Earth Science Chapter 3

Olivine

Which of the following minerals is a silicate?

Halite

Which of the following minerals is more commonly known as table salt?

Being scratched

With regard to minerals, hardness refers to the ability to resist

Geode

A __________ is a mineral-lined cavity in a rock.

Polished surface

A facet is a __________ on a gem.

Specific gravity

A mineral property defined by the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water (1.0 g/cm3) is

Carbonates

Calcite (CaCO3) is in which mineral class?

Organic compounds

Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms or resemble compounds in living organisms are called

A tendency to break along planes of weakness.

Cleavage in minerals refers to

Kimberlite

Diamonds are usually found in

More variable than the color in a hand sample among crystals.

For most minerals, the streak color obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is

Outcrop

Geologists refer to an exposure of bedrock on the surface as a(n)

Framework Silicates

In which type of silicate are the greatest proportion of oxygen atoms shared by pairs of adjacent tetrahedra?

A fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions).

Minerals are all naturally occurring solid substances with a definable chemical composition. They must also possess

Chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula

Minerals are grouped into mineral classes primarily on a basis of

Solidification from a melt.

Minerals that grow around volcanic vents MOST likely form by

Does not have a fixed crystalline structure

Natural glass is NOT considered a mineral because it

Large specific gravity

Ore minerals, such as galena, tend to be different from typical minerals (such as quartz) in that they have a

Silicates

Potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) is in which mineral class?

Sulfides

Pyrite (FeS2) is in which mineral class?

Conchodial fracture

Synthetically made glass and natural quartz crystals both exhibit a fracture pattern termed

Sulfides

The __________ class of minerals contains the anion Sc.

Halides

The __________ class of minerals includes a substance commonly known as table salt.

Streak

The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed

Facets

The diamonds typically seen in engagement rings today do not display their natural crystal faces but rather __________, which are made by grinding the gem on a spinning lap.

All tetrahedral oxygens are shared.

The framework silicates are the MOST complicated because

Conchoidal fracture

The image below shows a mineral specimen of quartz. What is the term for the smoothly curving, clamshell-shaped surface on the sample below?

Calcite

The image below shows a mineral with hydrochloric acid applied to it. What mineral is this?

X-ray diffraction

The internal ordering of mineral crystals can be detected using

Silicates

The mantle is composed almost entirely of the mineral class

Silicates

The mineral class that makes up more than 95% of rocks in the continental crust is termed the

Silicate

The mineral olivine is in the __________ mineral class.

Arranged and bonded

The silicates are broken into several groups based on the way silica tetrahedra are

Oxygen

The tetrahedral structure that forms the backbone of all silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?

Color

Trace amounts of impurity in a mineral can commonly produce significant differences in __________ among individual crystals of this mineral.

Diamonds are more than seven times as hard as quartz.

Using the Mohs hardness scale below, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Igneous

What type of rock forms by the solidification of a melt?

Metamorphic

What type of rock forms when preexisting rocks undergo changes in response to a modification of their environment, without first melting?

Precipitate from the solution.

When a solution becomes oversaturated, new solid particles are said to

Native metals

Which class of minerals is highly conductive because of metallic bonding?

Quartz

Which common rock-forming mineral shows up in all three major rock types (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic)?

Outer core

Which layer of Earth does NOT contain silicate minerals?

Talc

Which of the following common minerals is softest?

Sedimentary rocks

Which of the following forms either by the cementing together of grains broken off preexisting rocks or by the precipitation of mineral crystals out of water solutions at or near the Earth's surface?

Petroleum

Which of the following is NOT a mineral?

Bonding carbon to oxygen atoms to form organic compounds

Which of the following is NOT a way for minerals to crystallize? a. solidification of a melt (lava or magma) b. bonding carbon to oxygen atoms to form organic compounds c. solid-state diffusion d. Biomineralization

Crystal shape

Which of the following is NOT a way in which specific rock types can be distinguished from one another?

All minerals are compounds of more than one element.

Which of the following is NOT true about minerals?

Calcite

Which of the following is a mineral?

Ice (water in the solid state)

Which of the following is a mineral?