Earth 101 mid term ch.1-6

Mantle convection: a. Was proposed by Hess as the driver of seafloor movement. b. Is the product of heat flow within Earth's interior. c. Is thought to resemble the action in a lava lamp. d. Causes rifting and seafloor movement between spreading centers and subduction zones. e. All of the above.

All of the above

Many minerals are useful in everyday life. Some examples include: a. Feldspar and quartz. b. Clay and gypsum. c. Graphite and chalcopyrite. d. Copper and titanium. e. All of the above.

All of the above

Volcanic hazards include a. Noxious gases. b. Heavy ash fall. c. Lahars. d. Earthquakes. e. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

The most dangerous type of volcanism is a. Arc volcanism. b. Spreading center volcanism. c. Shield volcanoes. d. Basaltic magma sources. e. Fracture zone volcanism.

Arc volcanism

Which of these volcanoes is being fed by magma with the highest viscosity?

a

Fill in the letter of the most likely type of volcano to occur in each tectonic setting. oceanic hot spot volcanic arc island arc

a b b

Identify the following rocks as (a) igneous, (b) sedimentary, or (c) metamorphic.

b,a,c

The photo shows an example of what type of eruption? a. explosive b. effusive c. phreatomagmatic

explosive

_________ Earthquakes that occur far from plate boundaries are not related to plate tectonics. True False

false

The African rift valley is an example of (a. spreading center b. arc c. intraplate) volcanism.

spreading center

Identify the lava shown in the two images below. a. (a) is aa; (b) is pahoehoe b. (a) is pahoehoe; (b) is aa

(a) is aa; (b) is pahoehoe

Which answer best describes the composition of these rocks? Image showing two rock crystals. a. (a) is mafic; (b) is intermediate b. (a) is intermediate; (b) is mafic c. both are mafic d. both are intermediate

(a) is intermediate; (b) is mafic

On this diagram, locate the following parts of the atom: Scheme of an atom. 1. Electron 2. Neutron 3. Proton 4. Second energylevel electron shell 5. Nucleus 6. First energy-level electron shell

1) c 2) e 3) a 4) f 5) b 6) d

Match the texture terms with the appropriate description: 1) Aphanitic a. Two sizes of crystals 2) Vesicular b. Fused, glassy shards 3) Pyroclastic c. Small crystals 4) Porphyritic d. Many small openings produced by escaping gas1

1) c 2) d 3) b 4) a

On the block diagram, match each plutonic body with the letter (a-f) of its label. Block diagram depicting various plutonic bodies. 1. Sill 2. Batholith 3. Dike 4. Xenolith 5. Volcanic pipe 6. Stock

1) c 2) e 3) a 4) f 5) b 6) d

The energy that is destined to become sunlight may take _____ years to travel from the Sun's core to its surface. a. 10 b. 100 c. 100,000 d. 1,000,000 e. 1000

1,000,000

This map shows the age of the seafloor across the northern extent of the Atlantic Ocean. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge can be seen extending roughly north-south (in the yellow band) down the middle of the map. Illustration of seafloor. Yellow through dark brown colors show rocks of similar age. Number them on the map from 1 (oldest) through 5 (youngest).

1,2,3,4,5

The rock cycle is: a. A concept describing how rocks are moved in running water. b. A concept describing the fact that rocks roll downhill. c. A concept proposing that rocks are naturally recycled. d. A concept predicting that rocks eventually return to their place of origin. e. None of the above.

A concept proposing that rocks are naturally recycled.

A Plinian-style eruption is characterized by: a. Phreatomagmatic explosions. b. Fissure eruptions and high volumes of lava. c. A massive eruption column of gas and pyroclastic debris. d. A lack of pyroclastic debris. e. Lava effusion.

A massive eruption column of gas and pyroclastic debris.

Welded tuff is made of a. Basaltic magma b. A pyroclastic flow that has cooled c. Effusively erupted lava d. Vesicular lapilli e. All of these are correct

A pyroclastic flow that has cooled

The silica compound takes the shape of: a. A rectangle. b. A tetrahedron. c. A polygon. d. A polymer. e. Magma.

A tetrehedron

Someday, the Atlantic seafloor may begin to subduct beneath the eastern United States. This is most likely to produce: a. An island arc b. A hotspot c. A mid-ocean ridge d. A volcanic arc e. A large igneous province

A volcanic arc

What is the best definition of a volcano? a. Any landform from which lava, gas, or ashes escape from underground, or has done so in the past. b. A large mountain that spews lava, gas, or ashes. c. Any feature on Earth that emits gas and lava, or has done so in the past. d. A hole in the ground from which lava escapes. e. A layer of ash on sloping ground.

Any landform from which lava, gas, or ashes escape from underground, or has done so in the past.

Pillow lavas a. Occur where basaltic magma intrudes continental crust. b. Are found at rhyolite lava flows. c. Indicate that a hotspot has formed at a large igneous province. d. Result from aphanitic texture combining with phaneritic texture. e. Are a sign of basaltic extrusion on the seafloor.

Are a sign of basaltic extrusion on the seafloor.

Divergent plate boundaries: a. Occur where two plates move toward one another. b. Are characterized by rifting or tearing open of the lithosphere. c. Are relatively rare on Earth's surface. d. Usually form in ancient cold crust. e. Are marked by side-to-side plate movement.

Are characterized by rifting or tearing open of the lithosphere.

Lapilli a. Are produced by a gas-rich eruption b. An effusive eruption c. Basaltic pahoehoe flows d. Are rare and only found on the seafloor e. All of these are correct

Are produced by a gas-rich eruption

Volcanoes are located a. Far from plate boundaries. b. Exclusively at plate boundaries. c. At plate boundaries and hotspots. d. Wherever earthquakes break the crust. e. None of these is correct

At plate boundaries and hotspots.

Comets have two tails. One tail points (a. away from b. toward) the (a. Sun b. Earth c. asteroid belt) and the other points (a. away from b. toward) the direction of travel.

Away from, sun, away from

The dwarf planets are: a. Mercury, Earth, and Mars b. Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, and Mercury c. Eris, Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, and Makemake d. There are no dwarf planets, only moons e. None of the above

Eris, Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, and Makemake

What type of magma will feed a volcano where a hotspot intrudes continental crust? a. Felsic b. Intermediate c. Mafic d. Ultramafic e. None of these is correct

Felsic

Which of the following is in order from felsic to ultramafic? a. Granite, peridotite, andesite, basalt b. Basalt, peridotite, granite, gabbro c. Andesite, gabbro, basalt, rhyolite d. Rhyolite, granite, peridotite, andesite e. Granite, diorite, gabbro, peridotite

Granite, diorite, gabbro, peridotite

Why are hotspots characterized by both explosive and nonexplosive volcanism? a. Because they always occur near seawater. b. Hotspots are never explosive. c. Because of their high temperature. d. Hotspots may have different types of magma sources. e. Hotspots are only explosive if they have a basaltic magma source.

Hotspots may have different types of magma sources.

Which of the following statements is most likely to be proven using the scientific method? a. My dog is better than your dog. b. Bacteria cause tooth decay. c. That is a beautiful flower. d. Apples taste better than bananas. e. All of the above.

Bacteria cause tooth decay

Typically, large scale volcanic terrains are formed by massive eruptions of _____________ lava. a. Hotspot b. Rhyolitic c. Explosive d. Basaltic e. Andesitic

Basaltic

The three types of magma are a. Mafic, aphanitic, and felsic b. Felsic, intermediate, and ultramafic c. Rhyolitic, basaltic, and granitic d. Basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic e. Rhyolitic, dioritic, granitic

Basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic

The important rock-forming minerals include: a. Feldspars, biotite, and garnet. b. Calcite, feldspars, biotite, and amphiboles. c. Amphiboles, feldspars, quartz, and rutile. d. Rutile, amphibole, calcite, and garnet. e. Quartz, feldspar, granite, and basalt.

Calcite, feldspars, biotite, and amphiboles.

Geologic hazards: a. Are impossible to prevent. b. Can be eliminated as we learn more about plate tectonics. c. Cannot always be prevented but often can be avoided. d. Rarely result from human actions. e. Tend to cluster in distant areas.

Cannot always be prevented but often can be avoided

What is planetesimal accretion? a. The collapse of the Kuiper Belt into the core region b. Collisions of bits of ice, gas, and dust grew into planetesimals, planetary embryos, and, eventually, planets c. Jupiter, with its huge mass, broke into pieces that eventually became the major planets d. The solar wind tore the young planets into smaller pieces called planetesimals, and these later grew together to form the present planets e. The solar wind kept the planets in their positions

Collisions of bits of ice, gas, and dust grew into planetesimals, planetary embryos, and, eventually, planets

The Himalayas are an example of: a. Extraterrestrial impact. b. Continent-ocean convergence. c. A subduction zone. d. Continent-continent convergence. e. All of the above.

Continent-continent convergence

Three plate boundaries, defined by relative motion, are: a. Converging, diverging, and lateral. b. Convergent, divergent, and transform. c. Strike slip, hotspot, and spreading center. d. Spreading center, transform, and divergent. e. All of the above.

Convergent, divergent, and transform.

Magma that is cooling undergoes: a. Crystallization. b. Recrystallization. c. Partial melting. d. Refractionation. e. Erosion.

Crystallization

Which of the following are contained in volcanic outgassing? Enter Y or N for each gas. Map of the seafloor looking along a spreading center a. water b. carbon dioxide c. oxygen d. hydrogen e. sulfur dioxide f. nitrogen g. dioxin

a. y b. y c. n d. y e. y f. n g. n

Monogenetic volcanic fields a. are characterized by Plinean eruptions. b. develop from multiple magma types. c. are built by slow lava delivery, through multiple vents. d. continuously build a central vent type of volcano. e. All of these are correct.

are built by slow lava delivery, through multiple vents.

Match the following terms to the figure (a, b, or c) that depicts the geologic hazard:

c,a,b

What physical property of minerals is illustrated in this photo? a. cleavage b. hardness c. fracture

cleavage

Few volcanoes actually erupt lava; most erupt granite. True False

false

Shield volcanoes always occur at convergent margins. True False

false

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is actually a monogenetic field. True False

false

Study the following images. In the blanks next to each description, use one of three options to describe whether it exploits geologic resources at the same rate, faster, or slower than they are naturally renewed. Photos of a young woman drinking water from a pet bottle and oil machine, soil erosion Fresh water use: a. same rate b. faster c. slower Pumping oil a. same rate b. faster c. slower Soil erosion a. same rate b. faster c. slower Gold mining a. same rate b. faster c. slower

faster, faster, faster, faster

Within the most abundant class, the most abundant group of minerals is ______. 1. copper 2. olivine 3. pyroxene 4. feldspar

feldspar

Generally speaking, volcanic arc magma is more (a. felsic b. mafic) than island arc magma.

felsic

Choose the seven common types of igneous rock (drag correct answers).

granite, rhyolite, diorite, andesite, gabbro, basalt, and peridotite.

The igneous rocks in Figure. 5.2 (a) and (b) are (respectively): a. intrusive; extrusive b. extrusive; intrusive c. both are intrusive d. both are extrusive

intrusive; extrusive

Most melting in the mantle is a result of: a. High-pressure melting. b. Decompression melting. c. Sudden increases in temperature. d. Cool, stable mantle. e. None of the above.

Decompression melting.

The rock cycle is a concept that: a. Has no relationship to plate tectonics. b. Is not widely accepted. c. Describes the recycling of rock. d. Was first described only two decades ago. e. All of the above.

Describes the recycling of rock.

Mineral ores are rarely found in dense concentrations. instead they occur as a. Disseminated rock piles. b. Diffuse ore collections. c. Reclamation waste rock. d. Disseminated ore deposits. e. None of these is correct.

Disseminated ore deposits.

Mercury, Venus, and Mars are different from Earth because: a. They are closer to the Sun b. Earth has volcanoes and they do not c. Earth currently has liquid water and they do not d. Earth is the only planet with ice this close to the Sun e. They are all in retrograde orbit

Earth currently has liquid water and they do not

How is Earth organized? a. Earth has an inner and outer core, a mantle, and a crust. b. Earth has an inner mantle and an outer lithosphere, with a liquid inner core. c. Earth's crust rests atop the liquid mantle and the solid outer core. d. The inner core is solid, the mantle is solid, and the crust is solid under the continents and liquid under the oceans. e. None of the above.

Earth has an inner and outer core, a mantle, and a crust

The subdivisions of the geologic time scale that represent the greatest expanse of time are called: a. Epochs. b. Eras. c. Eons. d. Periods. e. Eternity.

Eons

The source of Earth's heat is a combination of: a. Extraterrestrial impacts, gravitational energy, and radioactivity b. Nuclear fusion, volcanism, and compression c. Compression, volcanism, and solar wind d. Solar wind, radioactivity, and gravitational energy e. None of the above

Extraterrestrial impacts, gravitational energy, and radioactivity

Granite is formed at spreading centers. True False

False

To be considered a mineral, a substance must ________. a. Have a specific chemical composition. b. Be formed by inorganic processes. c. Be a naturally formed solid. d. Have a characteristic crystal structure. e. Have all of the characteristics listed above.

Have all of the characteristics listed above.

Mafic means; felsic means: a. High in iron, magnesium, and calcium; high in silicon and oxygen b. High in calcium and magnesium; high in silicon, oxygen, and iron c. High in iron and oxygen; high in silicon, calcium, and magnesium d. High in silicon, oxygen, and calcium; high in iron and magnesium e. Volcanic; plutonic

High in iron, magnesium, and calcium; high in silicon and oxygen

The viscosity of magma increases when: a. High silica content builds tetrahedral chains. b. Low silica content dissolves tetrahedral chains. c. High gas content breaks down tetrahedral chains. d. Low gas content breaks down tetrahedral chains. e. The number of tetrahedra decreases.

High silica content builds tetrahedral chains.

The outer gaseous giants are characterized by abundant (a. silica b. hydrogen c. metals d. solid rock) while the inner terrestrial planets are characterized by abundant (a. silica b. helium c. hydrogen d. methane).

Hydrogen, Silica

The major gases in the solar system include: a. Ice, argon, methane, and carbon b. Hydrogen, helium, methane, and carbon dioxide. c. Lithium, beryllium, carbon, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide d. Ammonia, oxygen, helium, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and water e. Water, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, helium, lithium, and carbon monoxide

Hydrogen, helium, methane, and carbon dioxide.

Comets are made of: a. Molten rock b. Ice, gas, and mineral grains c. Lithium snow and asteroid fragments d. Rock and a thin atmosphere of argon e. Mostly potassium and oxygen

Ice, gas, and mineral grains

The three rock groups are: a. Oceanic, continental, and Pangaea. b. Weathered, eroded, and contorted. c. Molten, crustal, and recycled. d. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. e. Shale, sandstone, and basalt.

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

Evidence that the polarity of Earth's geomagnetic field has reversed in the past is found: a. In magnetic eruptions in volcanic arcs. b. In magnetic reversals recorded by iron minerals in oceanic crust. c. In accretionary prisms. d. Where magma develops above a subducting slab. e. All of the above.

In magnetic reversals recorded by iron minerals in oceanic crust.

To identify a mineral sample quickly, geologists use: a. Physical size. b. Color. c. Physical properties. d. Laboratory analysis. e. None of the above.

Physical properties.

Plate tectonics is important to igneous evolution because: a. Plate tectonics formed the first igneous rocks billions of years ago. b. Melting does not occur at plate boundaries. c. Mantle plumes occur only at spreading centers. d. Plate tectonics provides for many igneous environments. e. Plate tectonics does not allow for partial melting

Plate tectonics provides for many igneous environments

Fool's gold is a. Hematite. b. Calcite. c. Pyrite. d. Talc. e. None of the above.

Pyrite

What is igneous rock? a. Rock produced by crystallization of magma b. Rock composed of sediments c. Rock derived from pressure d. Rock that mixes the mantle and crust e. None of the above

Rock produced by crystallization of magma

Deposition, compaction, and cementation are associated with a. Igneous rocks. b. Sedimentary rocks. c. Metamorphic rocks. d. Crystallization and metamorphosis. e. All of these are correct.

Sedimentary rocks

In most cases, magma differentiation produces magma with higher __________ content than the parent magma. a. Aluminum b. Silica c. Pyroclastic d. Mineral e. None of the above

Silica

In Earth's crust, the most abundant class of minerals is ______. 1. silicates 2. oxides 3. halides 4. native elements

Silicates

The two most abundant elements in the crust form: a. Oxides. b. Sulfates. c. Silicates. d. Carbonates. e. Halides.

Silicates

Silicates are constructed by: a. Carbon and hydrogen. b. Iron and oxygen. c. Silica and feldspar. d. Silicon and oxygen. e. None of the above.

Silicon and Oxygen

Which of the following is the name of a hypothesis explaining the origin of the solar system? a. Planetesimal collision b. Nebular expansion c. Solar nebula d. Nuclear fusion e. Solar objects

Solar Nebula

The mantle consists largely of _____ . a. solid rock b. magma c. turbulent gases d. liquid iron

Solid rock

The Principle of Uniformitarianism: a. Describes the need for more uniform scientific research. b. Was put forth by Charles Darwin to describe the evolution of life through time. c. States that the study of modern geologic processes is useful for understanding past events in Earth history. d. States that episodes of geologic time are typically equal, or uniform, in length. e. None of these answers is correct.

States that the study of modern geologic processes is useful for understanding past events in Earth history

Which of the following best describes the difference between sulfates and sulfides? a. Sulfates include nitrogen; sulfides do not. b. Sulfides are metals bonded with sulfur; sulfates are metals bonded with sulfate anion. c. Sulfates are metals bonded with inorganic carbon; sulfides are metals bonded with water molecules. d. Sulfates are formed only in igneous rocks; sulfides are formed in all types of rock. e. All of the above.

Sulfides are metals bonded with sulfur; sulfates are metals bonded with sulfate anion

The mineral hematite is mined for iron to make steel. Its chemical formula is Fe2O3. This means a. The mineral is a source of oxygen that we breath. b. The ratio of iron to oxygen is 2/3. c. The ratio of iron to oxygen is 3/2. d. There is more iron in the mineral than there is oxygen. e. None of these is correct.

The ratio of iron to oxygen is 2/3.

Bowen's Reaction Series describes: a. The sequence in which minerals melt in rapidly heating magma. b. The sequence in which plutons are formed in migrating magma. c. The sequence in which rocks are formed in average continental crust. d. The sequence in which minerals crystallize in cooling magma. e. None of the above.

The sequence in which minerals crystallize in cooling magma.

Why do the outer planets and their moons consist mostly of ice and gas while the inner planets are made up mostly of rock and metal? a. The solar wind stripped the inner planets of volatile compounds. b. The outer gas giants had greater volcanism, which produced large quantities of gases. c. Gravity sucked the gases from the inner planets into the Sun. d. Solar heat is so limited in the outer portion of the solar system that solids turn into gas. e. Far from the Sun, the outer gas giants are made of ice.

The solar wind stripped the inner planets of volatile compounds.

How does the chemical differentiation of Earth today reflect the influence of the iron catastrophe? a. There is more iron in the core than in the crust. b. The lower lithosphere stores most of Earth's iron. c. Much of Earth's iron has escaped as a result of extraterrestrial impacts. d. Iron is relatively rare in Earth. e. None of the above.

There is more iron in the core than in the crust

Andesite is formed at subduction zones True False

True

Basalt is formed at hotspots. True False

True

Gabbro is formed at spreading centers. True False

True

Geologists "read" the evidence of past events in Earth's history by analyzing rocks and sediments. ______ The outcrop in this image reveals a faulting event. True False

True

In this image, solar wind is responsible for deforming Earth's geomagnetic field.

True

Nuclear fusion is causing the Sun to weigh less over time. True False

True

The shape of a volcano is largely due to the chemistry of the magma True False

True

Thus far, there has been no direct observation of flowing water on Mars. True False

True

The order of mineral crystallization is, typically: a. Felsic, mafic, intermediate, ultramafic. b. Felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic. c. Ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, felsic. d. Mafic, ultramafic, felsic, intermediate. e. All of the above.

Ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, felsic.

Magnetic reversals are caused by: a. Lunar gravitational effects. b. Changes in the rate at which Earth orbits the Sun. c. Impacts of extraterrestrial objects. d. Unknown causes. e. Faster subduction rates across Earth.

Unknown causes

What are the three products of volcanism? a. Gas, water, and dust b. Rock, lava, and intrusions c. Volcanic gas, lava, and pyroclastic debris d. Pyroclastic debris, fluid lava, and hardened lava e. Volcanoes, craters, and vents

Volcanic gas, lava, and pyroclastic debris

Subduction occurs: a. When one plate melts into another. b. When a lithospheric plate is recycled into Earth's interior. c. When a plate enters the inner core. d. When a continent is recycled beneath an overriding plate. e. During orogenesis.

When a lithospheric plate is recycled into Earth's interior.

A large igneous province may mark the point at which a mantle plume first discharged lava onto Earth's crust. True False

true

Rhyolite caldera complexes most commonly are formed in places where continental crust is partially melted, producing a high-silica magma source. True False

true

The higher the silica content of its magma source, the more likely a volcano is to erupt explosively. True False

true

______ Most of Earth's more than 4,000-plus minerals are compounds formed by the bonding of two or more elements. True False

true

________ Certain cations can substitute for one another because they have a similar size and charge. True False

true

Copper, quartz, and pyrite are examples, respectively, of: a. oxides, sulfides, and phosphates b. phosphates, sulfides, and carbonates c. oxides, silicates, and phosphates d. native elements, silicates, and sulfides

native elements, silicates, and sulfides

Magma from the mantle is relatively enriched in __________ compared to magma made from continental rocks. a. silica b. muscovite c. quartz d. sodium e. none of the above

none of the above

The key to understanding a shield volcanoes shape is a. Its steep slopes. b. Its explosive history. c. The andesitic magma that it is built with. d. The gas-rich character of the magma source. e. none of these is correct.

none of these is correct.

The texture of these rocks is: Image showing two rock crystals. a. aphanitic; phaneritic b. phaneritic; aphanitic c. both are aphanitic d. both are phaneritic

phaneritic; aphanitic

Examine the cross section (above). Match locations (a through f) with these terms associated with plate tectonics:

subduction zone (d) magma (f) deep-sea trench(b) rift valley (e) seafloor spreading (a) mantle (c)

Pyroclastic flows come from a. An effusive eruption b. An explosive eruption c. Submarine eruptions d. Large igneous provinces e. None of these is correct

An explosive eruption

Match these terms to the figure:

1. Stratovolcano -c 2. Hotspot- f 3. Rhyolite caldera complex- a 4. Island arc- b 5. Volcanic arc- g 6. Shield volcano- d 7. Mid-ocean ridge- e

Volcanic arcs are typically composed of: a. Granite and gabbro. b. Gabbro and peridotite. c. Rhyolite and andesite. d. Andesite and diorite. e. All of the above.

Andesite and diorite.

One of the isotopes of the element carbon (atomic no. 6) has a mass number of 13. How many neutrons does this isotope have in its nucleus? a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 14 e. None of the above

7

A lava dome: a. Is formed by a large pile of cinders in the shape of a cone. b. Acts like a plug in a vent and so is usually explosively expelled. c. Is found only in shield volcanoes over hotspots. d. Is typically composed of low-silica basalt. e. All of the above.

Acts like a plug in a vent and so is usually explosively expelled.

A hypothesis must be testable so that: a. It can be objectively evaluated. b. Its accuracy can be independently assessed. c. Its ability to make accurate predictions can be appraised. d. It is possible to revise the hypothesis if it does not provide accurate predictions. e. All of the above.

All of the above

Earthquakes occur at: a. Divergent plate boundaries. b. Ocean-ocean convergent plate boundaries. c. Ocean-continent plate boundaries. d. Transform boundaries. e. All of the above.

All of the above

Extraterrestrial impacts: a. Probably occurred in two waves b. May have delivered some water to Earth and an early atmosphere c. Probably included comets and asteroids d. Produced the scars on the Moon's surface e. All of the above

All of the above

In this text, we emphasize learning the most important ideas in geology because: a. Your knowledge of geology can guide your decision-making throughout your life. b. As an adult, it is important that you understand resource sustainability and hazard mitigation. c. An understanding of Earth can help you make good decisions in the voting booth. d. Geology is important in our daily lives. e. All of the above.

All of the above

Mining can damage the environment by: a. Acid mine drainage. b. Chemically polluted runoff. c. Disturbing the ecosystem and surface environment. d. Exposing rocks that are a pollutant source for long time periods. e. All of the above.

All of the above

Plates influence Earth's topography because: a. Mountain belts form where plates collide. b. Mid-ocean ridges develop at spreading centers. c. Trenches develop at subduction zones. d. Rift valleys mark sites of plate divergence. e. All of the above.

All of the above

Subduction occurs: a. When one plate slides beneath another. b. When a plate is recycled into Earth's interior. c. When a plate enters the mantle at a deep-sea trench. d. When seafloor is recycled beneath an overriding plate. e. All of the above.

All of the above

The Ring of Fire is: a. Bordered by active plate boundaries. b. Characterized by many earthquakes. c. The most volcanically active zone in the world. d. A zone where human communities are exposed to frequent geologic hazards. e. All of the above.

All of the above

The process of seafloor spreading predicts that: a. The oldest seafloor will be found at subduction zones. b. Seafloor moves like a conveyor belt from spreading centers toward subduction zones. c. There is high heat flow from Earth's interior into the crust at spreading centers. d. Continents shift locations because they are embedded in moving plates. e. All of the above.

All of the above

Common geologic resources studied by geologists include: a. Fossil fuels. b. Freshwater. c. Soil. d. Building materials. e. All of the above.

All of the above.

Composite volcanoes can form a. In intraplate settings. b. As an arc volcano. c. Where andesitic magma develops. d. At plate boundaries. e. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Large igneous provinces a. are fed by the mushroom head of a mantle plume. b. are made of basaltic lava. c. mark the first occurrence of a mantle plume reaching the crust. d. have very high lava volumes. e. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Shield volcanoes are built with a. Low viscosity magma. b. Magma with a low gas content. c. Magma that usually erupts effusively. d. Typically basaltic magma. e. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Which of the following best describes igneous evolution? a. All rocks evolved as a result of hotspots. b. All rocks evolved as a result of spreading-center volcanism. c. All rocks evolved as a result of differentiation of early igneous rocks. d. All rocks are a result of meteorite impacts. e. None of the above.

All rocks evolved as a result of differentiation of early igneous rocks

The basic structure of the solar system is described as: a. The ecliptic b. The Oort Cloud c. Inner terrestrial and outer gaseous planets d. The asteroid filter e. Rotating nuclear fission

Inner terrestrial and outer gaseous planets

Which of the following is part of the definition of a mineral? image of green crystal Liquid b. Electrically charged c. Inorganic d. Synthetic e. None of the above

Inorganic

A coarse grained dark igneous rock is likely to be a. Rhyolite b. Granite c. Intrusive d. Andesite e. Aphanitic

Intrusive

What are formed when sodium ions and chlorine ions combine to produce NaCl? a. Ionic bonds b. Covalent bonds c. Organic structures d. Isotopes e. Native elements

Ionic Bonds

Single substitution occurs during crystallization because: a. Neutral compounds attract ions. b. The number of leftover ions must be balanced. c. A charged compound is formed. d. Ions of similar size can substitute for one another. e. Forming dense compounds requires single substitution.

Ions of similar size can substitute for one another.

A phreatomagmatic eruption a. Is caused by rapid contraction of andesitic magma b. Is cause by rapid expansion of steam when magma comes in contact with groundwater c. Is a type of effusive eruption. d. Is not fed by gas expansion e. All of these are correct.

Is cause by rapid expansion of steam when magma comes in contact with groundwater

A large igneous province a. Forms where a hotspot discharges granitic lava. b. Is composed of basalt lava flows from a hotspot. c. Is rarely observed associated with a hotspot. d. Marks the location of intermediate magma. e. None of these is correct.

Is composed of basalt lava flows from a hotspot

Oceanic crust: a. Is formed by asteroid impact. b. Is enriched in iron and magnesium, compared to continental crust. c. Is enriched in silicon and oxygen, compared to continental crust. d. Is made of metamorphic rock. e. None of the above.

Is enriched in iron and magnesium, compared to continental crust

Nuclear fusion: a. Is the source of the Sun's energy b. Occurs when the nucleus of an atom fissions and releases energy c. Radiates throughout the universe d. Is the reason that Jupiter has no solid surface e. Has not yet occurred in the Sun

Is the source of the Sun's energy

What property causes the mineral biotite to break into flat sheets? a. Its density b. Its electrical charge c. Its crystalline structure d. Its hardness e. None of the above

Its crystalline structure

The largest storm in the solar system is found on which planet? a. Uranus b. Earth c. Mars d. Jupiter e. Pluto

Jupiter

The composition of dark igneous rock is likely to be: a. Felsic. b. Mafic. c. Rhyolitic. d. Plutonic. e. None of the above.

Mafic

Plutons are: a. Magma bodies within the deep crust. b. Intrusive igneous rocks in the core. c. Magma bodies produced by volcanism. d. Igneous rocks produced by fissure eruptions. e. Made by contact metamorphism.

Magma bodies within the deep crust.

As the fossil fuels and economic minerals that are easiest to obtain are discovered and extracted, mining companies will have to explore for new resources in more difficult to reach locations such as the deep sea, or the Arctic. This will have the effect of: a. Lowering the cost of these geologic resources. b. Ending the demand for metals, coal, and oil. c. Making these resources more expensive. d. It probably won't have a significant impact. e. None of these answers is correct

Making these resources more expensive

Hess's mechanism for moving plates was: a. Continental drift. b. Ocean currents. c. Mantle convection. d. Volcanic eruptions. e. None of the above.

Mantle Convection

Plagioclase feldspar is a: a. Mineral group. b. Mineral species. c. Mineral variety. d. All of the above. e. Type of quartz.

Mineral species

Central vent volcanoes a. Tend to form where magma has low gas content. b. Include mid-ocean ridges and monogenetic fields. c. Tend to be larger than large-scale volcanic terrains. d. Most often have a summit crater. e. Are the least widespread and least known type of volcano.

Most often have a summit crater.

The fastest winds in the solar system are found on which planet? a. Neptune b. Jupiter c. Venus d. Earth e. Mars

Neptune

The classical planets in order from the Sun are: a. Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus b. Jupiter, Venus, Mars, Earth, Mercury, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus c. Mars, Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury, Neptune, Uranus d. Venus, Mars, Mercury, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus e. None of the above

None of the above

At ocean-ocean convergent boundaries: a. Older, denser crust tends to subduct. b. Island arcs tend to subduct. c. A transform boundary will typically develop. d. There are rarely earthquakes. e. None of the above.

Older, denser crust tends to subduct

At the San Andreas transform fault: a. Lithosphere is subducted as one plate dives below another. b. New lithosphere is formed as two plates pull away from each other. c. Pressure-release melting recycles old crust. d. The Pacific Plate moves to the north relative to the North American Plate. e. All of the above.

The Pacific Plate moves to the north relative to the North American Plate.

A fault is where a. The crust has broken. b. The crust has broken and the two sides are moving in the same direction. c. The crust has broken and the two sides are displaced. d. The crust has moved due to plate tectonics. e. All of these are correct.

The crust has broken and the two sides are displaced

What are the principal differences between the average chemistry of the crust and the average chemistry of Earth as a whole? a. The crust is relatively enriched in less dense compounds and relatively depleted in iron. b. The crust is relatively enriched in magnesium and relatively depleted in oxygen. c. Earth as a whole has a greater relative abundance of silicon than does the crust. d. The crust contains a greater relative abundance of heavier elements than does Earth as a whole. e. None of the above.

The crust is relatively enriched in less dense compounds and relatively depleted in iron

Why does the lava flow in Figure 6.9 stand so high above the surrounding land? a. The surrounding land was forced down by the weight of the flow. b. The flow is composed of low-viscosity lava. c. The surrounding land was low, and the flow filled in valleys. d. The flow is composed of high-viscosity lava. e. It is actually many flows on top of each other.

The flow is composed of high-viscosity lava.

During the Hadean Eon, which of the following is thought to have occurred? a. Growth of the modern seas b. Formation of modern continents c. The iron catastrophe d. Origin of life on Earth e. All of the above

The iron catastrophe

Physical geology is the study of: a. The materials that compose Earth and the ways in which they are organized and distributed throughout the planet. b. The history of life on Earth. c. The nature of how humans and animals interact and influence one another. d. Fossils and past environments. e. None of the above.

The materials that compose Earth and the ways in which they are organized and distributed throughout the planet.

Pangaea is: a. The name for ancient Greece. b. The name of an ancient supercontinent. c. The Greek name for plate tectonics. d. The concept that rocks are recycled at subduction zones. e. The portion of crust that is dry land.

The name of an ancient supercontinent

Generally speaking, explosive eruptions develop from magma that has a high concentration of: a. dissolved gas b. dissolved iron c. pahoehoe d. ash content

dissolved gas