ECE 312 CH10
______ play involves children using one object to stand in for another object, such as using a block as if it is a walkie talkie.
Pretense/symbolic
True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.
T
True or false: Use of corporal punishment is legal in every state in America.
T
The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.
acceptance; demand
Estrogens primarily influence female sex characteristics, whereas ______ primarily influence male sex characteristics.
androgens
According to Freud and Erikson, play helps the child master
anxieties and conflicts.
Which of the following refers to a restrictive, punitive style of parenting in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect their work and effort?
authoritarian
What parenting style has been associated with the best outcomes in children's social competence?
Authoritative
______ morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.
Autonomous
Play allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a nonthreatening environment. This idea most closely aligns with ______ views of play.
Freud and Erikson's
Using the term child maltreatment in place of child abuse acknowledges the fact that maltreatment includes
diverse conditions.
The majority of children in divorced families ______ adjustment problems.
do not have significant
Due to the effects that imaginary play has on cognitive development, Vygotsky believed that parents should ______ it.
encourage
Two X chromosomes results in a
girl
With regard to quick-fix parenting strategies,
good parenting takes time and effort.
According to Freud, the foundation of moral behavior is
guilt and the desire to avoid feeling guilty.
Children of indulgent parents often
have difficulty controlling their own behavior.
Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.
heteronomous
Freud believed children began to develop gender identities around the age of 5 or 6; developmentalists believe gender-typing occurs
much earlier
Research indicates that it is the ______ of parents' work that has the greatest impact on children's development, not whether one parent or both parents work outside the home.
nature
Child ____________ is characterized by failure to provide for a child's basic needs.
neglect
Children raised by ________ parents tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity.
neglectful
___________ time refers to how much time individuals spend watching TV, playing video games, and using computers or mobile media.
screen
According to Erikson, as a young child's conscience governs initiative, feelings of guilt negatively impact
self-esteem.
Children's cognitive representations of themselves make up their
self-understanding.
Ruth Chao suggests that the control Asian American parents exert over their children is best conceptualized as a type of
training.
With the rate of employment for mothers on the rise in the United States, statistics show that one of every ______ mothers with children under the age of 5 is in the labor force.
two
Heteronomous thinkers believe that rules are
unchangeable
The psychoanalytic theory purports that gender typing occurs
unconsciously.
The developmental concept of self-__________________ is defined as the child's cognitive representation of self, or the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.
understanding
Which chromosomal pair is a typical male?
xy
Which of the following are main characteristics of self-understanding in children?
1. Active descriptions 2. Concrete descriptions 3. Physical descriptions 4. Unrealistic positive overestimations
Which of the following are possible reasons that parents should stay in unhappy, conflicted marriages?
1. If parenting would become more inept after the divorce 2. If conflict between the couple would increase after the divorce 3. If conflict among family members would increase after the divorce
Which key elements are important to improving the adjustment of children of divorce?
1. The use of the authoritative parenting style 2. A harmonious relationship between the divorced parents
Children use unrealistic positive overestimations because of which of the following?
1. They tend to confuse ability and effort. 2. They rarely engage in social comparison at this point. 3. They have difficulty differentiating their desired and actual competence.
Which of the following are important functions of peer relationships?
1. To provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities 2. To provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family
What are the qualities that researchers have used to evaluate children's development of conscience?
1. Whether a child experiences discomfort after a transgression 2. Whether a child experiences guilt 3. Whether a child is sensitive to rule violations 4. Whether a child has awareness of right and wrong
By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female?
2 yrs
What percentage of same-sex couples are raising children in the United States?
20
Between what ages do sibling conflicts tend to decrease in frequency?
5 to 7 years of age
Approximately how many U.S. children are victims of child abuse?
700,000
By the time they reach kindergarten, ______ percent of U.S. kindergartners have been spanked by their parents.
80
What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?
Admonishing or threatening Doing nothing Intervening and helping resolve
Research has shown some children from divorced families are more likely to have which of the following?
Anxiety Depression Academic problems Drug issues
What is by far the most common form of child maltreatment?
Child neglect
Which of the following factors influence the risk of and vulnerability to negative consequences of divorce for a child?
Child's predivorce adjustment Child's personality and temperament Custody situation
What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?
Cognitive inhibition Cognitive flexibility
Which of the following refers to an internal regulator of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of moral thought, feeling, and behavior?
Conscience
______ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution.
Constructive
Authoritarian parenting lacks which of the following?
Dialogue between parent and child
According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?
Division of labor Social hierarchy
What term involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes that person's feelings?
Empathy
What is the most common parental reaction to sibling conflict?
Encouraging resolution
What are the two main classes of sex hormones that lead to the development of sex differences?
Estrogens and androgens
Which of the following are among the possible biological influences in gender development?
Evolution Hormones Chromosomes
True or false: Children of gay and lesbian parents who were conceived by reproductive technologies like in vitro fertilization experience greater adjustment issues than their counterparts who were conceived by natural means.
F
True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.
F
True or false: The mother's involvement with children drops off more than the father's involvement following a divorce.
F
True or false: There is one type of play—social play.
F
True or false: To be classified as child maltreatment, harm to the child from physical abuse must be intentional.
F
What term is defined as "the knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female"?
Gender Identity
Which of the following are characteristics that children younger than 4 or 5 years old would use when describing the differences between themselves and a friend?
Hair color Height
______ is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice.
Immanent justice
Which of the following are characteristic of children whose parents are neglectful?
Immaturity Inability to handle independence Low self-esteem Social incompetence
In which parenting style are parents highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them?
Indulgent
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?
Initiative versus guilt
Which of the following are characteristic of children raised by indulgent parents?
Lack of respect for others Difficulty with self-control Noncompliance
Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those that have been involved in how many parental divorces?
Multiple
Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?
Neglectful
Most child maltreatment in the U.S. is done by whom?
Parents
What is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state?
Perspective taking
Which of the following is characterized by the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?
Perspective taking
What type of child maltreatment is characterized by the infliction of physical injury as result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, or otherwise harming a child?
Physical abuse
What are the four main types of child maltreatment?
Physical abuse Emotional abuse Sexual abuse Child neglect
What characteristics do young children (age 3) often use in their self-descriptions?
Physical attributes Material attributes Physical activities
______ play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
Practice
At what stage do children begin to participate in games involving simple rules of reciprocity and turn-taking?
Preschool
Social play increases dramatically during the ______ years.
Preschool
After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotion?
Self-conscious
What type of emotion includes embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?
Self-conscious
What two important themes are not captured by parenting styles?
Synchrony Reciprocal socialization
True or false: Biology influences gender development.
T
True or false: Child sexual abuse often produces no outward physical signs that abuse has taken place.
T
True or false: Divorce can be advantageous when it reduces stresses and disruptions in family relationships.
T
True or false: Few developments in society in the past 50 years have had a greater impact on children than television, digital gaming, and the Internet.
T
What type of play would not be considered pretense/symbolic?
Throwing a ball against the wall and claiming, "I'm going to catch every throw."
Which of the following most characterizes authoritative parenting?
Verbal give-and-take
Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents?
Weak communication skills Failure to initiate activity Anxiety about comparing themselves with others Unhappiness and fear
When it comes to parenting styles, parents
When it comes to parenting styles, parents
According to Baumrind, children whose parents are __________are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented.
authorative
Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.
authoritarian
With few exceptions, ______ parenting has been associated with child competence in research across a wide range of ethnic groups, social strata, cultures, and family structures.
authoritative
What parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions?
authoritative parenting
According to many child developmentalists, ______ emotions are important to children's moral development.
both positive and negative
Heteronomous moralists judge the righteousness or goodness of behavior by
considering its consequences
______________ play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation
constructive
According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ social roles of women and men.
contrasting
Pretense/symbolic
creative
True or false: When it comes to parenting and child development, the most important factor is the quantity of time that parents spend with children.
f
___________ are activities that children engage in for pleasure and that have rules. Often they involve competition.
games
Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will inevitably follow. This represents a belief in
immanent justice.
According to Baumrind, the ___________ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.
indulgent
Sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by
infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemas.
Recent research has shown that gender differences have a ______ pronounced and ______ consistent impact on a child's adjustment to divorce than previously believed.
less; less
The term that developmentalists increasingly use to refer to both child abuse and neglect and the diverse conditions under which they occur is child
maltreatment.
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
moral
_______ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.
moral
According to research findings, young children are ______________ psychologically aware of themselves and others than once believed.
more
Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are
more psychologically aware of themselves and others.
______ parenting is a style in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life.
neglectful
Young children are often overly ______ in their self-descriptions.
optimistic
The cognitive component of empathy is
perspective taking.
A pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake is referred to as....
play
According to Piaget, ______ provides the perfect setting to exercise cognitive structures.
play
According to Piaget, what allows children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way?
play
Sensorimotor ____________ is defined as behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.
play
_______________ therapy allows children to work off frustrations and to analyze conflicts and learn how to cope better.
play
Running, jumping, sliding, and throwing balls are examples of
practice play
A gender __________ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.
roles
Child ________ abuse includes the fondling of a child's genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or production of pornographic materials.
sexual
Freud believed preschool children developed a(n) ______ the opposite-sex parent.
sexual attraction to
Rewards and punishments play a large role in children's gender development, according to which theory?
social cognitive
According to social cognitive theory, one of the main keys to gender development is the interaction between the child and the
social enviornment
Social role theory and social cognitive theory take the view that psychological gender differences are a reflection of
social experiences
Which type of play involves interactions with peers?
social play