Edex634

Which of the following is the correct parenthetical citation for the third edition of the Applied Behavior Analysis textbook, according to the seventh edition of the APA Publication Manual?

(Cooper et al., 2020)

If students are observed reading for a total of two minutes per day, where should the record floor be drawn on a standard celeration chart?

.5

Ian is calculating the IRT of his client's calling out behavior through the use of event recording. Ian has observed 60 occurrences in one hour. What is the estimated IRT of his client's calling out behavior?

1 minute

Pete asks a colleague to join him the next day in collecting data. The following is the data that was collected by both Pete (Obs1) and his colleague (Obs2). What is the IOA for the data collected? Obs1: XXXXX XXXXXObs2: XXXXX XXX

80%

Steph would like to train the class paraprofessional to collect this data on the days when she is unable to be in the classroom. After training the paraprofessional to collect the data and multiple practice opportunities, she allows the paraprofessional to collect data. What is the IOA of the data collected, and what conclusion should be made?

80% - collecting believable data

When calculating effect size, the researcher should seek which of the following?

A large effect

Because of the wide availability of science news, behavior analysts should assume the following:

A minority of Americans would be considered "active science new consumers" meaning that there is less of a likelihood that behavior analytic research is being consumed

The most commonly used combination of designs is:

ABAB combined with multiple baseline

Counterbalancing is a procedure that systematically arranges the order of the conditions as follows

ABBA BAAB

After consultation with the caregivers and his colleagues, Albert decides to use a punishment procedure to reduce the future frequency of SIB behavior. He sees an immediate decline, and after only three days, there are zero occurrences of SIB behavior. He is interested in whether these results would be worth sharing through a research presentation. What advice would you offer Albert if he was your colleague?

Albert should consider social validity and monitor the long-term ramifications of the treatment that resulted in quick change. He should share the results of that future research.

When considering monitoring and measuring of social validity, which of the following should be considered?

All of the Above - The social significance of the target behavior The appropriateness of the procedures The social importance of the results

When evaluating the results of a within-subject design, which of the following is important for making conclusions using visual analysis?

All of the above

Which of the following are essential components of a line graph?

All of the above

After systematically replicating a research study that my supervisor and I had read, we noticed that our results were vastly different from what the original authors had concluded. What should be our next steps?

All of the above are options

Which of the following most likely requires a citation?

An autism diagnosis involves the observation of a delay in communication and social interaction as well as the presence of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior.

Group design is willing to sacrifice which of the following in favor of the belief that results can be generalized to more populations

Analysis of individual variability

Alex follows his supervisor's advice and is able to finally move forward with his research idea. He collects data on the behavior of his participants for over three months, and carefully reviews each data point that is graphed. At the end of his study, Alex feels confident that the behavior of the participants changed, reliably, when the intervention was implemented. Alex is able to write up the results of his research indicating the relationship between his intervention and the behavior of "aggression." Alex is making this conclusion based on which dimension of ABA?

Analytical

Albert is a newly certified behavior analyst. After completing his graduate school training, he has the skill set to be considered a scientist-practitioner. He takes on his caseload which includes a number of clients with existing behavior plans already in place. When reviewing this new caseload, which of the following questions should be asked?

Are evidence-based practices in place in the existing behavior plan?

When considering the social validity of planned research, which of the following questions should be asked?

Are the goals that I want to achieve shared by people in the setting and by society?

What are the required elements of a reference in APA formatting?

Author, date, title, source

I am conducting research on the effect of a multi-component intervention on decreasing aggressive behavior. While the aggressive behavior had been reported to be at a consistently high level for the past few months, when baseline data collection began, there was a slow, but consistently decreasing trend observed. Which of the following options should I consider?

Because it is a potentially dangerous behavior...

Based on visual analysis of Joseph's graph, what conclusion might be made?

Because of the distinction in mean and level when compared to the other conditions as well as the lack of overlapping data points, it can be concluded that the behavior is maintained by escape.

Bill conducts research on increasing parent involvement in during his sessions with his early intervention clients. He is pleased with the results of his experiment and he prepares to present the research at a local conference. However, one of the parent participants has reached out repeatedly to ask for a personalized explanation of results. Bill has been avoiding this parent participant and simply suggesting that the parent attend the conference to learn about the results of the study. With which ethical code is Bill clearly not complying?

Behavior analysts inform the participant that debriefing will occur at the conclusion of the participant's involvement in the research

The Professional and Ethical Code for Behavior Analysts covers which of the following:

Behavior analysts' responsibility to clients

Alex has developed an idea for an intervention that he believes will lead to decreases in aggression with his clients who have been classified with "emotional disturbance." He discusses his ideas with his supervisor who is impressed with the idea, but that Alex needs to do more before he can begin his experiment. Specifically, his supervisor tells Alex that he needs to define "aggression" before he can begin to collect data. Alex's supervisor is supporting him to conduct research that meets which dimension of ABA?

Behavioral

What are the three dimensions of behavior analysis that are apparent in all three branches of behavior analysis?

Behavioral, analytical, and conceptual

Which of the following might be an attempt to measure social validity?

Ben interviews his client's parents

What are some steps that Ben should take in order to ensure that he has been provided with effective measures of social validity?

Ben should consider a measurement

The parents of Betty's client have asked her about a new diet that they have read about. The diet has been reported to be an effective treatment for autism. What steps should Betty take?

Betty should work with the parents to teach them how to look for scientific evidence of the effectiveness of the diet. She can encourage the parents to use only scientifically validated interventions

Which of the following statements are true? X = A bar graph is one of the easiest formats of graphs to interpret. Y = In a bar graph, variability and trend are not visible.

Both X and Y are true

Which of the following statements are true? X = Baer, Wolf, & Risley (1968) was the first systematic set of rules for extending behavior analysis into the field. Y = Baer, Wolf, & Risley (1968) served as a "splitter" to emphasize the difference between ABA and EAB.

Both X and Y are true

Sam is planning to conduct research using a reversal design. Which of the following steps should be included in his plan?

Both a and b are acceptable

Which of the following comprises the worldview of behavior analysts?

Both a. and b. comprise the worldview of behavior analysts - attitudes and characteristics of science and specific dimension of ABA

Carter has a client who is living in a group home. Carter was asked to consult because his new client has been engaging in tantrums when asked to eat meals with the other residents. Carter's client will only eat food from McDonald's. Carter's client is currently on medication for high blood pressure and is overweight. The staff at the group home have told Carter that because the tantrums get violent, they have decided to take his client to McDonald's at least one time each day to help quell the tantrums. How should Carter proceed?

Carter can develop a plan that will simultaneously reduce the rate of tantrum behavior and introduce new foods into his client's diet. For example, he might develop a plan where his client can have one French fry for every piece of broccoli eaten. He can then change criteria to increase the amount of new foods eaten while decreasing both the tantrums and amount of McDonald's food eaten.

In APA formatting, a level one heading is:

Centered and bold

What is the primary function of graphs?

Communication

Based on the data that she has collected, Rose has decided to use a DRL procedure to reduce the calling out behavior of her client. Rose carefully uses event recording to collect data on the number of times her client calls out. She is sure to note whether the DRL procedure is in place when that particular data is being collected. What is the independent variable in this scenario?

DRL

Derek is working with a client and his family to change the bedtime routine to allow for a longer period of sleep time through the night. He remembers discussing a similar problem with a colleague in the recent past. When he returns to the office, he finds his colleague's file and notices that the intervention his colleague used would work perfectly with his client. What should Derek do?

Derek should ask his colleague if he can use the same behavior plan for his client. He should then be sure to cite his colleague in his behavior plan write up.

When calculating effect size, which should always be the first step?

Determine the functional relationships

As Albert continues in his new position, he is asked to take on a client who has never before received behavior analytic services. In his initial meetings, he learns that the new client engages in self-injurious behavior of high intensity, but only on an infrequent basis. Albert would like to work to reduce the likelihood of the SIB behavior, and decides that he should initially assess the function of the behavior so that the intervention chosen is more likely to have an effect. Albert is demonstrating which fundamental attitude of science in his worldview and approach to this new client?

Determinism

If Mariel were interested in monitoring the social validity of her approach to supervision on her supervisees, what might she consider?

Do the potential changes to practice and outcomes for clients (benefit) justify the effort required by her supervisee to improve their own practice and meet her expectations (cost)?

The calculation of the magnitude of change is the definition of what?

Effect Size

Because Jack has taken so much time and effort to objectively define his proposed dependent variable so that they can be easily observed by anyone else who might be collecting data, Jack is demonstrating which fundamental attitude of science?

Empiricism

All of the following are ways to ensure standardization of treatment integrity except:

Encourage the interventionists to prepare

Which of the following experimenters is likely to have the most effective analysis and conclusion from the results of her experiment?

Experimenter A used visual analysis

Alex presents his research as a poster at a local ABA conference. He gets great feedback from conference attendees who appreciated the potential for the intervention he developed. Alex decides to collaborate with a colleague he met at the conference to extend his research. They plan to replicate his original research, but they will work with students who have been classified with autism. It is likely that this intervention will have similar effects because of which dimension of ABA?

Generality

A behavior analyst has years of experience working with adults on the autism spectrum. He would like to get new experiences working in early intervention. What should he do?

He should seek out supervision opportunities where he can work as a behavior analyst who has experience working with the early intervention population

After reading the article by Peterson and colleagues published in 1982, I want to make sure to include a measure of treatment integrity in my research design. Which of the following would likely be the best choice?

I could develop a checklist of the steps of the intervention. I should ensure that proper training and opportunities to practice implementing the intervention occurs as often as necessary, including during the study if implementation is not sufficient. I will plan to measure implementation through the use of an IOA measurement procedure approximately 50% of the sessions when the intervention is being administered.

I have just finished reading an article that included an interesting multi-component intervention to increase appropriate social interactions in natural settings in which all participants were individuals on the autism spectrum. However, I am questioning whether this intervention would be beneficial in the general education preschool classroom where I am consulting with the teacher. If I would like to approach my question in a formal way, what options do I have?

I could systematically replicate

I am planning to run a reversal design experiment to determine the effect of a differential reinforcement intervention on increasing studying behavior for graduate students in a behavior analysis program. I would like to establish my criteria for when I will shift phases to introduce and withdrawal the intervention. Which of the following should be considered?

I should consider a criterion such as...

Steve is conducting research on the effect of social skills training program on bullying behavior. He observes a functional relationship demonstrating a causal inference on the decrease in bullying behaviors after implementation of the training program. He would like to calculate effect size in order to determine the magnitude of change. In his calculation, he removes one data point to eliminate the overlap between baseline and intervention making sure that the most data possible remains in order to ensure accurate calculation. What method is he using?

IRD

Which of the following would be an example of a precise operational definition of a DRA intervention focuses on decreasing calling out behavior while increasing hand raising behavior?

Immediately following n observation...

Jordan is reading the results of a group design research study. She reads that there is a statistically significant difference between the two groups included in the study. How might this be interpreted?

It is unlikely that the results of the study are due to chance and therefore we can infer that the independent variable was responsible for change between the groups

To add to the data collected, Jack would like to include a measure of social validity in his research plan. Which of the following would be an option for this measure?

Jack could compare the pass rates of his supervisees to the pass rates of supervisees who have not participated in his curriculum to determine whether there is a socially valid change in pass rates with his participants.

Jack has had extensive experience as a certified behavior analyst. He has seen his own successes and challenges and those of his colleagues. However, he genuinely believes that some adaptation of the supervision experience will be beneficial in preparing future behavior analysts for similar challenges. Therefore, he develops a structured supervision curriculum that he would like to implement with his next round of supervisees. He hypothesizes that this curriculum will lead to quicker acquisition of behavior analytic terminology, an increase in consumption of behavior analytic research to drive existing practice, and a higher percentage of supervisees passing the BCBA test on the first attempt. Because he believes that these results could be beneficial to all practicing behavior analysts who supervise future behavior analysts, he would like to implement this curriculum through scientific methodology. He would hope to be able to publish and present the results to his colleagues throughout the field. What advice should he take from other prolific practitioner-researchers in order to be successful in this endeavor?

Jack should establish a team of individuals who can help to collaborate on the project. He should hold meetings face-to-face with the team, and collaboratively work to write the paper using time dedicated to conducting this research each week. Even if Jack decides to collaborate with academics, he should stay close to his project through the final submission.

Jade is a certified behavior analyst who has taken on a new client who has received behavior analytic services for the past three years. The client, a teenager, has recently started engaging in increased levels of aggression. As a scientist-practitioner, how might Jade proceed to reduce the levels of aggression?

Jade should conduct assessment to understand the function of the problem. She should then identify an evidence-based intervention that will match the function of the problem. She should isolate the influence of the intervention to determine its effect on the problem behavior, all while collecting data to make conclusions about the effect of the intervention on the behavior.

Jake is planning on conducting research on an intervention that is meant to increase teacher use of behavior specific praise. He plans to consider one session to be an hour of instruction. Therefore, he will be collecting data for multiple sessions per day. He is considering different ways of representing the data in order to communicate his results. Which option would you recommend?

Jake should summarize the responses by session in a line graph in order to show how responding changes between the sessions when the intervention was not present and when the intervention was present.

Jeremy has begun to work with a new population of clients in an early intervention setting. He is being supported by a supervisor who has had many years of experience in this area. However, he would like to further his understanding of interventions that are commonly used and effective with this population. What steps should he take?

Jeremy should take all of the above steps to further his knowledge about this population

Which of the following is an appropriate target behavior that a behavior analyst should provide intervention?

Joe bites his hand,

Katherine is preparing her materials for the meeting with the parents. She would like to present the results of her functional behavior assessment to the parents so that they understand why she is recommending the intervention that she is. How should Katherine represent the results of her assessment?

Katherine should create simple graphs and prepare everyday language to be certain that the parents of her client understand the results of the assessment

Katherine has spent significant time assessing the level, rate, and function of the problem behavior of her client. She has also spent significant time developing an intervention program for this client. She scheduled a meeting with the parents of her client to discuss this program with them. However, the parents had to cancel the meeting at the last second because of an emergency. What should Katherine do next?

Katherine should reschedule the meeting with the parents, but wait to implement the intervention until after informed consent has been obtained

Kelly has received an invitation to the birthday part of one of her clients. How should she handle this situation?

Kelly should politely decline the invitation because this could compromise her professional relationship with the client

Kendall is a student studying for the BCBA test. She has not yet finished her course work, but she has taken the majority of the classes. She was very impressed with her Research Design course, and she would like to apply those principles with her own clients. She developed a treatment package that she would like to compare to the traditional treatment package for that particular problem behavior. Kendall speaks to the family of her client and lets them know that she will be conducting research as a student at Drexel University, and that she will begin next week. What steps did Kendall miss?

Kendall should have followed all of the above steps before beginning her research

The parents of Kiera's client have recently attended a conference for autism that focused on dog therapy. The parents ask Kiera to train their family dog during the therapy sessions so that the dog can serve as a therapy dog for their son. What is Kiera obligated to do?

Kiera should explain to the parents that there is a lack of scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of "dog therapy" in the treatment of autism. In addition, Kiera can explain to the parents that she does not have the training or competence to train therapy dogs herself

Lauren has planned to conduct research that would answer the following question, "What is the effect of a DRA procedure on on-task behavior of students in a self-contained classroom for students classified with autism in grades 9-12?" She has worked with a supervisor to develop the research plan and she received approval to conduct the research through the university research review board. However, she is unclear whether this planned intervention will directly interfere with the behavior intervention plans that are already in place for the students in the classroom. How should she proceed?

Lauren should seek to resolve the potential issue through consultation with peers, school administrators, and the research review board

Which of the following is the most commonly used graph in ABA?

Line graph

Lyla is conducting research that focuses on the effect of a reading comprehension intervention. She collects data on reading skills with her three participants daily. However, she notices great variability in her data. She noted that during her morning session with the participants, they are often interrupted by school announcements. This may be impacting the reading skill data collected during this time period. What step should Lyla take?

Lyla may consider the school announcements to be an extraneous variable and must work to eliminate this variable by not measuring reading skills during this time of day

Kelly has an intervention that she would like to put into place after consulting with a classroom teacher. The classroom teacher would like to reduce the amount of time it takes her students to complete their morning routine. Kelly believes that the teacher will need to work with students individually. She would like to determine if the same intervention will work with the four students who take the most amount of time to complete the morning routine. Which design should Kelly use?

MB across subjects

Ben has decided to practice data collection with the paraprofessionals in the class on a professional development day. He shows a video of the class to the paraprofessionals and asks them to indicate the number of times calling out behavior is observed. Megan observes 15 incidents of calling out while Shawn observes 20. He then asks the paraprofessionals to watch the video again and again count the number of times calling out behavior is observed. This time, Megan counts 11, while Shawn counts only 12. When comparing Megan's results to the first observation to her second, and Shawn's results to his second, what would be their respective IOA?

Megan 73%; Shawn 60%

Who developed the standard celeration chart?

Ogden Lindsley

Which of the following statements are true? X = All people have the right to eat too many doughnuts and take a nap, but must incur the responsibilities that come with these rights as well, according to Bannerman et al. (1990). Y = According to Leaf et al. (2016), a quality ABA therapist must possess the skill of being conceptual above all else.

Only X is true

Which of the following statements are true? X = Excessive variability is an indication of absence of experimental control. Y = Excessive variability is never due to the behavior of the observer.

Only X is true

Which of the following statements are true? X = Despite training in the scientist-practitioner model, research articles are being published almost exclusively by dedicated researchers over a 15-year period. Y = Armed with training in the scientist-practitioner model, practitioners have contributed to roughly 40% of published research over a 15-year time period.

Only Y is true

Which of the following statements are true? X = Early behavior analysis resided in the lab. Y = As the field grew, there was notable growth in the amount of research being conducted in a lab-like setting.

Only x is true

Mariel has been working as a certified behavior analyst for over five years. She has recently started supervising future behavior analysts who are working as RBTs at the same organization. She would like to prepare her supervisees to become effective scientist-practitioners in the field. Therefore, she is sure to include which of the following in her meetings with her future colleagues.

Opportunities to practice viewing the world through a behavior analytic lens

I am conducting an experiment that is reviewing different amounts of ice cream offered as reinforcement (i.e., two scoops versus three scoops versus four scoops) on increasing the number of miles run during an exercise session. Which of the following strategies am I using in this experiment?

Parametric Strategy

Which of the following is true, when conducting group design?

Participants are randomly assigned

Peter has been working with a client for one full school year. His client is nonverbal, but responded well to functional communication training, and currently has about 50 signs that he uses independently. The current behavior program has a goal of teaching the client adaptive behaviors such as bagging groceries and taking the bus so that he can gain some more independence. However, one day Peter's client begins engaging in severe SIB, pulling on his own ears, banging his head, and biting his own hand. Peter has never observed this type of behavior in the past. What steps should Peter take next?

Peter should contact his client's parents and recommend that they take him for a medical evaluation to rule out any potential medical issue before implementing a comprehensive behavior plan

Aside from the spacing and layout, which of the following citations are in correct APA formatting?

Peterson, L., Homer, A.L., & Wonerlich, S.A. (1982). The integrity of independent variables in behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 477-492. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1982.15-477

As Jade continues to work with her client to reduce aggression, she plans to remain skeptical of any changes to or maintenance of behavior plans. However, she will be open to the new data that is collected and determine next steps based on the analysis of this data. Jade is demonstrating the behavior analytic approach to which fundamental attitude of science?

Philosophic Doubt

Tasha is a behavior analyst. She goes to a restaurant with her family one evening and discovers that the owners of the restaurant are the parents of a previous client. They offer Tasha her meal for free. How should Tasha handle this situation?

Politely decline

The behavior plan created by Jade led to immediate and sustained reductions in aggressive behavior. She had approached her planning and implementation process very carefully and feels as though she has data that would be both interesting and beneficial to colleagues. She decides to take her work public and present her work at a local conference. Because she is interested in providing more personalized description to those specifically interested in her work, she decides to use what format of presentation?

Poster presentation

In order for there to be continued progression in the field of behavior analysis, which of the following statements is the best option?

Practitioners, trained to be scientist-practitioners, should heed the advice of prolific practitioner-researchers and advance the field through their own research, inspired by their day-to-day experiences

What is one place/intervention where a standard celeration chart is most commonly used?

Precision teaching

To understand the ethical guidelines of a behavior analyst, which document should all BCBAs be familiar with?

Professional and Ethical Compliance Code for Behavior Analysts

Philip is conducting research in the group home where he is working. He would like to determine the effect of a common alarm clock on the frequency of finishing house chores before the early bedtime. He plans to conduct observations of the residents while completing the house chores and then monitoring the permanent product when the resident reports that the chore has been completed on a daily basis. How might this research be described?

Pure behavioral research

Sarah is conducting research on the effect of a classroom management strategy on appropriate classroom behavior in a middle school classroom. She is planning on have classroom teachers complete a survey on behavior of the class as a whole before the use of the classroom management strategy and after the use of a classroom management strategy. How might this research be described?

Quasi-behavioral research

By recognizing that the skills of her supervisees can be changed to meet the needs of their future clients, Mariel is supporting which of the following statements that are in support of the scientist-practitioner model?

Repertoires are mutable

Which of the following is often considered to be an inherent conflict in the scientist-practitioner training model?

Research requires experimental control that when implemented in an applied setting involves a degree of artificiality.

Which of the following is an appropriate target behavior that a behavior analyst should provide intervention?

Sam waves his hands rapidly

Which of the following statements are true about the Boulder model?

The Boulder model ensures that practice is informed by research.

When conducting pure behavior research, which of the following is true?

The behavior of interest is measured in undisturbed and uncontaminated form

When should the duration of a phase been determined?

The duration of each phase should be determined based on the patterns of data

Validity is best described as a measure of:

The extent to which the values observed represent the actual events

After all of this work, Jack's research endeavor is not complete until:

The findings are disseminated to others in the field

Which of the following statements are true about APA formatting?

The language used in writing should be direct and straightforward

Which of the following statements are correct, according to APA formatting?

The participants who scored at least a 15 on the pre-test were invited to join a journal club to increase their fluency in basic behavior analytic facts.

Which of the following statements are true?

There are ten sections of the Professional and Ethical Compliance Code for Behavior Analysts that address all possible roles of a behavior analyst including both practitioners and researchers

How would you describe Lisa's graph, using the tools of visual analysis?

There is a clear change of mean and level at the introduction of each new phase. Trend and variability remain consistent across conditions. Mean clearly decreases at the start of the intervention phase. There is no overlapping data between baseline and intervention.

Mark is providing graphical information about the effect of his intervention to his supervisor, who is not a behavior analyst. After seeing the line graph, and hearing about Mark's visual analysis, his supervisor determines that the graph is not sufficient to communicate the results. Which of the following is likely a concern shared by the supervisor?

There is a possibility that aspects not visible are influencing

A scientist-practitioner is one who can accomplish which of the following?

Translate principles into practice

When considering the ethics of behavior analysis, which of the following questions is NOT a fundamental concern?

What does it cost?

In my analysis of a published research study, I should be looking for what kind of replication in order to feel confident in the conclusions made by the authors?

Within-session replication, within-phase replication, within-experiment replication, and within-literature replication all help to make the strongest possible conclusions.

A colleague of yours has recently attended a workshop on conducting a functional analysis given by Dr. Brian Iwata. After attending this workshop, your colleague has decided that she would like to conduct her functional analysis with one of her clients so that she can learn how to do this on her own. How should you reply to your colleague?

You should recommend that your colleague reach out for support from an experienced behavior analyst before she tries to conduct a functional analysis on her own

The degree to which the observed values match the true value is:

accuracy

Which of the following are potential sources for confounds:

all of the above

Which of the following is/are sources of behavioral variability?

all of the above

definition of a target behavior should always be described as:

all of the above

What is the generally agreed upon recommendation for collecting IOA data?

at least 30%

Jason is working with two different teachers to help with implementation of their classroom management plans. However, each teacher feels strongly about using different aspects of the plan. One teacher would prefer to emphasize her reinforcement system while the other teacher would prefer to use a consistent punishment strategy. Jason works with the teachers to develop a plan that includes their preferences. However, he is interested in the ultimate outcome of these different classroom management plans. Therefore, at the end of the semester, he would like to compare which classroom had more total office referrals. What kind of graph would best communicate the results of this inquiry?

bar graph

What conclusions can Eve make about the reliability of her data collection based on the data represented below?

because of the moderate levels of agreement, eve should not consider the results

Variations in features of responding within a single response class, as well as variations in summary measures of that class is known by what term?

behavioral variability

On that particular day of observation, Carter was present for 30 minutes, but no response was observed. Where should Carter plot his data point for that particular day?

below the record floor

Which of the following statements are true? X = Visual inspection remains the primary method of evaluation in within-subject design. Y = Concerns have not reduced reliance on visual inspection in within-subject design.

both X and y

In order to assist the participant in discriminating the contingencies associated with rapidly alternating conditions in an alternating treatments design, you can

both a and b

Multiple data paths on any line graph might represent multiple target behaviors, multiple participants, or what else?

both a and b

Which of the following statements are true? X = Using a combined design increases the strength of the experimental demonstration. Y = When using a combined design, the effects displayed must meet the "requirements" of more than one design.

both x and y

Which of the following statements are true? X = Behavior is an individual phenomenon. Y = Behavior is a continuous phenomenon.

both x and y

Which of the following statements are true? X = In steady state responding, it is possible that other dimensional quantities of the dependent variable will vary. Y = There is no established definite value for "steady" to be applied to all collected data in research.

both x and y are true

Which of the following statements are true? X = Researchers attempt to identify empirical generalizations about the relationship between the behavior and environment. Y = Practitioners focus on changing an individual's behavior in targeted ways that solve problems in everyday living faced by the individual.

both x and y are true

Sarah would like to quit smoking. She decides that she will not be able to quit "cold turkey," but she would like to be consistently smoking 0 cigarettes a day by the end of the next three months. She decided on a treat that she would use to reward herself if she was pleased with total number of cigarettes smoked for the day. What research design would be best for Sarah to help her work towards her goal?

changing criterion design

Who would be considered consumers of the science of ABA?

client, family, teacher, etc

Which of the following is a strategy that can be used to assess validity?

collect corroborative evidence

In the following research question, what is the independent variable: What is the effect of font color on the rate of words read correctly on second-grade students receiving reading interventions?

color

variable other than the independent variable that impacts or influences the dependent variable is known as

confounding variable

Behavioral assessment is used to do all of the following except:

contribute to a diagnosis

Samantha has worked with her client to develop a new skill set. After training her client to follow a five step task analysis, her client is able to complete each of the five steps independently, without prompting. Samantha would like to continue collecting maintenance data. However, she would like to measure whether all five steps were completed each day. Essentially, Samantha's data each day will report whether "yes," all five steps were completed, or "no," all five steps were not completed. Which graph should she use to communicate her results?

cumulative record

Which variation of the multiple baseline design provides greater flexibility by not requiring all subjects to be present at the same time?

delayed multiple baseline

Which of the two methods of replication involve the exact conditions of an earlier experiment and is used to ensure reliability of results?

direct replication

Philip is observing his client's on-task behavior at his job by indicating whether or not his client was helping a customer during each of the 60 consecutive 10-second intervals. What kind of measure was Philip using?

discontinuous

Which of the following levels of summarization provides the greatest detail?

distribution of individual responses over time and condiitions

How are data graphed on a cumulative record?

each response is added

If we notice a data point within the same phase that is in an extreme opposite direction than a previous established trend, what is something that we should be aware of in a following data point collected?

expect a statistical regression

each behavior changes when, and only when, the independent variable is applied, then _________________ has been demonstrated

experimental control

Treatment integrity is defined as what?

extent to which IV is implemented

Kelsey's aggression tends to increase when she receives attention from adults in response to it. This is confirmed with a functional analysis. This is called a _____________ relationship.

funcitonal

In a cumulative record, a steeper slope represents what?

higher response rate

In the first withdrawal phase of my experiment, I notice that there is a great deal of variability in the data collected thus far in all three phases. What will I need to demonstrate in order to make a strong conclusion with the data that has been collected?

in order to make a conclusion despite the high variability

After conducting an initial interview with this client's primary caretaker, Kelly has created the following list of behaviors that the caretaker would like to see increased. Which of the following behaviors should Kelly prioritize on behalf of the 16-year-old client with intellectual disabilities who currently attends a specialized school but is beginning to transition to job training in a local supermarket?

independently choosing appropriate foods

Which of the following research questions would be best evaluated using an alternating treatments design?

interest in comparing 2 distinctly different

Which of the following patterns of graphed data are more likely to represent generalizable results?

interventions with dramatic effecta

Behavioral _____________ means that the level of behavior observed in an earlier phase cannot be reproduced even though experimental conditions are the same as they were during earlier phases.

irreversibility

Sophia completed her research study and determines a functional relationship between the independent and dependent variables. She conducts a calculation of effect size using the PND strategy. She determines that there is an effect size of 0.95. How would she describe this effect?

large effect

An equal-interval line graph permits the display of which tools of visual analysis:

level, trend, and variability

Rachel is conducting research on the effect of a behavioral intervention on responding of adults who have been diagnosed with autism. She originally planned a multiple baseline across subjects design. However, she would like to add more detail to her conclusions by further validating the results with one of her participants. While she does not want to see responding return to baseline levels, she would like to make a strong conclusion about the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Which of the following may be a wise choice for her to make?

mini-reversal with one or more of her participants

In order to increase confidence in the data obtained, which of the following steps should be followed?

more data points

The ________________ design is the most widely used experimental design in applied behavior analysis.

multiple-baseline design

Which of the following statements are true? X = After receiving a BCBA, the data collected by behavior analysts is always the true value. Y = There are procedures that are commonly used by behavior analysts that eliminate the presence of error, and therefore the data collected is always a true value.

neither x nor y

Which of the following statements are true? X = Because single-subject design includes only a single participant, the results of this research cannot be generalized to other individuals. Y = It is not necessary to collect IOA data on treatment integrity as long as there is IOA data showing high levels of agreement on measures of the dependent variable.

neither x nor y are true

Jada's supervisor joins her the next day to ensure that Jada is following the appropriate data collection protocol. Based on the data collected below, what conclusions can Jada's supervisor make?

none of the above

Which of the following statements are true? X = Social importance refers to the value added to society. Y = When using social comparison measures, the peer group should always consist of individuals that share the characteristics of gender, age, and socioeconomic status.

only x is true

Which of the following statements are true? X = When collecting continuous countability data, a behavior analyst should use event recording. Y = When collecting continuous duration data, a behavior analyst should use momentary time sampling.

only x is true

Which of the following statements are true? X = There are ample resources available to explain statistical analysis of single case research design. Y = Few training opportunities exist on the use of statistical analysis in single case research design.

only y

Which of the following statements are true? X = The measure of believability represents the relationship between data and actual events. Y = When accuracy, reliability, and validity are weak or absent, believability might ensure that data are still "good enough" for interpretation.

only y is true

a changing criterion design, reinforcement is usually contingent upon

performance at a specific level

There will be four different therapists administering the intervention to my three participants in my planned experiment. Which of the following are steps that I should take in order to ensure high levels of treatment integrity?

precisely and operationally define the IV

The element of baseline logic that requires stable data so that you can guess where the next data point will fall if the IV is not introduced

prediction

Your supervisor would like to increase your productivity at work. She is going to count the number of progress notes that you submit each week. Your supervisor is measuring:

rate

When using the null hypothesis standard model, researchers are seeking to:

reject null

Eve wanted to evaluate her own data collection behavior. She observed her client in class and used partial interval recording to measure the amount of time her client was spending completing work independently. She also set up a video recorder to document the entire observation period. Eve went back to her office and watched the video recording and again collected partial interval recording data. She compared the results of her first data collection (that happened in the moment) with the results of her second data collection (that occurred after watching the recording). In the end, Eve was assessing what?

reliability

The stability of data between repeated measures of the event is:

reliability

The purpose of replication is to ensure what two aspects of your findings?

reliability and generality

Ben has decided to have his paraprofessionals take a break from collecting data. Instead, he calls a meeting of all of the paraprofessionals who collect data on his client. In the meeting, he hopes to address the definition of the problem behavior and how to accurately collect momentary time sampling data. Ben is likely hoping to improve what?

reliability of data

Susan is conducting a functional assessment with her client. At this point of the assessment, she would like to focus on the temporal distribution of the behavior. Specifically, she would like to learn when the behavior is occurring. Which graph is Susan most likely to use to help determine the temporal distribution?

scatterplot

Alex is consulting with a first grade teacher who requested assistance reducing "mean language" or two of her students. After observing the classroom, Alex decides to use a DRL procedure. She decides that it would be best to reduce the amount of "mean language" instead of extinguishing it completely because every classmate engaged in at least one instance of the behavior during her observation. After training the teacher to use the procedure, she begins to use the DRL intervention on a daily basis. After six weeks of implementation, the teacher communicates that she is disappointed by the outcome because the target student is similar to his classmates and his "mean language" still occurs every day. What social validity issue would have uncovered this issue much sooner?

social significance of the goals

The following are examples of subjective measurement rating scales used to measure social validity, except:

social validity scale

Which of the following statements are true?

social validity should be assessed surrounding the development of goals

Susan is consulting with an RBT who is working with a client who demonstrates severe aggressive behavior during intervention sessions. Susan recommends that a new intervention be put into place in order to reduce the extreme problem behavior. Her intervention package includes a change of location for the intervention, a brand new reinforcement strategy that has never been implemented before for compliant behavior, and a novel time-out procedure when aggression is observed. What feature is likely to be included on the graph of the client's progress?

solid condition change lines

Melanie would like to investigate the effect of "Spinning Therapy" on the verbal behavior, specifically the use of intraverbals, of adults on the Autism Spectrum. She worries that the more time they spend listening to music, the more she will be unable to determine the effect of her intervention. Based on this plan, what would be the independent variable?

spinning therapy

East Elementary School has decided to track reading fluency of all students who are currently receiving tier two supports. Because every student is reading at a grade level, the administration is having a difficult time recognizing similar growth among different students. Therefore, the administration would like to use a common graph for all student results. The graphs should clearly communicate changes in reading fluency rates. Which kind of graph would be the best option to communicate the results of each student in a common format?

standard celebration chart

The goal of _____ is to show complete and representative data that demonstrates minimal role of any extraneous factor and the conclusion of a transition from a previous phase.

steady state strategy

The research study we read this week by Casella and colleagues (2011) was a replication of the Ahearn and colleagues (2007) study that we read last week. How would you define the Casella and colleagues (2011) replication study?

systematic replication

Pam is conducting research on the impact of a sticker chart on reading behavior as measured by the number of books completely read by individual second grade students each week. She would like to conduct effect size calculation in order to determine the magnitude of change. However, she notices a trend in the baseline data. Which calculation must she conduct?

tau u

single response occurs at a single point in time, which represents the fundamental property of:

temporal locus

Internal validity refers to the extent to which:

the changes in the DV are due to changes in IV

The target behavior identified in an experimental design is often referred to as:

the dependent variable

The difference between a transition state and a transitory state includes what?

transition state is when responding changes from one steady state to a different steady state.

Which of the following are noted in order to identify the presence of a steady state?

trends, range, cycle

An assessment of accuracy is to compare observed values with:

true values

The alternating treatment design would be helpful for evaluating the effects of

two reading interventioins

behavior analyst will choose to conduct an A-B-C analysis when the purpose of the assessment is to:

understand events that occasion

When deciding the size of the initial criteria changes in a changing criterion design, the rule of thumb is:

use larger changes if variable

Which of the following best demonstrates the necessary functions of experimental questions explored using within-subject design technology?

what is the effect of wearable technology on the activity of people

Sandee is speaking with her supervisor about a plan to conduct research exploring the effect of edible reinforcers that fall within the "healthy schools" movement on student compliance with teacher demands. However, she would not like to include a measure of social validity in her study. She is skeptical of these measures because she believes that all measurement in ABA should be objective. If you were Sandee's supervisor, how might you respond to these statements?

while there is some level of subjectivity...