whole.

Which of the following terms best describes a series of events that build tension from conflict in a story? A) Exposition B) Rising action C) Climax D) Falling action

B) Rising action Option (B) is correct. The rising action of a plot occurs after the exposition, or introduction, contains a series of events build from the conflict and end at the climax of the story.

During social studies lesson, a first-grade teacher notices some reluctance among student to form nonhomogeneous groups during activities. Which of the following activities best help to encourage unity and affirm diversity among students? A) Students exchange recipes for desserts that are significant to their respective cultures. The class then votes for one recipe to use for an upcoming back sale. B) Students create visual representations of aspects of their cultural background that they want to highlight. C) Students are divided into groups based on their height. These groups are used for all classroom group activities.

B) Students create visual representations of aspects of their cultural background that they want to highlight. Option (B) is correct. The activity allows students to disclose parts of their cultural background and provides an opportunity for cross-cultural comparison in group setting.

A student evaluates primary and secondary resources to gain insight into a historical topic. Which of the following will most likely lead to the student eliminating the source being consulted? A)The student observes that the diary of a person directly affected by the event recalls incorrect dates compared to other sources. B)The student notes that a published thesis on a university Web site lacks citations for the sources used to create the argument. C)The student gathers population data and statistics from a government website ending in ".gov".dot g o v D)The student reads the preface of a published book and concludes that its author takes a debatable position on the historical issues.

B) The student notes that a published thesis on a university Web site lacks citations for the sources used to create the argument. Option (B) is correct. The students who encounter a secondary source of this type that fails to reveal where the information came from should disregard the source and label it invalid.

Building phonological awareness is critical to helping young students learn to read because, without it, the students will primarily struggle to A) Develop appropriate pacing and intonation when reading aloud B) Use alphabetic principles which are necessary for developing the ability to decode words C) Identify when material that is read does not make sense and a fix-up strategy is needed

B) Use alphabetic principles which are necessary for developing the ability to decode words Option (B) is correct. To decode words requires students to know the sounds each letter makes, which is mandatory when helping young students learn to read.

A first-grade student, Kyle, has drawn an elaborate picture of a garden in his journal and has written "I LK RD FLRS". Kyle's sentence suggests that an appropriate next step in his development as a write would be learning to: A) Print lowercase letters B) Use medial vowel sounds C) Blend consonant sounds D) Recognize common sight words

B) Use medial vowel sounds Option (B) is correct. Kyle's written work indicates that he does not use vowels between consonants. He seems to know the alphabet, and he now needs to include more of the sounds that are actually in rhe words he writes. He can be taught to do this by saying words slowly or stretching words and hearing the vowels, such as the /i/ in "like" or the /e/ in "red".

After reading two texts about the first Thanksgiving, a third-grade teacher asks students to compare the events in both texts. Which of the following graphic organizers is best for the students to use? A) Flowchart B) Venn Diagram C) Story Map D) Cluster diagram

B) Venn Diagram Option (B) is correct. A Venn diagram shows the relationship between groups that share something in common.

A teacher divides a class into two representative bodies. The groups work together to create a new list of classroom rules that should be adopted. The teacher does not agree with one of the rules and takes it off the list. Which of the following examples of the system of checks and balances outlined in the Constitution of the US is the teacher modeling? A) Making laws B) Vetoing laws C) Enforcing laws D) Interpreting laws

B) Vetoing laws Vetoing laws created by congress is a way for the president to keep the legislative branch in check or change an act of the legislative rules, the teacher is vetoing it.

Onsets

the beginning of something the initial phonological unit of any word which contains the initial consonant or consonant blend. However, not all words have onsets. E.g. In the word cat, c- is the onset and -at is the rime. snake: /sn/ car /c/ fan /f/ kite /k/

Prephonemic

Before understanding the concept of phonemes. A random string of letters or mock letters. No sound to symbolize a relationship zxcv= team

Which of the following is the rime in the word "splash"? A) "sp" B) "spl" C) "ash" D) "lash"

C) "ash" Rime is the part of the word including the vowel and the letters that follow.

Which of the following actions best describes the first step of active listening? A) Responding to the speaker verbally B) Taking notes on the speaker's message C) Looking directly at the speaker when he or she is speaking D) Asking for clarification when uncertain about something that was said

C) Looking directly at the speaker when he or she is speaking Option (C) is correct. Looking at the speaker focuses the listener on what is being said so that the listener understands more clearly and is prepared to respond.

A teacher prepares a lesson to demonstrate how individual perspectives alter the ways in which people react to the same event. The historical focus for the lesson is the Boston Massacre. Which of the following pairs of resources best facilities the teacher's overall objective? A) A current history magazine article and a newspaper article written in 1770. B) A modern encyclopedia entry and an article published in a scholarly journal C) A diary entry from an American colonist and the court testimony of a British officer D) A court transcript from an American colonist and a section from a history textbook

C) A diary entry from an American colonist and the court testimony of a British officer Option (C) is correct. The court testimony and the diary entry both qualify as primary sources and as such offer the best evidence for how the opposing sides viewed the conflict from their unique lenses.

By completing a picture walk of a story before students begin reading it independently, a first-grade teacher best demonstrates an understanding of how to help students: A) Comprehend how the setting affects the plot of the story B) Decide if they will like the story they are about to read C) Anticipate vocabulary that will help them read the story D) Use mentor texts to assist them in writing their own stories.

C) Anticipate vocabulary that will help them read the story Option (C) is correct. A picture walk allows students the opportunity to learn and talk about new vocabulary found in the story that helps with the decoding process when they read the texts.

Which of the following activities will best foster the development of students' listening skills? A) Asking students to identify rhyming words from a list of words B) Asking students to identify which picture in a set of three pictures has a different initial sound C) Asking students to summarize a short paragraph that the teacher had read aloud D) Asking students to draw a picture and then write a sentence about their drawing

C) Asking students to summarize a short paragraph that the teacher had read aloud Option (C) is correct. Having students summarize a paragraph the teacher read aloud will encourage students to use listening skills, such as focusing on the teacher, paying attention, and taking note of the main idea.

Which of the following digital tools best help students distribute stories they have written for peer-editing purposes? A) A teacher web page B) A virtual blackboard C) Cloud-based file sharing D) Word-processing software

C) Cloud-based file sharing Option (C) is correct. Cloud-based file sharing enables a user to use allotted space in a server to share information over the internet. With this, students can upload their writing onto a secure site and peer edit each other's work from there.

A kindergarten teacher opens a book to the middle of the story and asks a student, "Where on this page should I begin reading?" It is most likely that the teacher is attempting to evaluate the student's: A) Ability to draw inferences from text B) Phonological Knowledge C) Concepts about print D) Understanding of syntax

C) Concept about print Option (C) is correct. Some of the concepts of print that students must learn are that a book has a front and a back; that people begin reading words printed on the page starting at the front of the book, from the top of the page, and moving from left to right; that when readers come to the end of one line, they go to the beginning of the next line; that a period tells the reader to stop and pause; and that a question mark shows a question is being asked.

Jean is willing to hike in the snow, but Jim is reluctant and goes inside because of the frigid temperatures. Which type of context clue in the sentence helps decode the meaning of the underlined word? A) Definition B) Synonym C) Contrast D) Example

C) Contrast Option (C) is correct. Jean is willing to hike in the snow, but Jim is reluctant because he is cold and goes inside; Jim's behavior is contrasted with that of Jean's, thus helping us understand the reluctant mean not willing.

Reading simple stories with improving fluency by automatically saying two or more words in a phrase Gaining control during the reading process by using less "sounding out" Reading words that represent various long vowel sounds The list of characteristics indicates that a student is performing at which of the following stages of reading development? A) Prealphabetic B) Partial Alphabetic C) Full alphabetic D) Automatic

C) Full alphabetic Option (C) is correct. Children in the full alphabetic reading stage fain control of their reading and become more automatic readers with less sounding out. During this stage, students can read words with various endings and read simple stories with increasing fluency.

A second-grade teacher introduces a civics activity in which students sort cards into two different categories. The cards are each labeled with activities such as voting in elections, celebrating a religious holiday, volunteering at homeless shelters, and protesting an unfair law. Which of the following describes the objective of the activity? A) Creating classroom rules collectively B) Reviewing ways students can participate in society C) Identifying the rights and responsibilities of living in a democracy D) Analyzing the effectiveness of rules and laws

C) Identifying the rights and responsibilities of living in a democracy The activity requires students to understand the duties of a citizens and to distinguish between rights and responsibilities by sorting labeled cards.

Which of the following whole group activities would best support kindergarteners' understanding of a story's setting after listening to the story read aloud? A) Sequencing picture cards of the events in the story B) Creating a map showing the relationships among the characters in the story C) Identifying words, the author used to describe the story's surroundings D) Creating a chart matching the details in the story to the main idea

C) Identifying words, the author used to describe the story's surroundings Option (C) is correct. This is an activity that uses setting, which involves when and where. Identifying words that describe the story's surroundings is an appropriate way to help kindergarten students understand the concept of setting.

Which of the following is the most effective strategy for supporting an English learner who is working with phonics? A) Avoiding picture clues until the student learns basic sight words B) Encouraging the student to limit the use of a primary language in the classroom C) Implementing direct teaching of letter-sound relationships for the student D) Waiting to teach phonemes until the student has obtained oral language proficiency in English

C) Implementing direct teaching of letter-sound relationships for the student Using an approach that follows a defined sequence, such as that of direct teaching of letter-sound relationships, helps students learn the relationship between letters and sounds and gives them the ability to begin blending sounds to form words.

A third-grade teacher asks students to respond to the following prompts. "Write something when you lost something important to you". The prompt asks students to produce which of the following types of writing? A) Expository B) Informative C) Narrative D) Persuasive

C) Narrative Option (C) is correct. A narrative essay is a story written about a personal experience. The students will respond to the prompt by writing a story to describe their experience.

A second-grade curriculum requires that teachers review the importance of voting in United States elections. Which of the following purposes of teaching is best demonstrated by the requirement? A) Raising student awareness about diverse cultures B) Expanding students' knowledge of different political systems C) Preparing students to participate in a democratic society D) Preparing students to understand the different governmental branches

C) Preparing students to participate in a democratic society One purpose of teaching social studies is to create informed citizens who are capable of functioning in a democratic society.

A student reading a text out loud frequently forgets to pause and take a breath after ending punctuation in sentences. Which of the following best identifies the component of reading that the student needs further support with? A) Comprehension B) Rate C) Prosody D) Accuracy

C) Prosody The student fails to account for punctation while reading aloud.

Which of the following activities will best help students understand the structure of a science text? A) Completing a cluster diagram B) Summarizing the text C) Reviewing the subtitles D) Developing questions about the text

C) Reviewing the subtitles Option (C) is correct. Text features help students identify the structure and purpose of a nonfiction text. Examples of text features include the subtitles, headings, titles, graphics, diagrams, and captions.

When writing an informational piece on a nonfiction topic, a student considers the following questions. Does each paragraph have a clear topic sentence? Does each sentence in a paragraph relate to the topic sentence? Is there anything that needs to be added or removed? Is the vocabulary strong and precise? At which of the following steps in the writing process is the student most likely to improve the writing piece effectively? A) Prewriting B) Publishing C) Revising D) Editing

C) Revising Option (C) is correct. After a writer created a draft of a writing piece, the writer can evaluate the piece and revise elements such as content, organization, vocabulary, and clarity.

Which of the following instructional activities best develops a preschool student's understanding of how the physical characteristics of a location affect human behavior? A) Creating a graph with local area activities students enjoy doing with their families B) Reading stories aloud that depict activities students enjoy throughout the world C) Role-playing daily activities that students participate in throughout the world

C) Role-playing daily activities that students participate in throughout the world Option (C) is correct. Participating in role-playing of daily activities found in various locations will provide students with opportunities to understand that areas differ in activities because of location and weather.

Which TWO of the following history lesson activities would best facilitate the use of chronological-thinking skills? A) Determining the publication dates of historical texts in the school library B) Examining multiple eyewitness perspectives of a historical event C) Sequencing a series of events leading up to the American Revolution on a timeline D) Describing the foreign policy objectives of current world leaders E) Identifying events that contributed to trends in a graph of twentieth-century United States immigration data

C) Sequencing a series of events leading up to the American Revolution on a timeline E) Identifying events that contributed to trends in a graph of twentieth-century United States immigration data Chronological-thinking skills include the ability to place events in chronological sequence, such as on a timeline, and the ability to identify factors that contributed to changes across long periods of time, such as in data graphs.

During a history lesson, a teacher ties a string from one side of the classroom to the other. Hanging from the string at random intervals are signs labeled with events that led to the start of the American Revolution. The signs do not display the dates of the events. Students take turns moving signs on the string to appear in order from earliest to latest until the signs are all in their correct order. A) Students will demonstrate the ability to consider alternate points of view B) Students will compare and contrast the characteristics of famous individuals C) Students will identify cause-and-effect relationship to determine chronology. D) Students will analyze historical data to determine the importance of historical events

C) Students will identify cause-and-effect relationship to determine chronology. Each sign is not labeled with the data of the event, so the activity requires students to consider the cause-and-effect relationships of events to assist them in determining the chronological order.

Which TWO of the following events contributed to the outbreak of the American Revolution? A) The ratification of the US constitution B) The election of Geroge Washington as president C) The passage of the Intolerable Acts D) The signing of the Treaty of Paris E) The convening of the First Continental Congress

C) The passage of the Intolerable Acts E) The convening of the First Continental Congress The Intolerable Acts were laws passed by British in 1774 to punish Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party protest. The First Continental Congress convened in 1774 to organize colonial resistance to the Intolerable Acts. Both events directly contributed to the outbreak of the first battles of the Revolutionary War, which were fought on April 18th and 19th, 1775. The other events listed occurred after the outbreak of the war.

A first-grade teacher is selecting texts for a science unit on butterflies. Which of the following is most important for the teacher to consider when creating the text set? A) The texts should include textbook passages about butterflies. B) The texts should use more illustrations and diagrams than words. C) The texts should a meaningful connection to the anchor text D) The texts should be from the same genre.

C) The texts should a meaningful connection to the anchor text Option (C) is correct. The anchor text should be the foundation of the text set, as such the texts in the set should have a strong connection to the anchor set.

Which of the following are sight words? A) Stool, paste, green B) Bead, paid, foil C) They, said, does D) Round, white, large

C) They, said, does Option (C) is correct. Sight words are frequently occurring words students often find in texts they read. The words "they," "said," and "does" are all sight words.

A first-grade teacher provides students with several pictures of daily school day activities, such as coming into the classroom in the morning, doing schoolwork, playing outside during recess, and boarding a school bus. The teacher asks students to place the pictures on a timeline according to when they occur in the school day. Which of the following is the primary purpose of this activity? A) To demonstrate to students how to identify commonalities among events B) To show students how to prioritize tasks on a list according to importance C) To introduce students to the idea of placing events in a chronological order

C) To introduce students to the idea of placing events in a chronological order Option (C) is correct. Early elementary social studies lessons typically introduce the concept of chronology using daily events that the students can relate to.

I wnt to the beach this weken. Transcription: I went to the beach this weekend. The student writing shown is best described as: A) Early emergent B) Emergent C) Transitional D) Conventional

C) Transitional The student is using a combination of invented spelling and traditional spelling, which are traits of transitional writing.

Which TWO of the following books are most appropriate to use to teach third-graders about comparing and contrasting two cultures? A) The Blacker the Berry by Joyce Carol Thomas, a collection of poems celebrating the varieties of African American ethnic heritages B) Journey to Joburg by Beverly Naidoo, a book about siblings traveling through South Africa to find their mother in Johannesburg C) Two Mrs. Gibisons by Tomomi Igus, a book about a girl's relationship with her Japanese mother and African American grandmother D) Under the Moon and Over the Sea, edited by John Agard and Grace Nichols, a compilation of poems about Caribbean traditions. E) The color of Home by Mary Hoffman, is a book about a boy and his family who were forced by war to move from Somalia to the US.

C) Two Mrs. Gibisons by Tomomi Igus, a book about a girl's relationship with her Japanese mother and African American grandmother E) The color of Home by Mary Hoffman, a book about a boy and his family who were forced by war to move from Somalia to the US Two Gibsons compares and contrasts Japanese culture and African American culture. The color of home compares and contrasts Somalia with the US.

A second-grade teacher is using a globe and a world map while explaining time zones as they relate to direction. The most accurate statement the teacher could make about time zones is each time zone becomes earlier than the previous one as an individual travels. A) North across lines of latitude B) South across lines of latitude C) West across lines of longitude D) East across lines of longitude

C) West across lines of longitude Option (C) is correct. Locations are west of the International Date Line are one calendar day ahead of locations East of the line.

Which of the following best allows students to compare and contrast their cultures with the cultures of others? A) Watching a documentary on the factors that are responsible for mass migration B) Reading an article in a school newspaper about how local politics influence education in different countries C) Writing and receiving letters from peer pen pals from a school in another country

C) Writing and receiving letters from peer pen pals from a school in another country Option (C) is correct. Organizing a classroom community where students will write and receive letters from pen pals from another classroom in another country will promote literacy and increase knowledge about other cultures.

Which of the following strategies will best help students create engaging oral presentations? A) Preparing notes to read word for word during the presentation B) Providing the class with copies of the written report before the presentation. C) Writing key words and terms on notecards to refer to during the presentation.

C) Writing key words and terms on notecards to refer to during the presentation. Option (C) is correct. Preparing a note card with main points will provide the student with an outline of ideas to refer to any rime during the presentation yet allow the students to engage with the audience by using eye contact and gesture rather than looking down and reading from notes the entire time.

CVCe

CVCe words are words that contain a consonant, vowel, consonant, and then the letter e. These words can be extremely tricky because the "e" is actually silent. Not only is the e silent, but the vowel that is smushed between the two consonants becomes a long vowel.

Conventional

Conventional, or standard, spelling is the correct spelling of a word. This is the spelling you will find in the dictionary. Conventional spelling is the formal way of writing.

A third-grade student asks the teacher why it is important to learn about the cultures of other countries. Which of the following statements would be most helpful in answering the student's question? A) "TO honor an educational tradition" B) "To help students become more like each other" C) "To help us understand the contributions of ancient civilizations" D) "TO learn that people are more alike than different"

D) "TO learn that people are more alike than different" Option (D) is correct. Sociological studies suggest that intuitions, organizations, and governing rule4s are becoming more similar worldwide. By studying other cultures, we learn that we have much in common with them. Common bonds are in turn a basis for developing friendships.

As artic ice continues to melt, the polar bear's quest for food often leads to swimming long distances, ultimately ending in starvation. Last year, a policy paper outlined a multistep plan to save the ever-declining polar bear population, which included the risky suggestion to feed the bears directly. There are many endangered species on this planet, and it is not the case that one is more important or critical than another. However, when one sees candid images of these majestic creatures in their environment, it becomes apparent how desperately the need saving. The author of the passage can be described as having a point of view similar to that of: A) A politician discussing climate change B) An educator teaching a class about animal behavior C) a company executive arranging a wildlife benefit D) A conservationist pleading for a vulnerable species

D) A conservationist pleading for a vulnerable species Option (D) is correct. The excerpt is from an article that was likely written by someone with very strong feelings for vulnerable or endangered species, specifically polar bears. The tone of the article is pleading and passionate, citing other works and research the author has done to support his or her case, asking rhetorical questions, and advocating the polar bear's cause over those of other animals.

A student reading a Web article about sea turtle habitats wants to learn more about kelp forests. Which of the following text features would provide the most information about this topic? A) A caption below a photo of a sea turtle swimming B) A sidebar about how turtles build shelters underwater C) A pop-up with a glossary definition of a kelp forest D) A hyperlink to an article about underwater vegetation

D) A hyperlink to an article about underwater vegetation A hyperlink will either direct students to another Web page/article with related information or to a pop-up with related, specific information to learn more about a key word or concept.

The word part "ake" in the words "bake" and "snake" is an example of which of the following? A) A phoneme-grapheme relationship B) A long vowel /a/ digraph C) A morpheme D) A rime

D) A rime Option (D) is correct. A rime is the part of a syllable that consists of its vowel and any consonant sounds that come after it. Two common rimes are "it" and "at". It is the part of a syllable that is used in a nursery or poetic rhyme. In the familiar nursery rhyme, "Hickory, Dickory, Dock," the rime is "ock".

Which of the following situations best demonstrates the concept of interdependence? A) Mr. Scott grows all the vegetables his family ears on their farm B) A teacher rewards the student of the week with a new pencil C) Annie decides not to buy ice cream and buys a book instead D) A sports club buys lunch for its members from the local diner

D) A sports club buys lunch for its members from the local diner Option (D) is correct. Interdependence means depending on others for some needs. The sport relies on the diner to provide lunch for its members.

Which of the following is the most effective resource a social studies teacher could use to teach cause-and-effect relationship that led people to immigrate to the US throughout history? A) A list of the US cities immigrants was most likely to live in B) A map showing the US immigrants' native countries C) A pie chart showing the number of immigrants by nation D) A timeline of historical events related to immigration

D) A timeline of historical events related to immigration Option (D) is correct. The question requires an understanding of how to locate, analyze, and synthesize information related to social studies topics. Timeline shows the sequence in which events occurred and how one event is connected to the other.

After having a preschool class read an expository picture book based on an important historical topic, which of the following would be the most appropriate way for the teacher to have students demonstrate chronological-thinking skills? A) Breaking textual information in the book into units of time B) Supporting textual information in the book with a timeline C) Examining and describing artifacts used during the period in which the events of the book occur D) Arranging pictures of the events from the book in sequential order

D) Arranging pictures of the events from the book in sequential order Option (D) is correct. Chronological-thinking skills include the ability to distinguish between past, present, and future times and the ability to identify the structure of a historical narrative or story. Arranging pictures of an event in order requires chronological-thinking skills and is appropriate for this grade level.

Which of the following is the most appropriate introductory activity about syllables for a kindergarten class? A) Having children underline the vowels in a word with a red crayon. B) Asking children to draw a line to separate each syllable break in a word. C) Having children write the number of syllables in a word represented by a picture card D) Asking children to clap out and count each syllable in words as a class

D) Asking children to clap out and count each syllable in words as a class Option (D) is correct. Clapping and counting help children understand how words can be broken into syllables.

After a shared reading of a story, a teacher demonstrates a retelling strategy for the class with a think-aloud. On which of the following elements is it best for the teacher to focus? A) Determining the traits of the main characters B) Using strategies to decode words C) Making connections to similar stories D) Sequencing the events in the story

D) Sequencing the events in the story Option (D) is correct. The retelling of a story requires students to summarize events in the correct order that they occurred in the story.

A second-grade teacher labeled cardinal and intermediate directions in the classroom at the start of a unit on directions. Which of the following instructional strategies best reinforces the concept from the lesson? A) Giving students worksheets of a community map that they can complete at home B) Asking students to use the labeled directions and make a list of all possible directions C) Giving each student a compass to navigate around the school whenever possible D) Asking students to move to the northeastern side of the classroom using the labeled directions.

D) Asking students to move to the northeastern side of the classroom using the labeled directions. Option (D) is correct. Students can refer to the cardinal direction labels in the classroom and utilize this information to support the newly learned intermediate direction information.

Third-grade students are writing reports on a science topic. Which of the following tools will best help students with the assignment by initiating written discussion of their report? A) Slide-share programs B) Instant messaging applications C) Interactive whiteboards D) Blogging programs

D) Blogging programs Option (D) is correct. Blogs are regularly updated web sites or web pages that enable writers to share their pieces and allow readers to respond to the pieces using written discussion.

Which of the following activities will best help first-grade students understand changes over time? A) Investigating the cultural celebrations and holidays of other countries B) Identifying the characteristics of the individual of the year C) Analyzing the current ways energy is produced in their area D) Comparing photographs or pictures from the past with present-day images.

D) Comparing photographs or pictures from the past with present-day images. By reviewing photographs or pictures from other generations, the students will observe changes that have occurred over the years.

A teacher gives each student in a class a list containing the words "whale," "three," "ship," and "chew". Then the teacher says, "Circle the two letters in each word that go together to make the new sounds we have been learning about". The exercise can most appropriately be used to assess the students' ability to recognize which of the following? A) Consonant blends B) Double Vowel sounds C) Short vowel sounds D) Consonant digraphs

D) Consonant Digraphs Option (D) is correct. In each of the words given, there is a pair of letters that makes one sound. These pairs are "wh," "th," "sh," and "ch". The letters in the pairs are consonants, and the pair is called a consonant digraph.

Which of the following activities is best for a first-grade teacher to use when introducing basic geographic literacy skills? A) Using a legend on a map to identify landmarks and familiar buildings near the school B) Drawing a scaled map of familiar objects and locations to show relative distance C) Using a compass rose and cardinal directions to describe relationships between cities and states D) Describing how objects in the classroom would look if viewed from a hot-air balloon.

D) Describing how objects in the classroom would look if viewed from a hot-air balloon. Option (D) is correct. It is appropriate to introduce students to the concept of maps by using a very familiar environment, such as their classroom. By using the view from a hot-air balloon, it helps students understand the concept of perspective while using a map (that is seeing things from another viewpoint). This activity will also help students learn basic map features, such as directionality terms, legends, and scales.

A class is reading a story in which the main character is facing a dilemma. Which of the following activities is most likely to encourage the students to think ahead and collaboratively generate solutions to the character's dilemma? A) Have the students categorize the characters in the book into groups of major and minor importance. B) Have the students independently make a list of five possible solutions. C) Showing the students a video version of the story. D) Have students work in groups and role-play a solution.

D) Having students work in groups and role play a solution. Option (D) is correct. Only option (D) involves the students in collaborative problem solving about a book they are reading together.

A second-grade teacher begins a read-aloud of a fictional chapter book. Which of the following instructional strategies best develops students' ability to engage in character analysis to improve their comprehension of the text? A) Using a plot diagram to identify the main characters, setting, and plot events. B) Asking students to illustrate what they think the characters look like. C) Guiding a discussion in which each student explains his or her favorite character. D) Helping students relate to the characters through targeted questioning.

D) Helping students relate to the characters through targeted questioning. Option (D) is correct. Giving students the opportunity to identify things they have in common with the characters helps students build a connection to the characters and care about what happens to them.

In developing English-language proficiency, an English learner in an Early Childhood classroom would most benefit from which of the following? A) Working in first language peer group B) Receiving extensive classroom instructions C) Minimizing first language usage D) Interacting frequently with classmates.

D) Interacting frequently with classmates. Option (D) is correct. An English learner needs many opportunities to interact with students in social and academic situations provided in the classroom to increase English language proficiency.

Which of the following concepts is a second-grade teacher introducing by having students understand the consequences of breaking rules? A) Demand B) Tolerance C) Diversity D) Justice

D) Justice Justice refers to the process of using laws to fairly punish lawbreakers.

Which of the following best describes a student at the semiphonetic stage of spelling development? A) Places vowels in syllables B) Imitates writing by copying random strings of letters C) Understands word structure D) Recognizes that sounds in words are represented by letters

D) Recognizes that sounds in words are represented by letters Option (D) is correct. Semiphonetic spellers understand that sounds are represented by letters and often abbreviate spelling using initial and final sounds.

A teacher writes the following sentences on the board. The dog slept on the porch. The dog ate on the porch. The dog pretyy much lived on the porch. Then the teacher wrote the following sentence: The dog ate on the porch, slept on the porch, and pretty much lived on the porch. Which of the following language features do the sentences best demonstrate? A) Voice B) Word Choice C) Conventions D) Sentence fluency

D) Sentence fluency Option (D) is correct. The teacher converted three choppy sentences into one following sentence.

A student changes "rub" to "run" by changing the last phoneme. Which of the following best identifies the phonemic awareness skill the student is using? A) Blending B) Segmenting C) Deleting D) Substituting

D) Substituting Student has substituted the "b" in "rub" for the "n" in "run" to create a new word.

A third-grade teacher has completed a lesson on the US Constitution and wants to assess whether students understand the importance of the Bill of Rights. During a classroom activity, students work in groups to draft and ratify a classroom bill of rights. Listed below are examples of amendments suggested by some of the students. -Students must come to school on time - Students cannot go outside for recess until they clean up their desks - Students have the right to ask questions if they need help with their work - Students need to respect the teacher and the principal - Students may bring a book to share in the class library. Based on the examples suggested by the students, it is evident that further instruction is required on which of the following concepts? A) The importance of laws and rules B) The authority structure of the school faculty C) The purpose of punishments for committing crimes D) The difference between freedoms and responsibilities.

D) The difference between freedoms and responsibilities. The lesson activity is focused on the purpose and importance on the purpose and importance of the Bill of Rights, which guarantees people in the US certain rights and freedoms.

A first-grade teacher provides students with a list of words and instructs them to sort the words into the following categories. Consonant, Vowel, Consonant Consonant, Vowel, Consonant, e Consonant, Vowel, Vowel, Consonant This activity will most likely reinforce students understand of which of the following concepts? A) Rhyming Words B) Onsets and rimes C) Consonant digraphs D) Vowel patterns

D) Vowel patterns Option (D) is correct. The activity requires students to sort words based on vowel patterns.

Primary Source

They are written by people with experience. Professors in specific fields may write these. For example, diaries, artwork, poems, letters, journals, treaties, and speeches are all primary sources.

Onset and rime

Onset and rime are terms that technically describe the phonological units of a spoken syllable. Syllables are normally split up into two parts, the onset and the rime. E.g. In the word cat, c- is the onset and -at is the rime.

Volume

the loudness of the speaker.

Pace

Speed of which you speak

CVVC

The cvvc spelling pattern means consonant-vowel-vowel-consonant. A word that follows the cvvc spelling pattern will be a four-letter word. The first letter of the word will be a consonant. The second letter of the word will be a vowel.

Vetoing laws

The power of the President to refuse to approve a bill or joint resolution and thus prevent its enactment into law is the veto.

Transitional stage

The speller begins to assimilate the conventional alternative for representing sounds, moving from a dependence on phonology (sound) for representing words to a reliance on visual representation and an understanding of the structure of words. Some examples are EGUL for eagle and HIGHEKED for hiked.

Phoneme Sequence

The spelling of a word, its letter sequence which is a map of the pronunciation. Tongue Twisters make it memorable "Cats and kittens cry for Christmas"

Secondary source

They are written by people or writers seeking information or conducting research (e.g., students) For example, they can be articles, television documentaries, conferences, biographies, essays, and critiques of a piece of art.

Climax

This is the highest point of tension in your storyline, and often the point at which all the different subplots and characters converge. Typically, the climax requires the main character to face the truth or make an important choice.

Exposition

This is the reader's introduction to the story. The exposition offers background information to prime the audience for the rest of the story, including introducing the main character(s) (the "who"), setting (the "where"), and circumstances or time period (the "when").

Falling Action

This is what happens as a result of the protagonist's decision. During the falling action, the conflict gives way to resolution. Loose ends are tied up, and tension begins to dissipate.

Rising Action

This is when conflict begins to ramp up. The rising action usually begins with what's called an "inciting incident"—the triggering event that puts the main events of the story in motion. This is when the audience starts to see what your story is really about.

Early fluent readers

This stage is where the magic starts to happen. Early fluent readers are typically between the ages of 7 years and 10 years old. And at this point, not only can students identify word sounds on their own, but they can also comprehend those word meanings independently.

Medial Vowel

Vowel(s) in the middle of a word. Ex. e in get, ea in seat

Semi phonetic

When shown letters of the alphabet, they may be able to pronounce the correct phonetic sound for each letter. For example, if they see the letter "b," they may say "buh" for the /b/ sound. As they transition into writing, this phonetic learning will reflect in their sentences.

Compass Rose

a circle showing the principal directions printed on a map or chart

Legend

a description, explanation, or table of symbols printed on a map or chart to permit a better understanding or interpretation of it

Story map

a graphic organizer that helps students learn the elements of a narrative.

Contour lines

a line on a map joining points of equal height above or below sea level

Sentence fragment

a sentence that is missing either its subject or its main verb Fragment Sentence: Slammed the door and left. Revision: Sarah slammed the door and left. Fragment Sentence: That time of wonder and amazement. Revision: That was a time of wonder and amazement. Fragment Sentence: Because it was raining. Revision: We canceled the picnic because it was raining.

Diphthongs

a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another (as in coin, loud, and side ). "oy"/"oi", as in "boy" or "coin", and "ow"/ "ou", as in "cloud" or "cow".

Homonym

a word spelled exactly like another word, but having a different meaning Fair bite-bight beet-beat berry-burry

Misplaced modifier

a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies/describes. Incorrect: She wore a bicycle helmet on her head that was too large. Correct: She wore a bicycle helmet that was too large on her head. Incorrect: They bought a kitten for my brother they call Shadow. Correct: They bought a kitten they call Shadow for my brother.

Partial alphabetic

children know most letter names but just are beginning to learn the relationship between letters and their sounds. a person might pronounce ball as /bal/ instead of /bol/

narrative writing

chronological piece of writing

Compound-complex sentence

at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses When I grow up, I want to be a ballerina, and my mom is proud of me. I will get to watch television, but first, I have to clean up the dishes after we finish eating.

Phonological awareness

being able to identify words that rhyme, counting the number of syllables in a name, recognizing alliteration, segmenting a sentence into words, and identifying the syllables in a word.

Lack of parallel structure

can disrupt the rhythm of a sentence, leaving it grammatically unbalanced. Lacking parallelism: "She likes cooking, jogging, and to read." Parallel: "She likes cooking, jogging, and reading." Parallel: "She likes to cook, jog, and read."

Oral language development

developing the skills and knowledge that go into listening and speaking

Prealphabetic

do not yet understand letter-sound relationships or even know all of the letters of the alphabet This is when children use visual cues to learn to read.

open syllable

ends in a vowel able giant future menu tiny

Flowchart

help you identify its essential steps and simultaneously offer the bigger picture of the process. It organizes the tasks in chronological order and identifies them by type, e.g. process, decision, data, etc

Conventions

include both mechanics (spelling, punctuation, and capitalization; used for written language) and usage (grammar; part of both spoken and written language). Four categories of conventions are spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and grammar. Use common, proper, and possessive nouns . Form and use the past tense of frequently occurring irregular verbs (e.g., sat, hid, told). Capitalize holidays, product names, and geographic names. Spell grade-appropriate words correctly, consulting references as needed. Use punctuation to separate items in a series.

Revising

is making structural and logical changes to your text—reformulating arguments and reordering information. The writer does this for themselves

Articulation

making sounds. The production of sounds involves the coordinated movements of the lips, tongue, teeth, palate (top of the mouth) and respiratory system (lungs). There are also many different nerves and muscles used for speech.

Cluster diagram

organize the information of your life.

Substitution

phonemic awareness skill in which students will delete a sound in a word and then replace it with a new sound to make a new word. For example, the teacher might say, "Start with the word cat. Now change the /c/ to a /b/."

Early Emergent Readers

readers are just beginning to grasp the basic concepts of book and print. They are acquiring a command of the alphabet with the ability to recognize and name upper- and lowercase letters. They are also developing many phonological awareness skills, such as recognizing phonemes, syllables, and rhyme. Early emergent readers are just beginning their reading journey. These students are typically 6 months to 6 years old and are learning the alphabet. As they advance, these readers begin to recognize the difference in uppercase and lowercase letters.

deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.) All of our snowstorms come from the north.

Editing

refers to making more local changes to things like sentence structure and phrasing to make sure your meaning is conveyed clearly and concisely. ANYONE can do this for the writer

Enforcing laws

simply means to ensure that the law is being followed.

closed syllable

syllable that ends with a consonant cat he hat dish

Phonemic awareness

the ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. about the being able to hear and manipulate the smallest unit of sound, a phoneme! For example, being able to hear /c/ and /a/ and /t/ in the word cat requires phonemic awareness. Another example would being able to hear /sh/ and /a/ and /ck/ in the word shack.

Main Idea

the author's message about the topic.

Expository

the background information on the characters and setting explained at the beginning of the story

Rimes

the string of letters that follow the onset which contains the vowel and any final consonants. E.g. In the word cat, c- is the onset, and -at is the rime. Understanding onset and rhyme, and rhyming, builds learners' awareness of common word parts. E.g. In the word cat, c- is the onset, and -at is the rime. snake: /ake/ car: /ar/ fan /an/ Kite /ite/

Segmentation

the word cat is made up of three sounds /c/-/a/-/t/ together these sounds produce the spoken word cat. Segmenting is the process of breaking a word down into its individual sounds. For example, the word cat is made up of three sounds. You can break it down into its three sounds /c/-/a/-/t/.

long vowel sound

those in which the sounds of the letters A, E, I, O, and U match the spoken name of the letter

Pitch

to express our emotions and attitude through a change in our intonation, or the tone of our voice. We also use pitch in order to express stress, or when we make one syllable of a word l-o-n-g-e-r, LOUDER, and higher in pitch.

Making laws

to legislate or to enact a law. Making a law is a complicated and a lengthy process and which includes a series of steps starting from drafting a bill until the President signs the bill and the same becomes a law.

CCVC

trap, chop, stun, grit, shop.

Consonant digraphs

two or more consonants that, together, represent one sound An example would be the consonants, "g" and "n" that form the grapheme "gn" and represent the sound /n/ in words like gnome and gnat.

Short Vowel Sounds

vowel pronunciation that is the sound of the letter, rather than the name of the vowel in the alphabet mad, sell, ten, step, nest, gas, van, man, fan

Full alphabetic

when they know the relationships between letters and their sounds (e.g., the letter "m" corresponds to the sound /mmmm/), and they begin to use this knowledge to decode words.)

Consonant blends

when two or more consonants are blended together, but each sound may be heard in the blend. EX. bl, cl, fl, gl, pl, sl, br, cr, dr, fr, gr, pr, tr, sc, sl, sm, sn, sp, squ, st, sw, and three letter blends such as spr, str, shr.