econ midterm test bank
fixed costs are also known as _________ costs because they are much harder for a business to change
long-term
hurricane katrina caused refineries and oil rigs in new orleans and in the gulf of mexico to close down. in the market for gasoline, hurricane katrina caused
a decrease in supply
movies delivered over the internet might have what effect on the market for movies in movie theaters?
a demand shift to the left
stricter loan standards in the mortgage lending sector could cause
a demand shift to the left in the housing market
how does a lower price alleviate the problem of excess supply?
a lower price decreases the number of potential sellers and increases the number of potential buyers
for which pair of goods below would an increase in income have the same effect on both goods?
a normal good and a luxury good
an increase in oil prices may cause
a reduction in the quantity of oil demanded
higher income for buyers usually means
a rightward shift of the demand curve
because of global warming, countries that are cooler may see _________ in the supply of grain and agricultural products
a shift to the right
in the long run, hotel room prices that are falling as a result of excess supply will _______ the quantity of hotel rooms supplied in a market
decrease
the short-term cost function assumes that
fixed costs cant be changed
an example of variable costs is
hourly labor
which of the following is an example of a profit-maximizing business?
an accountant who makes her living preparing tax returns for other people
in 2004, the worldwide demand curve for cement moved to the right. what does this mean?
at any price, the quantity demanded was higher
inputs to production do not include
average product
output divided by the number of hours worked or by the number of workers is called
average product
if supply is inelastic, then a demand shift will have a ______ effect on ______ than quantity
bigger ; price
which is NOT an example of inelastic supply?
bottled water
the technology or knowledge necessary for a production process is called
business know-how
the difference between long-term and short-term profit maximization is that, in the short-term,
businesses focus on achieving as much profit as they can, given that fixed costs cannot be changed
a demand shift affects
buyers' willingness to purchase at various prices
how might a government cause a demand shift to the right?
by requiring consumers to purchase certain products
if interest rates on new car loans increase, the quantity of new cars supplied will
decrease
higher interest rates can cause the _______ curve for new cars to ________
demand ; shift to the left
when a demand curve shifts to the right
demand has increased, so equilibrium price increases, and equilibrium quantity increases
if you add too many inputs, your business may experience
diminishing marginal product
government action can cause a shift in
either supply or demand
many times, technology is _______ the equipment a company buys
embodied in
most markets, if left alone, will tend toward
equilibrium price
the price at which the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded is the
equilibrium price
on the basic supply-demand graph, the point at which the demand curve and the supply curve intersect is located at
equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity
If June can earn $1,500 in revenue from painting two houses, how much can she earn in revenue from painting three houses? (Assume she is just one housepainter in a large market of housepainters, and that she can easily find a third customer.)
exactly $2,250
the selling prices of houses from 2003 to 2006 reflected which market condition?
excess demand
suppose that in a certain market there is an increase in demand, but the market price does not quickly adjust to a new equilibrium price. what situation will exist in this market until the price adjusts?
excess demand, because the market price is lower than the equilibrium price
if the supply of a good increases, the equilibrium price of that good
falls while quantity demanded rises
a demand shift to the right generally leads to
higher prices and higher quantities
suppose a local food truck owner incurs a total cost of $200 per month even if he makes and sells no food, but that his total cost rises to $202 if he makes and sells one hamburger. which of the following is true?
his fixed cost is $200 and the marginal cost of the first hamburger is $2
to determine whether a particular good is a normal good, a luxury good, or an inferior good, you would want to observe what happens to demand for the good when ______ changes
income
when necessary, a higher price will simultaneously ______ the quantity supplied and _______ the quantity demanded, thus reducing the amount of excess ________
increase ; decrease ; demand
in the short run, the quantity of available hotel rooms is not particularly responsive to changes in price because hotels take time to build and to destroy. this implies that the short-run supply of hotel rooms is
inelastic
one strategy for long-term profit maximization is
innovation
In a simple grass-mowing business, the lawn mower and labor would be
inputs
what word describes the goods and services that are used to produce outputs for a business?
inputs
the goods or services purchased by a business for immediate use in the production process are known as
intermediate inputs
Theodore can make 6 pizzas in one hour. If Theodore's labor has a diminishing marginal product, what must be true about the number of pizzas that Theodore can make in three hours?
it must be less than 18
Inputs used by a business in the production process include
labor
the hours of work supplied by various types of workers are referred to by economists as....
labor
the price of labor per unit times the amount of labor used is called
labor cost
the total cost of production is determined by adding the costs of which of the following?
labor, capital, land, intermediate inputs and business know-how
fixed costs are also known as __________ costs because they are much harder for a business to change
long-term
inferior goods are characterized by ________ demand as a result of increased income
lower
___________ is the added cost to produce one more unit of output
marginal cost
the added expense of producing one more unit of output is called the
marginal cost
The extra amount of output a business can generate by adding one more hour of labor is called
marginal product
the additional money a business gets from producing and selling one more unit of output is
marginal revenue
a profit-maximizing business will increase production as long as
marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost
as the market of a good rises, businesses will respond by producing more of that good because
marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost after the price increase
the gap between quantity supplied and quantity demanded is usually closed over time by the
market mechanism
economists generally assume that the main goal of most businesses in the economy is to
maximize profits
in response to an increase in income, a buyer's demand for a particular good
may rise or fall
what happens to the marginal product of labor if more capital is added to a production process
more capital generally causes the marginal product of labor to rise
what happens to the marginal product of labor if more capital is added to a production process?
more capital generally causes the marginal product of labor to rise
In a simple lawn-mowing business where you have a push mower and labor as input, what would be the impact on output of adding an additional input in the form of a gas self-propelled mower (capital)?
output would increase
businesses can raise their average product by investing in new equipment, by reorganizing work to be more efficient, or by
outsourcing labor
what name is given to the economic process of turning inputs into outputs that a business will sell to customers?
production
economists think of a business as a machine, where you put inputs in one end and get outputs from the other end. this metaphor is called the
production function
the _________ summarizes the output of business, given the level of inputs
production function
what is the difference between revenue and cost?
profit
the main objective of a business in a market economy is
profit maximization
which of the following formulas is correct?
profit= revenue - cost
market equilibrium is the point where quantity supplied and ________ are reasonably in balance
quantity demanded
If a frost suddenly destroyed a big portion of the orange crop, a good with highly elastic demand, what would be the impact on quantity demanded and price?
quantity demanded would decrease a lot, and price would remain stable or rise slightly
___________ is the amount of money a company receives for selling its product or service
revenue
marginal ___________ is the added revenue from producing and selling one more unit of output
revenue
what word describes the money that customers pay for the output of a business?
revenue
when a business expands production and increases sales, what generally happens to revenue?
revenue rises because the business is selling more output
an increase in supply is shown graphically as a ________ shift of the supply curve, and as a result of an increase in supply, equilibrium price will _______
rightward ; decrease
a luxury good is one whose demand ________ as income increases
rises sharply
marginal cost generally ______ quantity produced
rises with
If a town begins requiring builders to build on one-acre lots, instead of smaller quarter-acre lots, the supply curve for new homes will...
shift to the left
after hurricane katrina, the supply curve for gasoline
shifted to the left
in short run profit maximization, businesses focus on the ____________, holding fixed costs constant
short-term cost function
variable costs are also known as
short-term costs
variable costs are relevant for
short-term everyday decision making
if the price of gasoline rises, buyers will probably
spend more on gasoline since the demand for gasoline is probably inelastic
movement along the demand curve means that the demand schedule ____________ and the price __________
stays the same ; changes
in a movement along the demand curve, the demand schedule
stays the same, but the price changes
which of the following is least likely to be an example of a normal good?
store-brand breakfast cereal
if a new major oil field is discovered in africa, the world _______ curve for oil would shift to the _______
supply ; right
between 2000 and 2007, many more furniture companies started producing furniture more cheaply in china. as a result, the
supply curve for furniture shifted to the right
____________ shows the potential cost for each level of output
the cost function
if more and more states legalize casino gambling in the future, what will likely happen to the market for casino gambling in the states where it is currently legal?
the demand curve will shift to the left
demand is inelastic if
the quantity demanded does not change very much even if the price changes dramatically
if federal financial aid were severely reduced, what would happen to the equilibrium quantity of education supplied by educational institutions?
the quantity supplied would fall
suppose a local food truck, representing a small part of an overall very large market, can sell 20 hamburgers for $100 total and can sell 30 hamburgers for $150 total. which of the following is NOT true?
the total revenue of the 20th hamburger is $5
in the process of long-term profit maximization, the business makes decisions under the assumption that it can...
vary all the inputs
If Sara can produce 25 muffins for a total cost of $15, but her production process is subject to increasing marginal costs, which of the following could be the total cost of producing 100 muffins?
$80
if by selling one more unit of a good, a certain business can increase revenue from $500 to $525. what is the marginal revenue in this case?
$25
the long-lived physical equipment and structures that a business uses in its production process are called
capital
what caused the decline in demand for red delicious apples?
consumers found them to be tasteless
profit is the difference between revenue and
cost
what word describes the money that a business pays for its inputs?
cost
