EBIO 1210 lecture questions

For the following question, please use the following information: In humans, a recessive allele of a gene on the X chromosome causes humans to be "colorblind." A colorblind XY man and an XX woman whose genotype is homozygous for normal color vision have children together. What percentage of their offspring are expected be colorblind? Too little information given to choose an answer 0% 25% 50% 75%

0%

If iinherited allele combinations were ALWAYS preserved (i.e., under the hypothesis of "strict dependent assortment"), then how many genetically different types of gametes would an F1 individual produce (with respect to the two genes we are considering)? 4 3 2 1

2

What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous individuals? The homozygote will express the dominant trait and the heterozygote will express the recessive trait. Homozygotes have one chromosome while heterozygotes have two similar chromosomes. Heterozygotes carry two copies of a gene while homozygotes only carry one. All of the gametes from a homozygote carry the same version of the gene while those of a heterozygote will differ.

All of the gametes from a homozygote carry the same version of the gene while those of a heterozygote will differ. Since homozygotes carry two identical copies of a gene, all of the gametes will carry the same version. Heterozygotes have two different versions, so there will be two different types of gametes.

Which of the following statements about plants is FALSE? Evaporative cooling is used by humans but not by plants. Cacti lose less water than most plants. Leaves can be cooled by the loss of water through their pores. Plants transport water from their roots to their leaves using a system of pipes. Evaporation of water requires breaking of hydrogen bonds.

Evaporative cooling is used by humans but not by plants.

Deduce which took place in the ABSENCE OFmolecular oxygen (O2) or ozone (O3). Evolution of organisms from the ocean to the terrestrial (land) habitat. Evolution of large, multi-cellular organisms. Evolution of prokaryotes that use fermentation. Evolution of ATP formation in mitochondria. Evolution of plants and animals.

Evolution of prokaryotes that use fermentation.

Which does NOT represent a state of high energy? (Hint: First exclude the four energy-rich states.) NADH NADP+ ATP a calcium gradient across a membrane a proton (H+) gradient across a membrane

NADP+

The immediate next energy-rich state formed with energy provided by electrons flowing through the mitochondrial electron transport chain is glucose a proton gradient ATP H2O NADH

a proton gradient

True or false? In diploid organisms, a dominant phenotype will only be expressed if the individual is homozygous dominant for that trait.

false A dominant phenotype is indeed expressed if the individual is homozygous dominant for that trait, but the dominant phenotype is also expressed if the individual is heterozygous for the trait. In fact, heterozygous expression is the definition of dominant.

When constructing a Punnett square, the symbols on the outside of the boxes represent _______, while those inside the boxes represent _______. progeny, gametes gametes, progeny parents, gametes gametes, parents

gametes, progeny The Punnett square is representing all of the possible combinations of the gametes from each parent, with the progeny represented in the interior of each box.

input of cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

The uncoupling protein converts energy provided by ______ to _______. glucose; ATP ATP; heat glucose; heat pyruvate; ATP pyruvate; NADH

glucose; heat

The reactions of cellular respiration can be broken down into four stages:

glycolysis acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) formation citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmotic ATP synthesis)

cellulose is ____ to convert to hexoses

hard, difficult

A hydroelectric dam uses the energy of water flowing downhill to make electricity. Water is piled up behind the dam and the energy of this water gradient is converted to electrical energy. The role of water in a hydroelectric dam is the same as the role of ____________ in photosynthetic ATP formation and of _____________ in mitochondrial ATP formation. protons (H+); electrons protons (H+); protons (H+) electrons; protons (H+) sunlight; sugars

protons (H+); protons (H+)

----flow through the uncoupling protein channel along their concentration gradient without making----

protons or H+, ATP

"Morgan compared his actual results to what he expected he would see if the genes were not linked." This statement is an example of: formulating a hypothesis. making an observation or gathering data .making a prediction. testing a hypothesis.

testing a hypothesis.

The most likely reason that the characters of "seed color" and "seed shape" showed independent assortment in Mendel's experiments is that the genes for these two characters were very close together on the same chromosome these two characters were the product of the same gene the genes for these two characters were on different chromosomes the genes for both characters were sex-linked

the genes for these two characters were on different chromosomes

Cells use the energy of food molecules to form ATP. Deduce which of the following does NOT represent a state of high energy. C-H bonds in food molecules H (electrons + H+) in NADH the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane the water formed at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain the ATP formed

the water formed at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain

True or false? The same phenotype can be produced by more than one genotype.

true Since there exist dominant and recessive versions of many genes, a phenotype that is based upon the dominant version will be expressed in both homozygous (AA) and heterozygous (Aa) genotypes.

When an F1 plant undergoes meiosis, what gamete types will it produce, and in what proportions? 1/2 Y 1/2 y 1/2 YY 1/2 yy 1/2 Yy 1/2 Yy 3/4 Y 1/4 y 1/4 Y 3/4 y

1/2 Y 1/2 y Mendel's law of segregation states that allele pairs segregate equally into gametes during meiosis. This means that a gamete will have only one allele of any given gene, and that the probability of a gamete having one allele or the other is equal (and therefore ½, or 50%, for either allele).

Two mice are heterozygous for albinism (Aa) . The dominant allele (A) codes for normal pigmentation, and the recessive allele (a)codes for no pigmentation. What percentage of their offspring would have an albino phenotype? 75 50 25 100

25 The offspring would be in a 3:1 ratio of normally pigmented mice to albino mice.

Under the hypothesis of independent assortment, how many genetically different types of gametes would an F1 individual produce (with respect to the two genes we are considering)? 4 3 2 1

4

Human skin cells typically have 46 chromosomes. A human skin cell in G2 phase has ___________ chromosomes, ____________ chromatids, and ______________ DNA molecules. 92; 92; 46 46; 92; 92 23; 46; 46 46; 46; 46 23; 23; 23

46; 92; 92

Predict features of C3 and C4 plants resulting from the fact that (i) C4 plants require more ATP to fix CO2 than C3 plants and (ii) C4 plants are able to fix CO2 at much lower internal (inside the leaf) CO2 concentrations than C3 plants. A) C4 plants do not need to open their leaf pores as widely as C3 plants to do (conduct the same amount of) photosynthesis. B) C4 plants lose less water than C3 plants through their leaf pores. C) C4 plants need more energy from sunlight than C3 plants. A and B A, B, and C

A, B, and C

Predict the effect of the uncoupling protein: A) No ATP is produced by the ATP synthase. B) Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle continue to run. C) Electron transport continues to run and the energy of high-energy electrons is released as heat. A and C A, B, and C

A,B, and C

output of Calvin cycle

ADP +P NADP+ G3P(sugar)

what are the services of photosynthesis or plants for human society: -help with climate control -production of oxygen -contribution to the ozone layer -production of fossil fuel -production of fiber -food production -production of building materials -balancing atmospheric CO2 levels -production of biofuels

ALL! -help with climate control -production of oxygen -contribution to the ozone layer -production of fossil fuel -production of fiber -food production -production of building materials -balancing atmospheric CO2 levels -production of biofuels

output of light reactions

ATP NADPH(energized electrons) O2

Prokaryotes carry out all processes below except active transport of substances across membranes. movement work using motor proteins. ATP formation in fermentation. ATP formation in mitochondria. energy-dependent synthesis of large molecules.

ATP formation in mitochondria.

Eukaryotic cells build gradients of either H+, K+, of Na+across which membranes? Only across thylakoid membranes Only across inner mitochondrial membranes Only across the outer cell membrane Across both thylakoid membranes and inner mitochondrial membranes, but not across the cell membrane Across thylakoid membranes, inner mitochondrial membranes, and the outer cell membrane

Across thylakoid membranes, inner mitochondrial membranes, and the outer cell membrane

Which of the following human cells contains a gene that influences eye color? Cells in the eye Cells in the heart Gametes (sperm and eggs) Cells in the eye and gametes All of the above

All of the above

Which feature or process occurs in Archaea? Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Protein modification in a Golgi apparatus Formation of some ATP in the citric acid cycle An outer cell membrane mRNA synthesis in a nucleus

An outer cell membrane

Draw conclusions about lactose intolerance. A) Lactose tolerance is the original human condition for adults from the time of hunter-gatherers. B) Lactose intolerance is the original human condition for adults from the time of hunter gatherers. C) In ancient human populations that raised dairy cows, adults who were lactose intolerant had a lesser chance of survival and resproduction. D) B and C E) A and C

B and C

Which organisms do NOT use NADH to deliver electrons into a mitochondrial electron transport chain? Bacteria and archaea Animals that maintain a constant body temperature Plants Eukaryotic algae Animals that do not maintain a constant body temperature

Bacteria and archaea

"Two purple-flowered pea plants were crossed and produced some offspring that had purple flowers and some offspring that had white flowers." This result contradicts which hypothesis? Mendel's law of independent assortment Mendel's law of segregation Blending inheritance When an organism inherits two different alleles for a gene, one of them will always be dominant Offspring inherit one allele for each gene from each parent

Blending inheritance

What feature makes carbohydrates and fats energy sources? Both have a lot of oxygen atoms. Both have a lot of bonds with loosely held electrons. Both are hydrophobic molecules. Both form hydrogen bonds with water. Both have a lot of bonds with tightly held electrons.

Both have a lot of bonds with loosely held electrons.

Four of the statements below are false. Which statement is TRUE? C3 plants are able to fix CO2 with their stomates (leaf pores) less widely open than C4 plants. C3 plants are more productive in dry climates than C4 plants. C4 plants need more water than C3 plants. C4 plants need more energy (sunlight) to make sugars than C3 plants. C3 plants need more ATP than C4 plants to fix CO2.

C4 plants need more energy (sunlight) to make sugars than C3 plants.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Carbon source: Carbon product: H (electron + H+) source: Ultimate energy source: Final energy-rich product:

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Carbon source: food (C-H bonds) Carbon product: CO2 H (electron + H+) source: food (C-H bonds) Ultimate energy source: food (C-H bonds) Final energy-rich product: ATP

input of calvin cycle

CO2 ATP NADPH

Which is correct about CO2 released in cellular respiration? CO2 is released when glucose is converted to pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix. CO2 is formed when oxygen accepts electrons from the mitochondrial electron transport chain. CO2 is what is left from the glucose after removal of H (electrons and H+). CO2 is formed by extraction of electrons from water. CO2 is released in the Calvin cycle.

CO2 is what is left from the glucose after removal of H (electrons and H+).

Which of the following is consistent with the hypothesis of blending inheritance? Crossing a purple-flowered pea plant with a white-flowered pea plant produces only purple-flowered offspring Great variability in traits is found within any biological population. Crossing two pea plants with yellow seeds produces some offspring with green seeds A phenotype from the "P" generation of a heredity experiment disappears in the "F1" generation then reappears in the "F2" generation Crossing a red flower with a white flower yields a pink flower

Crossing a red flower with a white flower yields a pink flower

Predict where ADP and P go after ATP fuels the Na+/K+ pump in the outer cell membrane of an animalcell. A) ADP and P accumulate in the cytosol and don't form ATP again. B) ADP and P are regenerated to ATP by the Na+/K+ pump running in reverse. C) ADP and P are regenerated to ATP in the chloroplasts. D) ADP and P are regnerated to ATP in the mitochondria. C and D

D) ADP and P are regnerated to ATP in the mitochondria.

When one allele is dominant to another, what is the most common biological mechanism for this dominance? Dominant alleles often encode functional products, whereas recessive alleles often do not encode functional products Dominant alleles subdue or repress recessive alleles Cellular machinery recognizes which allele is dominant and only reads the instructions from that one A dominant allele on one chromosome causes the other, homologous chromosome (containing the recessive allele) to be completely inactivated

Dominant alleles often encode functional products, whereas recessive alleles often do not encode functional products

Which statement is true? ATP is produced in respiration but not in photosynthesis. Electrons are removed from water in photosynthesis and accepted by oxygen in cellular respiration. ATP energizes proton transport from low to high concentration in both chloroplasts and mitochondria. NADH feeds electrons into the photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transport chains.

Electrons are removed from water in photosynthesis and accepted by oxygen in cellular respiration. each answer explained; A) the first part of the statement is true, but the second one is not true ATP is produced in respiration but also (as an intermediate product) in the light reactions of photosynthesis B)both parts of this statements are true; see schemas C)neither part of this statement is true; electron transport, not ATP, energizes proton transport in both chloroplasts and mitochondria D) the first part of the statement is not true, but the second part is true; the electrons in the photosynthetic electron transport chain come from water; NADH feeds electrons into the mitochondrial electron transport chain

fast-twitch muscle fibers are used for sprints and slow-twitch fibers for endurance exercise. Predict which is correct: Fast-twitch muscle fibers store mostly fat, while slow-twitch muscle fibers store mostly glycogen. Fast-twitch muscle fibers store mostly glycogen, while slow-twitch muscle fibers store mostly fat. Both muscle fiber types store mostly glycogen. Both muscle fiber types store mostly fat.

Fast-twitch muscle fibers store mostly glycogen, while slow-twitch muscle fibers store mostly fat.

How similar are a woman's genes and alleles expected to be to that of her parents? She has exactly the same set of alleles that her parents inherited from their parents. She contains all the same alleles as each of her parents. For each gene, one of her alleles is from one parent and one is from the other parent. Depending on how much crossing over happened, she could have a lot of one parent's genetic information and little of the other parent's genetic information.

For each gene, one of her alleles is from one parent and one is from the other parent.

Which bond or molecule does NOT contain high-energy electrons? First exclude the four bonds or molecules that do contain high-energy electrons. food molecules C-H bonds sugars H-O-H proteins

H-O-H

Input of light reactions

H2O light ADP +P NADP+

NAD+ can be loaded with high-energy electrons in which reaction(s) or location(s)? Only at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain Only in the citric acid cycle Only at the end of the photosynthetic electron transport chain Only in glycolysis In the citric acid cycle and in glycolysis

In the citric acid cycle and in glycolysis

"In the P (parental) generation, a female fly with pink eyes and short antennae was crossed with a male fly having red eyes and long antennae. When two F1 individuals were crossed and a large number of F2individuals were counted, there were NO F2 individuals with pink eyes and long antennae, and NO F2individuals with red eyes and short antennae." This result contradicts which hypothesis? Mendel's law of independent assortment Mendel's law of segregation When an organism inherits two different alleles for a gene, one of them will always be dominant Offspring inherit one allele for each gene from each paren

Mendel's law of independent assortment

Where in a leaf are ATP synthases located? Only in the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane Only in the cell membrane Only in the inner mitochondrial membrane In the thylakoid membrane, the cell membrane, and the inner mitochondrial membrane. Only in the thylakoid membrane

Only in the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Carbon source: Carbon product: H (electron + H+) source: Ultimate energy source: Final energy-rich product:

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Carbon source: CO2 Carbon product:sugar (C-H bonds) H (electron + H+) source: water Ultimate energy source: sunlight Final energy-rich product: sugar(C-H bonds)

Recall Mendel's pea plants: the allele for purple flowers, P, is dominant to the allele for white flowers, p. A very large number of offspring from a cross of two plants are observed. If ALL of those offspring have purple flowers, what are the possible genotypes of the parents in the cross? PP × PP only PP × PP, PP × Pp, or PP × pp PP × PP, PP × Pp, PP × pp, or Pp × Pp pp × pp only Not enough information is given

PP × PP, PP × Pp, or PP × pp

For the following question, please use the following information: In humans, a recessive allele of a gene on the X chromosome causes humans to be "colorblind." In the following question, " c " is the recessive allele that causes colorblindness, " c+ " is the dominant allele for normal color vision, and " Y " is the human Y chromosome. Your professor (Sam) and his wife (Becca) both have normal color vision, but their son is colorblind. What do you know about Sam's and Becca's genotypes? Sam = c+ c+, Becca = c+ c+ Sam = c+ c, Becca = c+ c Sam = c Y, Becca = c c Sam = c+ Y, Becca = c+ c Too little information given to choose an answer

Sam = c+ Y, Becca = c+ c

Find the only statement that does NOT apply to both photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration. First exclude the four statements that apply to both photosynthesis and respiration. High-energy electrons pass through an electron transport chain. Electrons give up energy while passing through an electron transport chain. Electrons provide the energy to move protons from low to high concentration. Flow of protons through an ATP synthase converts the energy of a proton gradient to ATP. The energy for ATP formation comes from energy-rich bonds of sugars.

The energy for ATP formation comes from energy-rich bonds of sugars.

Which statement correctly explains how to determine the frequencies of the F2 progeny? The progeny frequencies are determined by the addition rule (adding the gamete frequencies together). The progeny frequencies are determined by the multiplication rule (multiplying the gamete frequencies together). The progeny frequencies cannot be predicted from gamete frequencies.

The progeny frequencies are determined by the multiplication rule (multiplying the gamete frequencies together). Genotype frequencies are determined by applying the mutiplication rule to the gamete frequencies. For example, if the frequency of one particular male gamete is 1 and the frequency of one particular female gamete is ½, the frequency of those two gametes fusing to form the F2 progeny would be 1 x ½ = ½.

Which does NOT involve electrons as DIRECT participants? First exclude the four processes in whcih electrons are dropped off, picked up, or power the process. Movement of protons from the matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Turning the ATP synthase to generate ATP from ADP and phosphate. Formation of water from O2. Movement of protons into the intermambrane space. Regeneration of NAD+ from NADH.

Turning the ATP synthase to generate ATP from ADP and phosphate.

Which statement about transport and use of oxygen in humans is FALSE? First exclude the four true statements. Oxygen for cellular respiration is taken up by the lungs. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to body cells. Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in mitochondria. Water is converted to oxygen in mitochondria. High CO2 levels decrease the oxygen-binding capacity of hemoglobin

Water is converted to oxygen in mitochondria.

"A red-flowered snapdragon was crossed with a white-flowered snapdragon, and the offspring were all pink." This result contradicts which hypothesis? Mendel's law of independent assortment Mendel's law of segregation Blending inheritance When an organism inherits two different alleles for a gene, one of them will always be dominant Offspring inherit one allele for each gene from each parent

When an organism inherits two different alleles for a gene, one of them will always be dominant

What is NOT needed to form water in mitochondria? First exclude all that are needed for water formation. protons electrons oxygen a place for oxygen to bind to the inner mitochondrial membrane a place for protons to bind to the inner mitochondrial membrane

a place for protons to bind to the inner mitochondrial membrane

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is a DIRECT participant in what process? Exclude the four processes that are indirectly linked to oxygen consumption in cellular respiration. phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP accepting electrons from sugars in glycolysis accepting electrons at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain accepting electrons from the components of the citric acid cycle removing electrons from NADH

accepting electrons at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain

Fast-twitch muscle fibers have the advantage of _____________________________________ and the disadvantage of ____________________________________. extracting a lot of energy from glucose; not being able to perform over extended periods using fat as a long-lasting energy source; not being able to use oxygen acting quickly; not extracting a lot of energy from glucose acting over extended periods of time; not being able to use fat as an energy source making a lot of ATP; not being able to operate without oxygen

acting quickly; not extracting a lot of energy from glucose

For the following question, please use the following information: In humans, a recessive allele of a gene on the X chromosome causes humans to be "colorblind." A man with normal vision and a colorblind woman have children together. We can expect that _________ of their sons and _________ of their daughters will be colorblind. half, none none, half all, half half, all all, none

all, none

A human offspring typically has ________ of the same genes and ___________ of the same alleles as his/her mother. half; all all; all half; none all; half none; none

all; half

Which molecules can be utilized directly or after some breakdown in cellular respiration to generate ATP? only amino acids and proteins only glycerol and fatty acids only glucose and sucrose only glycerol, fatty acids, glucose, sucrose, starch, and glycogen amino acids, protein, glycerol, fatty acids, glucose, sucrose, starch, and glycogen

amino acids, protein, glycerol, fatty acids, glucose, sucrose, starch, and glycogen

what is an allele? a type of chromosome an alternative version of a gene a variety of pea plant used by Mendel the dominant form of a gene the recessive form of a gene

an alternative version of a gene A diploid organism carries two alleles for each autosomal gene. The two alleles are found at comparable locations (loci) on homologous chromosomes. The alleles may be identical or slightly different, but they affect the same genetic character.

Hemoglobin ------ O2 in the lungs and ----- O2 in the muscle; the binding capacity of hemoglobin for O2 is ----- in the lungs and ------ in the muscle region when those muscles are being used.

binds or picks up, releases or drops off, high, low

output of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

To make sugars, photosynthesis obtains carbon atoms from _________________ and H (electrons and H+) from ________________. carbon dioxide; water starch; water carbon dioxide; NADH glucose; NADH cellulose, water

carbon dioxide; water

Which molecule could NOT be the dietary source of CO2 exhaled by you? First exclude the four that could be the source of the exhaled CO2. cellulose starch fructose glucose fat

cellulose

Which plant product is difficult to break down into monosaccharides for biofuel production? sucrose from C3 plants starch from C4 plants starch from C3 plants cellulose from C3 plants sucrose from C4 plants

cellulose from C3 plants

_____________________ is produced in plants, while ________________________ is produced in animals. glycogen; amylopectin starch; amylose cellulose; glycogen glycogen; starch cellulose; starch

cellulose; glycogen

The ATP synthase turbine uses ATP to build a proton gradient by moving protons from low to high concentration. utilizes a proton gradient for the purpose of adding protons to ADP to produce ATP. converts the energy of a proton gradient to energy usable for cellular work.

converts the energy of a proton gradient to energy usable for cellular work.

sucrose is _____ to digest to hexoses

easy

starch is _____ to digest to hexoses

easy, straightforward

Stages and locations of cellular respiration

glycolysis--> cytosol acetyl CoA formation --> mitochondrial matrix citric acid cycle --> mitochondrial matrix oxidative phosphorylation --> inner mitochondrial membrane

If a diploid organism possesses one dominant allele and one recessive allele for a particular gene, then ________ of its gametes will possess the dominant allele and ________ of its gametes will possess the recessive allele. all, none half, half none, all 75%, 25% Not enough information is given

half, half

The energy for building a proton gradient is provided by the ATP synthase protein. the electron carriers of the electron transport chain. high energy electrons (derived from food molecules such as sugar) that flow through the electron transport chain. electrons (provided by oxygen) that flow through the electron transport chain.

high energy electrons (derived from food molecules such as sugar) that flow through the electron transport chain.

In general, the frequency with which crossing over occurs between two linked genes depends on __________. how far apart they are on the chromosome the phase of meiosis in which the crossing over occurs whether the genes are on the X or some other chromosome whether the genes are dominant or recessive the characters the genes code for

how far apart they are on the chromosome The farther apart two genes are on a chromosome, the greater the probability that a crossover will occur between them, and therefore the greater the recombination frequency.

inputs and outputs of the citric acid cycle

input: acetyl-CoA, NAD, ADP, P output: CoA, ATP, CO2, NADH not input or output: pyruvate, O2, glucose

inputs and outputs in Acetyl CoA

inputs: pyruvate NAD+ coenzyme A outputs: CO2 acetyl CoA NADH not input or output: glucose ATP ADP O2

inputs and outputs of glycolysis

inputs: glucose, NAD, ADP, phosphate outputs: pyruvate, NADH, ATP not net input or output: acetyl CoA, coenzyme A, O2, CO2

inputs and outputs of mitochondrial electron transport

into: NADH, O2, lots of ADP, lots of P output: NAD+, H2O, lots of ATP not input or output: CO2, acetyl CoA, glucose, pyruvate, coenzyme A

Predict in which environments C3 plants versus C4 plants should each be most successful. C3 plants will be most successful in _______________________________ environments and C4 plants will be most successful in _______________________________ environments. sunnier and drier; less sunny but moister less sunny but moister; sunnier and drier less sunny but drier; sunnier and moister sunnier and moister, less sunny but drier

less sunny but moister; sunnier and drier

Advantages of C4 plants C4 plants fix CO2 with leaf pores (stomates) less widely open and need_________ water. They have an advantage in________ and ________climates.

less; hot, warm, dry; sunny

Advantages of C3 plants C3 plants need_______ ATP energy to fix CO2. They have an advantage in_______ sunny but _______climates.

less; less; wet, moist, cool, cold

"If independent assortment were true, then Morgan should have seen a 9:3:3:1 ratio of offspring types from his F1 x F1 cross." This statement is an example of: formulating a hypothesis. making an observation or gathering data. making a prediction. testing a hypothesis.

making a prediction.

From a particular cross, Mendel counted 745 purple-flowered pea plants and 253 white-flowered pea plants." This statement is an example of: formulating a hypothesis. making an observation or gathering data. making a prediction. testing a hypothesis.

making an observation or gathering data.

Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because male hormones such as testosterone often alter the effects of mutations on the X chromosome. female hormones such as estrogen often compensate for the effects of mutations on the X chromosome. males usually have a single copy of the X chromosome. X chromosomes in males generally have more mutations than X chromosomes in females. mutations on the Y chromosome often worsen the effects of X-linked mutations.

males usually have a single copy of the X chromosome. males are hemizygous for the X chromosome.

If an organism with the genotype AaBbproduces gametes, what proportion of the gametes would be Bb? None 1/2 3/4 1/4

none Alleles of the same gene must separate during gamete formation; thus, the two B alleles would be distributed to different gametes.

Which is an intermediate or final PRODUCT of mitochondria and also of chloroplasts? only oxygen sugars only ATP carbon dioxide ATP and oxygen

only ATP each answer explained; A)oxygen is a final product of chloroplasts but not an intermediate or final product of mitochondria B)sugars are a final product of chloroplasts but not an intermediate or final product of mitochondria C) ATP is an intermediate product of chloroplasts and a final product of mitochondria D) carbon dioxide is a final product of mitochondria but not an intermediate or final product of chloroplasts E) only ATP, but not oxygen, is an intermediate or final product of both organelles

Electrons in the mitochondrial electron transport chain give up energy to build a ----- gradient by moving ---- from ----- concentration in the matrix to -----concentration in the intermembrane spce. Utilization of the proton gradient energizes ---- formation by the ATP synthase turbine;---- flow from ---- concentration in the intermembrane space to ----- concentration in the matrix through the ATP synthase turbine that forces a third phosphate group onto ADP.

proton, H+, low, high, ATP, high, low

Some people are tolerant of lactose because... they produce enough of the enzyme that breaks lactose into its monosaccharides glucose and sucrose by hydrolysis. they do not have an allergy to lactose. they have efficient lactose transporters in their gut. their ancestors consumed a lot of milk products. they have an enzyme in their gut that links glucose and galactose in dehydration synthesis.

their ancestors consumed a lot of milk products.

In cats, females usually have two X chromosomes, and males usually have one X and one Y chromosome. In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you most commonly expect from the cross of an XX black female and an XY orange male? tortoiseshell females; tortoiseshell males tortoiseshell females; black males orange females; orange males black females; orange males orange females; black males

tortoiseshell females; black males

Which process is NOT fueled by ATP produced in cellular respiration. First exclude the four processes that are fueled by ATP produced in cellular respiration. building gradients of substances across the outer cell membrane movement of vesicles along cytoskeletal tracks transport of protons (H+) from low concentration in the mitochondrial matrix to high concentration in the mitochondrial intermembrane space chemical work phosphorylation of a motor protein in the cytosol

transport of protons (H+) from low concentration in the mitochondrial matrix to high concentration in the mitochondrial intermembrane space

A tall, purple-flowered pea plant (TtPp) is allowed to self-pollinate. (The recessive alleles code for short plants and white flowers.) The phenotypic ratio of the resulting offspring is 9:3:3:1. What is the genotype of the plant whose phenotype appeared once out of every 16 offspring (the "1" in the 9:3:3:1 ratio)? TtPp TTPP ttpp TTpp

ttpp The smallest phenotypic group consists of the homozygous recessive plants, which in this case are short and white flowered.

The electrons for photosynthetic electron transport are obtained from _______________ and the electrons flowing through the mitochondrial electron transport chain are picked up by ________________ in cellular respiration. oxygen (O2); water NADPH; NADH sugars; oxygen (O2) water; oxygen (O2) water; NAD+

water; oxygen

What name is given to the most common phenotype in a natural population? wild type genotype autosome mutant phenotype locus

wildtype