Early Modern Europe Study Guide
Thirty Years" War
(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
How did the Italian city-states come to dominate trade after the Crusades?
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How did the Puritans come to win the English Civil War?
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How did the Thirty Years War change the political balance of Europe and devastate Germany?
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How did the United Provinces of the Netherlands differ from other European states?
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How did the absolute monarchs weaken the powers of the nobility during this period?
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War of the Spanish Succession
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What was the "Tudor Contract" and how did it lead to the English Civil War?
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What was the economic effect in Europe of the colonization of the Americas? How did this weaken the Spanish Empire?
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What was the main cause of the eight civil wars fought in France between 1562 and 1598? How did these wars lead to the development of absolutism in France?
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What was the reason for Henry VIII's break from the Roman Catholic Church?
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Gentry
1. Aristocratic or well-bred people 2. In Britain, the class under the aristocracy
Charles I (England)
1600-1649; King of England 1625-1649; numerous conflicts with Parliament; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; eventually provoked Civil War, convicted of treason, and beheaded
Ivan the Terrible (Russia)
1st Czar of Russia. Oppressed boyars and peasants. Death of his wife made him evil. Renounced his thrown but came back when asked and got even more power.
Hernando Cortez
A brash and determined Spanish adventurer, Hernando Cortez crossed the Hispaniola to mainland Mexico with six hundred men, seventeen horses and ten canons. Within three years, Cortez had taken captive the Aztec emperor Montezuma, conquered the rich Aztec empire and found Mexico City as the capital of New Spain. (p.508-510)
How did joint-stock companies make exploration and colonization possible?
A business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then sharwe the profits.
Absolute Monarchy
A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society.
Caravel
A new type of sailing vessel invented in the 14th century which allowed long voyages of exploration.
Glorious Revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.
How did the events between 1640 and 1688 create the system of government that England has today?
During the course of the 17th century, the political system of England changed from the Absolute Monarchy of the Tudors to Constitutional Monarchy and the rule of Parliament like it is today.after disasterous times of absolute monarchy like with Louis XIV, europe learned to constitutionalize and limit the power of kings.
What was the compromise known as the "Elizabethan Settlement" about?
Elizabeth wished to restore the Protestant Church of England. included THE ACT OF SUPREMACY (gave Elizabeth ultimate control of the Church of England) and THE ACT OF UNIFORMITY (establishing a set form of worship).
Maria Theresa (Austria)
Empress of Austria who attempted to strengthen Austria, but failed losing Silesia in the Austrian Succession. She had three reforms: 1) measures to limit the papacy's political influence in her realm; 2) administrative reforms that strengthened the central bureaucracy and revamped the taxing system; and 3) improve the lot of the agricultural population.
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de
First European to cross the Istmus of Panama and see the Pacific Ocean.
Seven Years' War
Fought between Prussia and Britain against Austria, France, Russia and a number of smaller states (1756 to 1763).
Peter the Great (Russia)
He traveled west and then tried to westernize the Russian Military. He wanted to catch up to modern times. He was impressed with the English and the Dutch system. After returning to Russia, Peter entered into a secret alliance with Denmark and Poland to wage a sudden war on Sweden. Sweden had an absolute monarchy and a good standing army. Charles XII defeated Denmark and turned on Russia. This was the beginning of the Great Northern War. Russia was losing the first half of the War. Then, Russia won the Battle of Poltava. Peter got the standing army and created St. Petersburg on the land that he won (marshy area). He forced the nobles to live there. He also won access to the Baltic Sea (North). He didn't win anything on the South.
Line of Demarcation
Imaginary line drawn by the Treaty of Tordesillas.
Louis XIV (France)
Is The most powerful Bourbon monarch. He became king at age 5, so his mother Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin made his decisions basically ruling France. As a kid he was traumatized from the Fronde revolt. He Built Versailles to demonstrate power and glory. He followed Richelieu's practices and than appointed Jean Colbert and Francois Michel as economic and finical minister. His religious policy regarded the Huguenots and persecuted them.
Anastasia Romanov
Ivan IV's wife and the first official tsaritsa. People believed she was a model of virtue and possessed a blessed womb for birthing future tsars
Phillip II (Spain)
King of Spain, the Spanish Netherlands and the Spanish colonial empire.
Bourbon Monarchy
Louis XIII's monarchy
Richelieu, Cardinal
Main Goal: to strengthen the French State; passed a law forbidding nobles from having castles. During the Thirty Years' War, he took the Protestant side to keep Austria from gaining too much power over France.
Henry IV (France)
Orginally Henry of Navarre. He was a Politique . He became a Catholic because he knew most of France was Catholic. He gave the Huguenots religious liberty. His rule paved the way for French absolutism and helped restore internal peace in France. (Issued Edict of Nantes).
What was the purpose for the building of St. Petersburg in Russia?
Peter the Great wanted to promote education and growth and also wanted a seaport that would make it easier to travel to the west. So he built st. Petersburg on a part of the baltic coast (after fighting Sweden for 21 yrs. for the land).
Magellan, Ferdinand
Portugese navigator who's crew first sailed around the world.
Elizabeth I (England)
She supported the northern protestant cause as a safeguard against Spain attacking England. She had her rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, beheaded. Elizabeth I of England succeeded Mary and reestablished Protestantism in England.
Pizarro, Francisco
Spanish conquistador "discovered" the Incan empire and conquered it brutally and quickly, stealing immense hoards of gold, silver, and other treasures.
William of Orange (Netherlands)
Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht, and Margrave of Antwerp.
Aztecs
The Azetcs were a Native American Empire who lived in Mexico. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. They worshipped everything around them especially the sun. Cortes conquered them in 1521.
"Divine Right"
The idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted ad God's representative on Earth.
James I (England)
The son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, he succeeded the childless Elizabeth as James I of England. He was not popular and was an outsider. He inherited a large royal debt and a divided church.
James II (England)
Unpopular catholic king flaunts Catholicism Overthrown in the glorious revolution Flees to England
William and Mary (England)
Who: Became the joint monarchs of England in 1689. They were offered the throne after James II fled during the Glorious Revolution in an under the table offer. Relevance: In order to take the throne they needed to sign off on the English Bill of Rights, which effectively created the constitutional monarchy system in England. They were largely controlled throughout their reign by Parliament and their powers were severely limited by Parliament.
Frederick the Great (Prussia)
aka, Frederick II of Prussia. He seizes Silesia from Maria Theresa, thinking it merely another German territory rather than a leading power in the region, spurring the War of the Austrian Succession. He again sparks the Seven Years' War, by invading Saxony, thinking it a part of an Austrian-French conspiracy in diminishing Prussia's power. He earned his second title from the latter war. As the result of both wars, he succeeds in doubling the size of Prussia.
Boyars
b, landowning nobles of Russia
What was the purpose of the Edict of Nantes and why was it later revoked?
it declared religious freedom for huguenots. (done by Henry IV). Later it was revoked by Louis XIV because he felt that the huguenots threatened the union of his country.
How did the economy of central and eastern Europe differ from that of western Europe?
pg 609 ?
Henry VIII (England)
ruled England from 1509-1547 and remains one of that country's most famous and controversial kings. Henry's hearty appetites and fickle passions are legendary, and his demand for a male heir led him to marry six different women. (Two of those wives, Anne Boleyn and Katharine Howard, were executed on his order.) Henry's divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, led the king to split with the Catholic Church and found his own church, the Church of England, which in turn set the stage for the English Reformation and for religious battles which lasted for centuries.
Limited Monarchy
system of government in which a king or queen sits on the throne but does not have absolute power, and in which a constitution limits the monarch's power
Restoration
the re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660
War of the Austrian Succession
when Frederick II of Prussia fought Maria theresa for the austrian land of Silesia (which produced iron ore, textiles, and food products). He underestimated her strength to defend her lands, and sent an army to occupy silesia. By the end of the war prussia got silesia and became a major european power.
