EDF 475 ch. 6

What were the two conflicting positions about whether or not Mexican-American children should go to school at all?

1. farmers did not want children of their Mexican laborers to go to school because then the children were not available to do farm work, just like Mexican families did not want to send their kids to school because that was a loss in the contribution to the family income; 2. public officials wanted Mexican children in schools in order to Americanize them

When and why did the first Chinese immigrants come to California?

1850s; join the gold rush

When did Asian-American segregation end and why?

1921 when evidence was shown that Chinese students were scoring just as high as white students

How was the quota for each country's potential number of immigrants determined?

2-3% of the number of persons from the country living in the U.S.

Where did Mexican families send their children to school in order to get bilingual education?

Catholic schools or nonsectarian private schools

In the WWII years, how did Americans view both the Japanese and the Chinese?

Chinese- hardworking, brave, intelligent, religious Japanese- treacherous, sly, cruel, warlike

Why did the Chinese end up becoming naturalized citizens during this time period?

Congress rescinded the Chinese Exclusion Law and granted Chinese immigrants the right to become naturalized citizens

What is ELL?

English language learner

When the issue of black English was raised, how did the court suggest schools handle language issues for African American children?

First, the school must develop a plan that would identify students who use black English at home or outside school Second, the school was to use that knowledge when teaching students how to read standard English

What does Spring say was "the single most important legislation" for Natives and what rights did it give them?

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act; gave tribes the power to contract with the federal government to run their own education and health programs

What was the purpose of the Civilization Act?

It authorized the president to employ capable persons of good moral character to instruct Native Americans

What is LULAC

League of United Latin American Citizens

What is the most spoken non-English language in American schools? The second?

Spanish; Indo-European

Under the Immigration Act of 1924, what countries sent the most immigrants to the U.S.?

Western European countries

At the end of the Mexican-American War, how much of Mexico became U.S. property?

almost half of Mexico's total territory

What was one big reason the U.S. denied citizenship to Asian immigrants?

because citizenship was restricted to whites only

Why did the Indian Peace Commission think it was so important to teach all Native peoples English?

because language differences were a major source of continuing tension between whites and Indians

Why did truancy officers not chase down white kids who cut school?

because then they would also have to enforce attendance among the Mexicans

Lau

complaint that there was no special instruction for Chinese students learning standard English; the court did not offer a specific remedy but its ruling meant that all public schools receiving federal funds must ensure that special help be given to non-English-speaking students learning English

After first refusing to educate Asian-American children, then what did San Francisco do?

established a segregated school for Asians

How were Native children treated in these non-reservation schools?

exclusive use of English at these schools; flogging for punishment; jails with in the schools

How was the term model minority used as a racist attack on African Americans and Hispanics?

expressed a preference for Asians over African Americans and Hispanics

When Mexican-American kids did go to public schools, what was it like for them?

faced segregation and an education designed to rid them of their native language and customs.

What is a transnational family?

families which move back and forth between their host countries and their countries of origin

What two things have caused U.S. population to become more diverse?

globalization of the labor market & the Immigration Acts of 1965 and 1990

Why did Pratt think the tribal way of life was detrimental?

he said it was socialistic and contrary to the values of civilization

What is a shadow population?

illegal immigrant families who worry that sending their children to school will reveal their illegal status

What do you notice about the changes in the numbers of foreign-born U.S. residents between 1980 and 2012?

increased rapidly

To what extent does the educational level of immigrants parallel their social class?

it is a strong relationship

How was the Rough Rock Demonstration School different from Carlisle

it was on a reservation; the Native American parents had control over the education of their children; preserved the Native language and culture

What three things were the permissible reasons for immigration in the 1965 act?

joint family, brought skills, escape from an oppressive government

What were the first jobs taken by the Japanese immigrants?

laborers in the silk industry

What do we mean by Indo-European languages?

languages other than Spanish (French, German, Portuguese, etc.)

What do we notice about the kinds of schools that tend to have high concentrations of ELL students?

large cities

What is LEP?

limited-English proficient

Even though Delgado also ruled that segregating Mexican-Americans was illegal, how did schools try to perpetuate segregation?

manipulation of school district lines, choice plans, and different forms of second-generation segregation

What is the educational problem with the label model minority?

many educators would overlook the educational problems encountered by many Asian-American students

What was the racial/ethnic description of the immigrants who were admitted during this period?

national origin

Is everything now rosy for Mexican-American students in public schools?

no

Is it only the U.S. experiencing this increase in immigration?

no

What did the U.S. do to eliminate the speaking of Spanish?

passed a law requiring the teaching of English as a subject, another law requiring English to be the language of instruction in school

Even though Mexicans who lived in the conquered areas were supposed to get citizenship rights, what rights did they not get?

right to vote, and access to equal education

Who could not become a naturalized U.S. citizen before 1952?

since it was restricted to "white's only," many immigrants especially those from Asian countries

How were the Chinese viewed by the 1790 Naturalization Law?

since they were not considered "white" they could not become citizens

Finally, in 1970, what did a judge use the Brown case to establish?

that blacks and Mexican-Americans were segregated in public school system and that Mexican-Americans were an identifiable dominated group

When the Mendez case was decided, what did the judge say about segregating Spanish speakers?

that evidence shows that Spanish-speaking children are struggling with English as a result of not being exposed to it because of segregation

When Mexican families demanded they be permitted to transfer their children out of segregated schools, what excuse did the school board use to refuse this request?

that it was necessary for providing special instruction since they came from Spanish speaking homes

When did Native Americans finally begin to get control of their own schools?

the 1960s

What were the next jobs the Chinese took and why did they remain in the U.S.?

the Chinese immigrants did not have enough money to return home; they took low-wage jobs such as building the transcontinental railroad

What are the five negative stereotypes of the Asian American?

the coolie, the deviant, the yellow peril, the model minority, and the gook

Who is Thomas McKenney and why do many Native Americans still speak ill of him?

the first head of the Office of Indian Affairs; he spearheaded the initial attempt to destroy the cultures and languages of Native Americans

What was the Carlisle Indian School?

the first off-reservation boarding school for Indians

What does the text cite as "one of the most discriminatory acts against the children of Mexicans"?

the non-enforcement of compulsory school laws

What did the McCarran-Walter Act reverse?

the racial restrictions of the 1790 Naturalization Law

Why did the Japanese immigrants come to the U.S. later than the Chinese?

there was a Japanese law that banned travel to foreign countries

How were the Chinese immigrants received in California?

there was a lot of racial hostility

What is problematic about the terms Mongolian and Asian?

these terms tend to conceal the differences between countries and peoples, such as Korea, Japan, China, Cambodia, Indonesia, and India.

What is the definition of a naturalized citizen?

those who are not born in the U.S. but receive citizenship after immigration by fulfilling whatever legal requirements exist

How is this (see above question) a form of social control?

to deny a population education prevents them from being able to protect its political and economic rights

What do you notice about the number of white public school teachers when compared to the number of white students?

white teachers- 83% white students- 55%

What do we notice about the educational backgrounds of immigrants?

wide variety