ECE 4300 Test 1
What is an example of a holophrasic statement?
"Mama"-meaning "come pick me up!" or "I'm scared."
What is submersion?
"Sink or swim."
What's an example of verbal mapping?
"Yes, those are your socks."
What is communication loop?
"cycle-like", sharing and exchanging of the roles of speaker and listener. You talk, then they talk.
What are examples of telegraphic speech?
"daddy come."
When does babbling occur?
4-6 months.
When does cooing occur?
6-8 weeks.
What is constructivism?
A learning approach in which a child forms his or her own meaning through active participation.
What is ethnography?
A type of research in which individuals are observed in their natural settings.
What is scaffolding?
Assist in building a conversation: questioning, expansion, reptition.
What is overgeneralization?
Assume a particular word is "regular" when it is not (morpheme with inflection).
What is sensorimotor?
Begin to represent actions mentally and symbolically. Develop schemata and object permanence.
What is metalinguistic verbalization?
Begins to verbalize metalingustic knowledge (meta=beyond- an abstraction used to complete or add to).
How do you mediate something?
By asking questions and giving a child just enough support to complete task.
What are protowords/idiomorphs (invented)?
Develop from need sounds, enviornmental sounds- "moo," self-imitation sounds- "achoo," imitation of adult speech.
What is dialect?
Develop when a group of people communicate within their group more frequently than when they do outside the group.
What is pidgin?
Developed in response to the interaction of two groups who did not initially share a language; may disappear when one group learns the language of the other.
What is Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Difference in what child accomplishes alone and with assistance.
What is Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)?
Embedded in everyday conversation.
What is ESL?
English as a Second Language.
What is ESOL?
English for Speakers of Other Languages.
What is a Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?
Focus on syntactic universal grammar which is "human."
What are examples of overgeneraliztion?
Fun, funner, funnest.
What is creole?
Generations-children of initial speakers acquire new language as mother tongue. May disappear but words of language may stay.
What is immersion into language?
Grouped by first language. Teachers- fluent in both languages.
What is prosody?
Has a significant role in attracting attention to sounds (melody). Infants are able to categorize utterances from different languages based on rhythm (pitch, loudness, tempo, rhythm) of utterances.
What are examples of free morphemes?
House, turtle, book.
What are characteristics of babbling?
Include the production of constant vowel sounds of varying intonation.
Why does Vygotsky think culture and social interaction is important?
It helps to learn words/language.
What is Standard American English (SAE)?
It's a dialect in itself.
What are some characteristics of cooing?
It's non-reflexive and uses extended vowels.
What is free morphemes?
It's used alone as words.
What is holistic-communicative approach?
Its taking a little bit from everything.
What is Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)?
Language in academic tasks; reading a text; listening to direction.
What is the role of myelin sheath?
Layer of fat cells that each axon is encased in. Looks like a hotdog.
What is fast mapping?
Learn some words quickly with little exposure.
What are the social registers?
Linguistic/metalinguistic level and verbalization. Like talking to a baby.
How does ear infections/otitis media influence language/speech?
May affect a child's ability to recognize and distinguish between phonological characteristics essential for learning to speak and understand language.
What is bound morphemes?
Must be attached to a word.
Is the child's socioeconomic level the greatest/sole indicator of his potential for language development?
No because it has been shown they are able to acquire native mastery of a second language after the "critical period" has passed.
What are the 5 components/aspects of language?
Phonetic/phoneme, semantic, syntactic/syntax, morphemic/morpheme, pragmatic, prosody.
What is derivational morpheme?
Prefixes (unhappy), and suffixes (happiness).
What is egocentricism?
Preoperational children believe that everyone thinks as they think and acts as they act, for the same reasons (self-directed).
What is expressive language/vocabulary?
Producing specific speech sounds.
What are examples of academic registers?
Proffesional, boss, teacher.
What is receptive language/vocabulary?
Refers to a child comprehension of words and is developed prior to expressive language.
What are Piaget stages of development?
Sensorimotor, preoperational; egocentricism; constructivism.
What are examples of bound morphemes?
Slowly, going.
What is phonetic/phoneme?
Smallest unit of sound and is the sound-symbol relationships in a language.
What is child-directed speech/CDS/motherese?
Specific language that adults use with young children is also distinctive and serves to enhance language development.
What is academic registers?
Specific ways of using language differently in different social settings/contexts.
What is IPA (1888)?
The International Phonetic Alphabelt.
What is pragmatic?
The knowledge or awareness of the overall intent of the communication.
What is semantic?
The meaning behind the word.
How does Spanish syntax and pronunciation differ from English?
The order/placement and the alphabet. English doesn't have ñ.
What is syntactic/syntax?
The order/structure.
What is morphemic/morpheme?
The smallest unit of meaning (root word).
What is Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
The way we think about and view the world is determined by our language.
What is the role of dendrites?
To carry information to the cell body.
Why do you mediate something?
To encourage full potential learning and to keep the student on task.
What are examples of protowords/idiomorphs (invented)?
Transition to standard words: nouns first.
What is preoperational?
Use words, images, and drawings. Initial speech is "egocentric," symbolic representation.
What is verbal mapping?
Verbally describes; not just name object/action in detail appropriate to the developmental level of child.
What are symbolic representation?
When a child uses signs and symbols in response to a new situation, whereas earlier the child would have used trial and error to deal with situations.
What are holophrasic statements?
When one word is used to convey a whole thought and is accomponied by distinct intonation, stress, pitch or vocal rhythm.
What is socialization mismatch?
When their home language/literacy socialization patterns don't match the language/literacy socialization patterns present in school classrooms.
How do the eustachian tubes change with age?
When you are young, the tubes are horizontal but as you get older, they become to have a 45 degree incline.
Is receptive language/vocabulary larger than expressive?
Yes it's larger because you develop it prior.
Can learning a second language help you with improving L1?
Yes, if using the approach additive bilingualism (child's language skills are enhanced in both languages).
Can speech exist without language?
Yes, such as birds that are trained to talk.
Can language exist without speech?
Yes, such as sign language for people who are dear.
What does Vygotsky focus on?
ZPD, scaffolding, and importance of culture and social interaction.
What are examples of child-directed speech/CDS/motherese?
Conversations specifically for a child, babbling, constant sound, cooing.
What is linguistic level?
Child can express ideas in a way that is grammatically correct. Can use plurals (morphemic), please and thank you (progmatic).
What are examples of symbolic representation?
Child with a new box they have never seen and having to open it because they would think before trying to open it, if they hadn't already they would've used trial and error.
What is telegraphic speech?
Child's use of 2 or 3 words in an utterance.
What is metalinguistic level?
Child's word play in rhyming games.
How are communication versus language different?
Communication is a loop and language is acquired and used for communicating.
