EDF2005 Study Guide

A teacher's right to freedom of speech as a citizen, regarding matters of public concern, is protected due to the holding in the:

A. Pickering v. Board of Education case.

Which of these statements best describes the attitude of Americans toward inequities in school funding?

A. They believe that an individual's circumstances are merely obstacles to be overcome.

Which of the following is true of adequate education guarantees, the educational clauses present in the constitution of different states?

A. They guarantee that every student receives an efficient, sound, or thorough education.

Which of the following statements is true about charter schools?

A. They receive public funding based on the number of students enrolled.

In the first step of the pedagogical cycle, a teacher:

A. introduces the topics.

In the context of Mary Budd Rowe's research on wait time, teachers should:

A. learn to increase their wait time from one second to three to five seconds.

Helena believes that her main goal as a teacher is to transfer the knowledge and values that her students will need to do well in society. She strives to have her students learn to be academically proficient. She also tries to instill her students with values such as respect, diligence, and practicality. Helena is most likely to rely on:

A. teacher-centered philosophies.

The ________ approach uses native language as a bridge to English language instruction, where subjects are taught first in the native language.

A. transitional

A textbook covers twentieth-century U.S. history without mentioning the continuing struggle for civil rights; and pictures throughout the text portray only harmonious relations between the races. This is an example of a form of bias known as:

unreality.

Who is most likely to be considered part of the "hidden school government"?

D. Parents

Value added refers to:

D. assessing and rewarding the value a teacher adds to a student's education.

The Supreme Court ruled in ________ that students can grade their peers' academic work and even announce the results in class. without violating the privacy act.

A. Owasso Independent School District v. Falvo

Which of these court cases led to the advent of Robin Hood reformers?

A. Serrano v. Priest

Identify an accurate statement about the Buckley Amendment.

A. Student grades do not become private and part of students' educational records until they are recorded in a teacher's grade book.

Which of the following was an outcome of the San Antonio v. Rodriguez (1973) ruling of the Supreme Court?

A. The court stated that preserving local control was a legitimate reason to use the property tax system.

According to the Fourteenth Amendment, which of the following is an accurate statement in case of suspension of a student for indiscipline or misbehavior?

A. The student is entitled to tell his side of the story in self-defense.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about existentialist classrooms?

A. They afford students great latitude in their choice of subject matter and activity.

Why did social reconstructionists split from progressivists?

A. They grew impatient with the slow pace of change in schools and in society.

Which statement is true regarding voucher programs?

A. Voucher programs have been less effective than expected and their impact sounds better in theory than it is in fact.

Identify a true statement about race, socioeconomic status, and tracking.

A. When parents intervene, counselors place middle- and upper-socioeconomic class students with low grades and test scores into higher tracked groups.

In Alice's classroom, the great majority of her students do well academically. When she is asked about why she feels she is such a successful teacher, she says that she structures her instruction in such a way that her students can do well either way, working with her directly or on their own. She says that her students often do even better working on their own than with her. Alice's classroom best exemplifies:

A. academic learning time.

A teacher should ask lower-order questions when students are ________.

A. being introduced to new information

A key assumption of multicultural education is that:

A. effective teachers recognize that students learn in different ways.

An essentialist would argue that essentialism is an approach to ________.

A. ensure a common culture among Americans

During classroom discussions, Juan never names a student before asking a question. He always asks a question first and then names the student whom he wants to answer the question. According to Kounin, this is an example of:

A. group alerting.

Courts have ruled that a teacher's right to academic freedom:

A. is not absolute as students should learn only appropriate subject matter.

Schools that offer high-quality programs for talented students and have been used as a method of voluntary racial desegregation are known as:

A. magnet schools.

Catelina, a young Hispanic girl, has brown skin, thick hair, and dark eyes just like her cousins. These features reflect Catelina's ________.

A. race

In the cooperative learning model of effective instruction, ________.

A. rewards and recognition are based upon student performance

Commercialism promotes ________.

A. self-gratification

A textbook portrays all African Americans as athletes, Mexican Americans as laborers, and women only in relation to their families. This is an example of a form of bias known as ________.

A. stereotyping

The birthplace of Western philosophy is ________.

Ancient Greece

In response to the Soviet launching of Sputnik, the ________ provided substantial funds for a variety of educational activities, including student loans, the education of school counselors, and the strengthening of instructional programs in science, mathematics, and foreign languages.

B. National Defense Education Act (1958)

According to Goodlad, which statement is true regarding the patterns of classroom interactions?

B. Students are typically restrained in a relatively small space during a period in which much of the activity is about maintaining order.

Many people are unaware that the responsibility for educating Americans is not even mentioned in the Constitution. Under the ________ Amendment, any area not specifically stated in the Constitution as a federal responsibility is automatically assigned to the states.

B. Tenth

Which of the following statements is true about standardized tests?

B. They require all test takers to answer the same questions, so that student and teacher performance can be compared.

Teachers should ask higher-order questions when students:

B. are involved in a creative or affective decision.

Israel Zangwill's description of America as a "melting pot" best reflects the idea of ________.

B. assimilation

Lisa, Paul, and Jay were given an assignment at the end of their first unit in Spanish I. They were asked to prepare and act out a skit where they had to assume the roles of students visiting Argentina during Spring Break. They were to enter into a restaurant, order a meal, and pay for the meal, all in Spanish. The students knew they were being evaluated on how they performed these tasks, so they made an effort to do a good job. This sort of task is an example of:

B. authentic assessment.

In theory, ________ provide access to a wealth of online learning from pre-school to university, without brick-and-mortar costs like maintenance of buildings, playgrounds, parking lots, and the like.

B. virtual schools

Which of the following statements best reflects the findings of a 1990s survey conducted by People for the American Way regarding the state of race relations in America?

C. "I think that I've got a healthier attitude toward race relations than my mom and dad."

In diverse classrooms, teachers can use generalizations about students from different cultural groups but should avoid stereotypes. Which of the following is a stereotype?

C. Asian American students are math geniuses.

Nationally, _____ are more likely than students of other races to attend multiracial schools.

C. Asian Americans

The ________ gave the federal government power to help local school districts desegregate (Title IV) and, when necessary, to initiate lawsuits or withhold federal school funds to force desegregation.

C. Civil Rights Act

Which of the following is one of the seven goals for high school identified by the report Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education?

C. Command of fundamental academic skills

Historians consider ________ to be the outstanding proponent of education for the common person (the Common School Movement), and he is often referred to as "the father of the public school."

C. Horace Mann

What was the significance of the Serrano v. Priest (1971) ruling of the California Supreme Court?

C. It struck down the state's financial system as unconstitutional.

Influential teacher organizations are cautiously supportive of a merit pay plan. Provided that certain conditions are met, they would be more likely to support it. Which of the following is one of those conditions?

C. Local teachers should be involved in planning.

Which of the following statements would most likely be made by a critic of middle school education?

C. Middle schools overemphasize self-esteem building.

Which of the following statements regarding the composition of the modern family in the United States is true?

C. More than 50 percent of new mothers have at least some college education.

Which of the following statements is true about the effect of patterns of classroom interactions on both teachers and students?

C. Roughly two-thirds of classroom time is taken up by talk and two-thirds of that talk is by the teacher.

Which of the following provided funds for teacher training and program development in vocational education at the high school level?

C. Smith-Hughes Act

________ is the idea that society is an ingenious "sorting" system, one in which the more talented rise to the top, while those less deserving find themselves at the bottom of the social and economic pecking order.

C. Social Darwinism

Marie, a middle-school teacher, believes that all children can learn if given the right support. However, Tina, her coworker, thinks that it is a waste of time and effort to work with students from certain racial and ethnic groups. Which of the following theories suggests that the academic performance of the students from these groups is likely to suffer due to Tina's attitude?

C. The expectation theory

In the context of English Acquisition Programs, identify a true statement about the transitional approach.

C. The transitional approach often stresses on cultural assimilation.

Which of the following statements is true about perennialists?

C. They believe that the goal of education should be to develop rational thought and to discipline minds to think rigorously.

In the context of the social challenges that students face in school, which of the following statements is true about poor children entering school?

C. They typically receive less adult attention.

In the context of the development of American schools, which of the following statements is true about common schools?

C. They were free, open to all social classes, and intended to bring democracy to the classroom.

________ students are the least likely to attend multiracial schools and are the most isolated group.

C. White

The federal funds directed at specific categories and targeted educational needs of schools are known as ________.

C. categorical grants

In an essay that Eve wrote for her sociology course, she argued that one of the reasons that minorities struggled academically in school was genetic deficiencies that made them incapable of learning at the same pace as their white counterparts. Eve's views are indicative of the ________.

C. deficit theory

In the context of Dual Language Programs, the ________ is designed to help children learn English while maintaining their native language.

C. developmental approach

The marketing technique that involves selling things in unconventional and unexpected places is known as ________.

C. guerrilla marketing

Gina teaches at the middle grade. Joey is her student. She has noticed that Joey comes to school wearing the same clothes every day: a T-shirt, shorts, and flip-flops. He wears this outfit even on days when it is very cold outside. Recently, Joey seems to be more withdrawn, he keeps to himself and avoids eye contact largely ignoring his friends. Based on Gina's observations, she should:

C. immediately file a report with her principal or counselor, since Joey could be suffering from abuse or neglect.

Nathan was a young man receiving an education during the colonial period. As his family was business-oriented, he was enrolled in a private school devoted to teaching accounting, and that helped him take over his family business. Based on the description above, Nathan most likely attended a school in the ________ colonies.

C. middle

In funding schools, urban areas struggle the most, suffering not only from lower property values but also from the need to use those limited resources to fund more police officers, hospitals, subways, and other services than their suburban counterparts. This phenomenon is known as ________.

C. municipal overburden

Paul Pratfall was a young teacher who meant well, but could be easily led off task—especially, when it came to afternoon hall duty. When the school dismissal bell rang, Paul's job was to make sure that the children walked safely and in a disciplined manner from the classrooms on his hall to the waiting school buses just beyond the front entrance. During Friday's duty, one of Paul's colleagues called out to him. "Hey, Paulie, come in here and check out the article in the paper about the big game tonight. You gotta see it!" At first, Paul hesitated, since he was on duty. Then, he went into his friend's classroom to read the article. After all, he figured that he would only be a minute or two. Paul had just begun to read the article when he heard a loud crash and an anguished cry. He and his colleague ran into the hall to find little Jeannie lying on the floor with her leg obviously broken. Based on this scenario, Paul would most likely be guilty of:

C. nonfeasance.

As a teacher, Richard wants his students to think rationally and rigorously. He feels that he should prepare his brightest students for future leadership and responsibility, while providing vocational training to the rest of the students. Richard's approach to education is indicative of ________.

C. perennialism

In a(n) ________ classroom, students spend considerable time and energy mastering the three "Rs," reading, 'riting, and 'rithmetic.

C. perennialist

The movement with which John Dewey was closely associated with is known as ________.

C. progressivism

As an economic reconstructionist, Paulo Freire claimed that:

C. schools often miseducate and oppress the poor.

Ethnocentrism is the ________.

C. tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others

A call for accountability in financing of schools means that ________.

C. the public wants to see academic progress for their tax dollars

Student achievement will be increased when ________.

C. the students spend more time on learning their subjects

A professor asks her students to discuss globalization for a paper on world affairs. She asks the students to make a presentation on how people from the East view globalization and its impact on their culture and economy. This example is most representative of the ________ approach to multicultural curriculum.

C. transformation

When students, parents, and teachers were asked to rate goals of schooling in a study by John Goodlad, ________.

C. vocational, personal, academic, social, and civic goals were all rated "very important."

Which of the following is an accurate statement with reference to the term in loco parentis?

D. A school official can search a student's locker if there is reasonable suspicion that it contains something illegal and dangerous.

________ asserts that knowledge cannot be handed from one person to another (from a teacher to a learner) but must be constructed by each learner through interpreting and reinterpreting a constant flow of information.

D. Constructivism

________ strives to teach students the accumulated knowledge of human civilization through core courses in the traditional academic disciplines.

D. Essentialism

Which of the following makes for an engaging education experience?

D. Getting the opportunity to excel

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the famous Brazilian educationist Paulo Freire who opposed social Darwinism?

D. He envisioned schools as a place where the poor can acquire the skills to regain control of their lives.

Which of the following statements is true about educational practices in the West?

D. In Western society, formal schools, formal certification and degrees are valued.

Critics of middle school education argue that they should be replaced by ________.

D. K-8 schools

When Ovando's family first emigrated from Latin America, school was difficult for him because of his limited proficiency in English and because he was not allowed to speak Spanish at school. His experience was similar to that of:

D. Kinney Lau, whose difficulty in school led to a landmark court case, Lau v. Nichols.

________ American students have the highest dropout rate of all students and are more likely to struggle with alcohol and drug addiction.

D. Native

Andy was teaching a unit on Tennyson in his British Literature class, and he came across an essay about the poet that would really "bring the man to life." He made copies of the essay and distributed them to the students. Based on the information presented here, did Andy violate copyright laws?

D. No, because he can do so under the fair use policy for up to nine instances per class per semester.

Which of the following ranked highest with students while describing their peer culture in middle school?

D. Relational aggression

Activists who took funds from wealthy districts and redistributed the monies to the poorer districts were called ________.

D. Robin Hood reformers

In the context of the education system in the United States, which of the following is one of the most important discoveries made by Jeannie Oakes?

D. She found that in the tracking system, race, far more than ability, determines which students are placed in which tracks.

Which of the following statements regarding zero-tolerance policies is true?

D. Students who are removed from school are at increased risk for low achievement and of becoming permanently entangled in the "schools-to-prison" pipeline.

Which of the following is a recommended teaching strategy that can help children from low-income homes achieve academic success?

D. Teachers should avoid lowering their expectations for students belonging to this group.

Paula is an elementary school teacher who often feels that the last thing in the world she gets to do is teach her students. She feels as though much of her day is spent on determining who gets to speak, when to line up for lunch, how the class will work when broken into groups, and so on. In this example, Paula occupies the role of a(n) ________.

D. gatekeeper

The role of state governments in curricular decisions has:

D. increased through state standards and tests, and frameworks for all schools to follow.

If Barbara, a teacher, follows the principles of behaviorism, she believes that ________.

D. positive reinforcement can be used to promote desired learning

Title IX of the Education Amendments (1972):

D. prohibited sex discrimination against the students of educational institutions.

In the landmark case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court developed the doctrine of ________.

D. separate but equal

On the subject of teaching creationism, evolution, or intelligent design in schools, a large segment of the public feels that:

D. students should be exposed to competing theories in schools.

According to a survey, by the nonprofit Education Sector, most teachers:

D. support educational reform and change.

Direct teaching model of effective instruction is:

D. teacher presentation of new material followed by student practice and feedback.

One of the reasons that students in schools are more segregated today than at any time since the Civil Rights movement is that:

D. the federal courts are no longer willing to attend to the problem of racial segregation.

When a teacher's private life is called into question by the courts, a governing principle that determines whether or not the teacher may be dismissed is often based on whether:

D. there is substantial disruption of the educational process.

Being ________ refers to a person's innate identity of being male, female, or somewhere in between.

D. transgender

The marketing technique in which advertising is done on preexisting social networks is known as ________.

D. viral marketing

In a progressivist classroom, you would find teachers ________.

D. walking around the room, asking questions and making suggestions

When the Progressive Education Association released their Eight-Year Study, they reported that students who graduated from progressive schools:

D. were judged to be more objective and more precise thinkers.

In the context of classroom behavior management, a teacher who is a good behavioral manager should:

teach standards or norms of student behavior actively and directly.

The state with perhaps the purest example of adequate education approach is ________.

D. Maryland

Which of the following is a true statement about students in low-ability tracks?

A. Their instruction places more emphasis on classroom management problems.

Which of the following statements is true about standardized tests?

A. They can be rapidly implemented.

In the context of tracking, students are sorted based on ________.

A. ability

When teachers and principals have to remedy antiquated buildings, they give higher priority to ________.

A. repairing lights and air conditioners

In 1987, Congress passed the ________, which requires homeless students to have the same access to school as everyone else.

B. McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act

Which of the following statements is true about charter schools?

B. Most charter schools are publicly funded and privately run, often by a for-profit corporation.

The act that calls for standards and annual testing of math, reading, and science is called the ________.

B. No Child Left Behind Act

________ organizes schools around the concerns, curiosity, and real-world experiences of students.

B. Progressivism

Identify an accurate statement about using a student's test score to assess the teacher.

B. This a flawed approach because one test score is an inadequate measure of student growth.

In a narrow 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled in ________ that publicly funded vouchers could be used to send children to Cleveland's private religious schools.

B. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris

When a teacher allocates a special week in a month to talk about important female inventors, the teacher is taking the ________ approach to multicultural curriculum.

B. additive

Mastery learning is based on the premise that:

B. all students can learn-if given the right tools and the opportunity to work at their own pace.

Multicultural educators that follow the approach called "teaching the culturally different" primarily advocate:

B. creating close links between school and home so that minority children can succeed academically.

A key aspect of teaching in a constructivist classroom is ________.

B. gauging a student's prior knowledge and understanding

A teacher who suspects that a child is the victim of child abuse:

B. has an ethical and legal responsibility to report the suspected abuse.

In the context of the development of American schools, ________ were open to all social classes and provided both precollege and career education.

B. high schools

To raise money for schools, colonial towns and districts assessed a(n) ________ tax.

B. property

In the context of the levels of educational power, which of the following is a function of local school districts?

C. Fix salaries and working conditions

Courts have ruled that a teacher can be fired for ________.

C. encouraging students to attend certain religious meetings

In the context of the social challenges that students face in school, children from low socioeconomic backgrounds often ________.

C. have difficulty generating new solutions to problems

By beginning a lesson with a challenging riddle or an anecdote, a teacher is trying to:

inspire motivation.

According to Bloom's revised taxonomy, the highest level of questions is:

B. creating.

The ________ is collected through payroll deductions, money deducted even before one receives salary.

B. personal income tax

As secondary schools spread, they generally took the form of ________ academies.

B. private, tuition-charging

The Abbott cases in New Jersey contributed to a new line of litigation focusing on ________.

C. educational outcome

Participation in extracurricular activities is correlated with ________.

C. enriched student life and learning

The Old Deluder Satan Law of 1647 required that:

C. every town of fifty households must appoint and pay a teacher of reading and writing.

When asked to identify the one best thing about their high school, ________ usually rank at the top of the list of students.

C. friends

Which of the following books would likely be included in the "Great Books" favored by perennialists?

C. A theology book written by a classical author

Which of the following statements is true?

-

Imagine a school where teachers do not have daily contact with one another and act independently, the school administration does not give due importance to effective communication with the students' families about the school's goals and expectations. They are vague about the goals of the school and focus on maintaining the status quo. This represents a failure of which element of the "five-factor theory of effective schools"?

A clear school mission

In the context of common terms and typical situations related to teacher liability, starting a fistfight or bringing marijuana to school is considered an act that cannot be done lawfully, regardless of how it is performed, and is referred to as ________.

A. "malfeasance"

By the early part of the twentieth century, women constituted upward of ________ percent of teachers.

A. 90

Which of the following is a similarity between perennialism and essentialism?

A. Both aim to enhance students' moral qualities.

Cases such as Goss v. Lopez that deal with the proper procedures involving the disciplining and suspension of students would fall under the ________ to the U.S. Constitution.

A. Fourteenth Amendment

The ________ to the U.S. Constitution protects citizens' rights to due process and equal protection under the law, no matter where they live in the United States.

A. Fourteenth Amendment

How did Benjamin Franklin help in severing American educational thought from its European roots?

A. He was committed to a practical program of nonsectarian study, offering elective courses.

As a student in college, Luisa was shocked at some of the things she was learning in her Survey of American History course. Although she had studied American history before, her teachers had completely omitted many of the things that she was learning for the first time. Luisa's experiences most closely reflect the effects of:

A. the null curriculum.

Generally, courts have ruled that teachers may be fired for:

A. using profanity and abusive language toward students.

In 1749, ________ penned Proposals Relating to the Youth of Pennsylvania, suggesting a new kind of secondary school to replace the Latin grammar school—the academy.

B. Benjamin Franklin

The phenomenon represented by the test-tampering scandal in Atlanta, Georgia, is most closely associated with:

B. Campbell's law.

Which of the following is a characteristic of charter schools?

B. Charter schools can be closed down if they do not meet expectations.

In the context of Professor Andrew Hacker's parable about race, which of the following is true of his views?

B. He considers white privilege so commonplace that most people are no longer able to "see" it.

In the context of the common patterns that can derail classroom management during times of transition, which of the following statements is true about overdwelling?

B. It is a bad habit that includes a teacher preaching, nagging, and spending more time than necessary to correct an infraction of classroom rules.

Alyssa was a senior at Local High School (LHS). Although she was a brilliant student, Alyssa had a mischievous streak that frequently landed her in the principal's office. In order to get into the college that she wanted to, she needed a recommendation letter from her counselor, Mr. Todd. On the day that she went to see him to ask for the letter, he told her to close the door. "Ever since you came here as a freshman, I've had my eyes on you. It's amazing just how pretty you've become. I'll be glad to discuss your letter over dinner at my apartment, around eight tonight. Be sure to wear something really pretty. And let's keep our little date to ourselves. After all, we wouldn't want something to happen to that letter, would we"? Based on the dialogue, Alyssa is experiencing:

B. quid pro quo sexual harassment.

According to Jeannie Oakes, tracking persists in schools largely because ________.

B. teachers expect little from the low-track students and they do little to improve student performance

Andrew is a student in the class Rebecca teaches. While Andrew is not in the lowest percentile of the class, he isn't in the highest, either. In fact, Andrew could go either way in terms of passing or failing. Rebecca will spend:

B. the most amount of time on him because he is a "bubble kid."

A new principal is concerned with the increasing incidents of cheating and plagiarism occurring in her school. She wants to take effective measures to reduce such incidences. Which of the following actions might be the most effective?

D. Teachers will help students to develop the skills to synthesize and summarize information, use citations properly, and develop their own insights.

Which of the following statements is true about categorical grants?

D. They identify critical education areas for federal financial support.

Which of the following actions of teachers is most likely be supported by Gloria Ladson-Billings, the proponent of culturally responsive teaching?

D. Working to improve the quality of life of the students in the school and community

As gatekeepers, teachers must:

D. determine which student will talk when.

When schools move away from traditional autocratic teaching styles, students embrace "Habits of Goodness." To develop these habits teachers should:

D. develop the list of rules together with their students and ensure that rules are few and fair.

Learning that is not always intended but emerges as students are shaped by the school culture, including the attitudes and behaviors of teachers, is known as the ________.

D. hidden curriculum