EDPS 250 Final

When real-world settings are used to observe and record behavior, it is known as naturalistic observation.

True

Eight-month-old Priya has responsive caregivers. They make sure she is fed and held. Her caregivers also talk to her and play often throughout the day. Priya would most likely land on which side of Erikson's first crisis?

Trust

Which is a positive resolution of Erikson's first stage of development?

Trust

Both facilitation and constraint are influenced by ______ in children's social learning opportunities.

culture

A researcher interested in how children share with one another would focus on ______.

distributive justice

Which refers to the method parents use to teach children acceptable behavior?

discipline

Which scale is demonstrated by searching for a toy or paying attention to a stimulus within the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III?

Cognitive

The social smile emerges at about ______ of age to encourage social engagement.

6-10 Weeks

At which age does the externality effect lessen as infants begin to study the eyes and mouth on a face?

6-7 weeks

In the United States, almost ______ of children have at least one sibling.

80%

Phenylketonuria (PKU) prevents the breakdown of an amino acid from proteins.

True

The average 3- to 5-year-old should sleep ______ a day.

10-13 hrs

At which age will most infants recognize themselves in a mirror?

18-24 months

Which infant is exhibiting signs of stranger wariness?

An infant cries as a stranger moves quickly to her.

Which is the screening given at birth to assess for appearance and respiration among other things?

Apgar

______ includes consonants and vowels in repetition and begins around 6 months of age.

Babbling

Which theorist developed social learning theory, observational learning, and reciprocal determinism?

Bandura

Sensation is to meaningless as perception is to meaningful.

True

______ is the adaptive mental process for organized storage.

Categorization

Which child is demonstrating sociodramatic play?

Chan is pretending to mow the grass with his friends.

Exposure to a teratogen would be the most susceptible to damage in the ______ period.

Critical

The visual cliff apparatus was used to study how infants perceive ______.

Depth

Which is the most common cause of genetic developmental intellectual disability?

Down Syndrome

A researcher studying children's ability to tie shoes, paint, and color is focused on ______.

Fine Motor Skills

Newborn infants prefer patterns as well as ______ in visual stimuli.

Faces

When an infant's growth and weight falls far below the growth norms of other children their age, it is known as ______.

Failure to thrive

A cesarean section is performed if the baby's head is positioned at the opening of the cervix.

False

______ abilities are good indicators of present and future intellectual ability.

Information processing

One intervention to promote development for low-birthweight and preterm infants is known as ______ care.

Kangaroo

Which childbirth method is characterized by a breathing technique, a partner coaching through childbirth, and knowledge of what to expect during childbirth?

Lamaze

X-linked genetic disorders are more likely to affect ______.

Males

______ is a federal government program to aid disadvantaged children before they enter kindergarten

Project Head Start

A ______ is a way to collect data from a large amount of people in a short amount of time.

Questionnaire

The ethical principle of ______ means that researchers must clarify their role and obligations to participants.

Responsability

A neurotransmitter crosses the ______ in order to communicate between two neurons.

Synapse

Which statement about synaptic pruning is accurate?

Synaptic pruning keeps the pathways in the brain clear so that any unused connections are eliminated, thus strengthening used neural pathways leading to an increase in focused brain activation.

An agent that disrupts prenatal development, such as a disease, environmental factor, or drug, and increases the possibility of defects, abnormalities, or miscarriage is a(n) ______.

Teratogen

A glial cell is a brain cell that outnumbers and nourishes neurons.

True

A(n) ______ is the fertilized egg, the joining of the ova and sperm.

Zygote

Which is the leading cause of death in early childhood?

accidents

Which refers to the first outward sign of puberty?

adolescent growth spurt

A confrontational and hostile child who acts in destructive ways is likely to be a(n) ______.

aggressive-rejected child

Athletes are an example of a(n) ______.

crowd

The most common method of pain management through medication is ______.

an epidural

Jenna has a pet rock that she says feels better when he is cuddled. This illustrates __

animism

You live with your stepmother, father, siblings, half-sibling, and step-siblings. You have a ______.

blended family

Which is an example of overextension?

cars for all motorized vehicles

Twenty-three-month-old Lorelai has a rapidly growing vocabulary. She recognizes herself in pictures. She often refers to herself, saying "I big" to express how much she is growing. Lorelai is demonstrating her ______.

categorical self

A scientist interested in understanding the types of human papilloma virus would also focus on ______.

cervical cancer

A researcher gathering information about PTSD in children should examine ______.

child maltreatment

Which is the ability to understand hierarchies?

classification

Which refers to a friend group that is close-knit?

clique

According to Piaget, children and adults interact with the world around them in order to organize what they learn into ______.

cognitive schemas

The Sun City School Board is considering discontinuing teaching cursive in their elementary schools. A group of concerned teachers present evidence suggesting cursive should continue to be taught on the basis that it is shown to enhance ______ in students.

cognitive skills

Which refers to actual or threatened physical, psychological, or sexual violence toward a current or former partner?

dating violence

Scientists interested in changes in sleep and eating habits, hopelessness, loss of energy, motivation, and interest in adolescents would most likely focus on ______.

depression

Which is the most common psychological problem in adolescence?

depression

An example of telegraphic speech would be ______.

doggie here

You believe in a wider view of intelligence to include things like kinesthetic intelligence. Which theorist would you most likely study?

gardner

Your characteristics are consistent over time. These constructs become your ___

global self-esteem

Researchers want to study popular children. Which characteristic(s) should they focus on?

helpfulness trustworthiness assertiveness

Eight-year-old Shannon has just moved to the United States from Peru. His father's job has brought them to the New York City area. When Shannon goes to school, he finds himself in a classroom where only English is spoken. Shannon is experiencing which approach?

immersion

A genetic inheritance pattern where the stronger allele does not overtake the expression of the weaker allele is ______.

incomplete dominance

A person's ability to adapt to the world around him/her is the simplest understanding of ______.

intelligence

A message gets faster and faster running down the axon of a neuron due to ______.

myelination

Which food allergy is most common among children?

peanut

Crowd membership is sorted by ______.

peers

Unstructured play during the school day is referred to as ______.

recess

Which refers to an individual bridging the gap in competence of a task for a child?

scaffolding

Which perceptual capacity(ies) is/are well developed at birth or before birth?

smell taste hearing

As a 10-year-old, you remember arguing and fighting with your sister. Now you understand that this was due to ______.

social comparison

A researcher looking at sleep in early childhood may want to consider calculating a child's ______.

screen time

Which is/are influence(s) on developing prosocial behavior?

social context genes family context

A researcher is focused on disputes between 4-year-olds to understand their moral development. She is looking at ______.

social experiences

Six-year-old Tasha focuses on a toy for a long time. She is demonstrating ______.

sustained attention

Multiple-choice exams are a type of assessment that would be used in a ______.

teacher-centered classroom

Which is/are contextual influences on a child's motivation?

teachers culture parents

Which refers to the lowering of the average age of puberty with each generation?

the secular trend

A decline in self-esteem can be associated with perceived disapproval by peers.

true

Physical activity increases heart rate through motion.

true

Brain tissue that is coated with a fatty substance is the ______.

white matter

Researchers interested in universal ethical principles applied to morality would focus on which stage of Kohlberg's theory?

6

Which statement illustrates the first stage of labor?

A mother has regular uterine contractions and her water breaks.

Alcohol abuse during pregnancy has been found to have no effect on developmental disabilities.

False

Bowlby believed that feeding practices influence emotional disturbances.

False

Cephalocaudal development references the understanding that growth is from the center of the body outward.

False

Childcare provided by nonfamily members is damaging to development and promotes insecure attachment.

False

Classical conditioning requires a consequence to a behavior that either strengthens or weakens the repetition of that behavior.

False

Discontinuous development is characterized by gradual and slow development over time.

False

Every child who wants to play organized sports has the access to play.

False

Girls tend to show aggression through name-calling and physical means.

False

Heritability refers to the variation of a given characteristic among people due to the environment.

False

Lateralization is less pronounced as a child enters early childhood.

False

Monozygotic twins are the results of two ovum and two sperm fertilized at the same time.

False

Most newborns spend 50% of their time sleeping, only waking every 4 hr.

False

The central executive is a processor directing the flow of information in the long-term memory.

False

The dependent variable is manipulated by the researcher in order to measure its effect on the independent variable.

False

Disorders and abnormalities that are inherited through genes are ______ in nature.

Genetic

Which researcher pointed out the care orientation which had been neglected?

Gilligan

______, the overall evaluation of self-worth, declines at 11 years of age.

Global self-esteem

Physical growth not only influences fitness and overall health, but also ______.

Gross Motor Skills

______ is an early form of learning referring to the decrease in response to a stimulus after repetition.

Habituation

An example of an X-linked genetic disorder is ______.

Hemophilia

______ becomes more complex at about 3½ years of age within prosocial behavior.

Instrumental assistance

Which demonstrates an environmental hazard to infants prenatally?

Lead Paint

Which child is demonstrating fine motor skills in middle childhood?

Lily is learning to crochet.

Researchers state that the lowest rate of breastfeeding is among ______.

Low-Income mothers

Research has found that personal characteristics, such as intelligence, support that heredity displays a ______ role.

Moderate

______ of the connections from the cerebellum to the cortex contributes to increased speed in gross and fine motor skills.

Myelination

Nine-year-old Holly and her mother live in a lower socioeconomic part of the city. Her mother works full time, but they just make it through each month. Holly and her mother are extremely close. Her mother is Holly's biggest fan, making sure she feels loved but is also aware of the rules in the house. Holly has a good understanding of who she is and the abilities that she possesses due to her mother's encouragement. She also believes that she can achieve anything with hard work just like her mother. Holly exemplifies a(n) ______.

Resilient child

______ is the process of asking and answering questions through systematic observations, gathering information, evaluating, determining, and communicating answers.

Scientific Method

Which stage of labor is characterized by a fully dilated cervix and ends when a baby emerges from the mother?

Second

______ includes emotions and attitudes emerging in awareness.

Self-Concept

The exaggerated positive evaluation preschoolers engage in is the emergence of ______.

Self-Esteem

A teratogen whose outcome may only appear later in development is considered to have a(n) ______.

Sleeper effect

A pregnant woman has just found out that she will be giving birth to a boy. This means the fetus has XY on its 23rd pair of chromosomes.

True

A researcher following the ethical principle of integrity must be accurate in the reporting of the research data compiled.

True

Behaviorism is only interested in and studies what can be observed.

True

Cognitive development refers to thought processes such as obtaining knowledge and solving problems.

True

Emotions can be classically conditioned in human beings.

True

Will regularly takes his son Liam to the grocery store with him. He believes that Liam needs to learn to be able to go places and act appropriately. Liam starts running around and touching everything on the shelves. Will scolds Liam. The next time, Liam behaves well, but Will says nothing. Liam's bad behavior seems to be increasing. What is illustrated here?

Will focuses on scolding Liam, not teaching correct behavior.

______ memory holds and processes between four and nine pieces of information for a few seconds to a few minutes.

Working

Three-year-old Evan describes herself as "fast," illustrating ______.

a categorical self

Children who show slowed growth may have a deficiency with ______.

a growth hormone

Which demonstrates long-term memory?

a research study testing recall of previously learned information 3 years later

A scientist is interested in risk-taking behavior in adolescence, particularly contextual factors, which include ______.

adult supervision stress impoverishment

A researcher focusing on the highest mortality rate for a mental disorder would most likely be interested in _____

anorexia nervosa

Wheezing and coughing are characteristics of which inflammatory disorder?

asthma

Which is an important backdrop for development of infants' emotions and socialization?

attachment

Four-year-old Amy throws her toy against the wall because she is angry. Amy's mother calmly walks over to her and explains that throwing the toy is wrong. She also explains that she could have hurt herself or someone else. She points out that Amy's toy is now broken. Her mother further states that Amy must remain in her room until she can talk about what is bothering her and clean up the broken toy. Her mother informs her that the toy will not be replaced. Amy's mother is a(n) ______ parent.

authoritative

Which parenting style is associated with academic achievement in adolescents?

authoritative

Scientists focused on adolescents with reduced levels of depression and behavior problems most likely would be found to have ______.

authoritative parents

Which is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty with or lack of social communication and a large range of severity?

autistic spectrum disorder

Which refers to the ability to rely on oneself, making and carrying out one's own decisions?

autonamy

A researcher interested in independence in a child's social development will explore Erikson's ______ stage of development.

autonomy versus shame and doubt

If researchers vow to do no harm while also doing good for their participants, they are behaving according to which principle(s) of research ethics?

beneficence and nonmaleficence

According to Bronfenbrenner, development is influenced by different levels of the environment simultaneously. This is known as the ______.

bioecological systems theory

You keep stressing how "fat" you are to your friends, but you are a healthy weight. You are expressing ______.

body image dissatisfaction

Which refers to eating large quantities of food and purging afterward?

bulimia nervosa

Researchers focusing on repeated social harm of one child onto another are interested in ______.

bullying

Which education approach encourages children to interact with their environment and engage in a variety of activities?

child-centered

A teacher interested in learning the Montessori approach is focused on ______.

child-centered learning

Nine-year-old Rose is putting mammals on a diagram according to their category and subcategories. Rose is in Piaget's ______.

concrete operational stage

Eight-year-old Juan is baking pies with his mother. They have made enough dough for four pie crusts. As he rolls out one quarter of the total dough, it gets flatter and wider. It takes up far more room than the rest of the dough put together. Juan knows that his rolled out dough is still just one-quarter of the total. Juan understands ______.

conservation

Ten-year-old Chloe is a good student. She always does her best and gets good grades on her assignments. Whenever she is learning a new concept, she tries to think about how it is like something she already understands. One of her favorite things to do is think up new ways to make things around the house. She made a cake and decided that her mother's colander would give the powdered sugar a new design on top of the cake. Chloe is demonstrating Sternberg's ______.

creative intelligence

A ______ research study includes participants of different ages but only at a single point in time.

cross-sectional

The scientific study of human development from conception until death is ______

developmental science

A researcher focused on instruction tailored to the child, his age, and his uniqueness is demonstrating ______.

developmentally appropriate practice

Gender differences with regard to verbal skills ______ as children grow.

disappear

Which approach refers to English and non-English-speaking students in one classroom with value placed on both languages?

dual-language learning

Twelve-year-old Brandon is tall and muscular for his age. His voice changed a while ago. He is the captain of his football team and liked by most everyone at his school. Brandon is nice to others and confident in himself. He has most likely experienced ______ in puberty.

early maturation

Which is the inability to see or understand something from another person's perspective?

egocentrism

Kumar is trying to put together a puzzle. He is having a hard time accomplishing this task. Kumar starts getting frustrated and angry. Elijah sees Kumar stomping his foot with every piece of the puzzle that will not fit. He walks over to Kumar and says "it's ok," demonstrating ______.

emotional understanding

Identify (a) characteristic(s) of resilient children.

empathy problem-solving skills easy temperament

Which growth trend from infancy continues as the trunk, arms, and legs become similar to adults in body proportions?

ephalocaudal

Which refers to events in memory?

episodic memory

Those with bulimia nervosa compensate for binge eating by purging, which includes ______.

excessive exercise vomiting laxatives

Which refers to luck being the explanation for performance and achievement?

external attributions

Which demonstrate(s) epigenetic changes that can influence human development?

extreme trauma good nutrition active environment

Advanced moral reasoning can be predicted by low-quality parent-child relationships.

false

Appetite increases as a child ages.

false

Differences in cognition and social behaviors are wide between the genders.

false

High school graduates have one half the rate of unemployment of bachelor's degree holders

false

Only children are overly dependent on their parents.

false

Peer pressure is a negative influence on behavior.

false

School dropout rates are at historic highs.

false

A word that has been repeated and applied only a few times is learned through ______.

fast-mapping

Which refers to a student who goes to college without the benefit of other family members having been before?

first generation

Which students have the highest dropout rate in college?

first-generation students

Which is the ability to think logically, systematically, and abstractly in Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory?

formal operational reasoning

Identity development has been categorized into ______.

four identity statuses

Researchers interested in young adolescents and their behavior with gender stereotypes would most likely focus on ______.

gender intensification hypothesis

Mrs. Lopez has structured her classroom so that every area is experienced by the children. She makes sure to invite all different people to share their careers with the children, paying particular attention to show women as police officers and men as nurses. Mrs. Lopez is attempting to reduce ______.

gender stereotyping

five-year-old Declan is playing at recess. He tells everyone he is going to be a firefighter when he grows up. Raven says that she wants to be a firefighter too. Declan says that she cannot be a firefighter because she is a girl. Declan is demonstrating ______.

gender typing

Eight-month-old Emma needs a bit of time to adjust to new people. She tends to be moody and sometimes withdrawn. Her parents make sure that they hire a babysitter who understands Emma. They also allow for extra time before they leave so Emma can adjust to the sitter. This illustrates ______.

goodness of fit

Which is the relationship between temperaments and child-rearing methods?

goodness of fit

A scientist researching balance, climbing, and other movements in 5-year-olds is interested in ______.

gross motor skills

Skills and characteristics that are malleable demonstrate a ______.

growth mindset

A doctor interested in teaching teens how to care for themselves, how their bodies work, and promoting best practices would focus on ______.

health literacy

Which is the first stage of Piaget's understanding of morality?

heteronomous morality

Emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction to the opposite sex is considered ______.

heterosexual orientation

Seven-year-old Camille runs home to tell her dad about the dogs that visited school today. She explained that the dogs were just like the ones they saw 3 months ago at the shelter adoption event. Camille easily recalled each event that she had with dogs that was similar to her encounter at school. Camille's ______ has greatly improved.

hippocampus

A teacher has her students generate a question, devise a way to test it, and draw conclusions from the results. This demonstrates ______.

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Which refers to who an individual aspires to be?

ideal self

Which refers to a friend only the child can interact with?

imaginary companions

Four-year-old Rebecca sets the table for dinner as her mother asked. She sets five place settings even though there are only four people in her family. Rebecca's mother asks if someone else is coming to dinner. Rebecca replies that her friend, Harvey the rabbit, is coming over to her house today to play and have dinner. Rebecca is engaging in ______.

imaginary companionship

Ethical codes of conduct require participants' autonomy. Dedicated and ethical researchers make sure to have their participants sign a(n) ______ that states they are voluntarily agreeing to participate.

informed consent

One-year-old Priya explores the new room and toys enthusiastically. She does not seem to notice her mother leave. When her mother returns, she fails to notice. Priya demonstrates ______ attachment.

insecure-avoidant

Which is the belief that a process/situation cannot go back to the way it was originally presented?

irreversibility

A scientist focused on individualism and fairness in moral development would most likely be interested in ______.

justice orientation

Which is an innate language facilitator that all humans are born with?

language acquisition device

Fourteen-year-old Jen is on her high school track team. She also runs cross-country. Jen loves running and competes in the top brackets in her state. She is very lean without much breast development. Jen will most likely experience ______.

late maturation

A teacher recognizing a student's internal attributions and fixed mindset would watch for a(n) ______.

learned helplessness orientation

Researchers focused on psychological control in parenting would most likely see this/these outcome(s) ______.

low academic competence depression low self-esteem

Parental monitoring is/are associated with ______.

low levels of delinquency overall well-being academic achievement

A scientist studying impulsivity would find this occurs more in ______.

males than females

A consistent sex difference in skills has been found with ______.

mental rotation

College provides opportunity(ies) for students to advance in ______ beyond academics.

moral reasoning social development

Ten-year-old Charlie is on the lower end of the autistic spectrum. He is nonverbal and flaps his hands a lot. His mother loves to listen to music with Charlie. One day after listening to an instrumental piece, Charlie sits at the piano and pecks out the melody. This demonstrates ______.

multiple intelligence theory

Which characteristic(s) aid(s) in a friendship remaining stable from middle childhood into adolescence?

mutual perspective taking compromise sharing

In development, the question of genetics and/or environment is known as the ______.

nature-nurture debate

Which is the tendency to gravitate toward and choose environments and/or activities that are in line with and influence our genetic predispositions and tendencies?

niche-picking

Anxiety-provoking dreams are classified as ______.

nightmares

Which refers to behavior intended to cause harm but not death to oneself?

nonsuicidal self-injury

Which factor interacts with your genes to influence your growth rate?

nutrition

Growth stunting is a reduced growth rate and is present in ______ children around the world.

one in four

Which refers to the process of new tissue formation of the long bones in the arms and legs?

ossification

Due to a child's increased ability to reason, along with a desire for independence, parents usually adapt their ______.

parenting style

Which toxin is associated with a greater risk of ADHD?

pesticides

Which is the traits that humans show due to interaction between genetics and environment?

phenotype

Learning the sounds of letters, sounding out words, and memorizing language rules is part of ______.

phonics

Which is the body's maturation and growth, including body size, proportion, appearance, health, and perceptual abilities?

physical development

Which refers to the brain's ability to change with experience?

plasticity

A scientist studying height and intelligence is interested in ______.

polygenic inheritance

The discrepancy between the school environment and the individual student's needs refers to ______.

poor stage-environment fit

Schools focusing on enhancing personal development, ethical behavior, and social relationships are interested in applying ______.

positive youth development

The most sophisticated of Kohlberg's levels of reasoning is ______.

postconventional moral reasoning

Miguel is in fourth grade. When he is called on in class to answer a question, he makes sure to answer in complete sentences very formally. When he is with his friends, they laugh and joke, and his speech becomes far more informal. Miguel is demonstrating ______.

pragmatics

"It's OK to take something from your mother's bag as long as you don't get caught" illustrates ______.

preconventional morality

Planning, cognitive skills, and goal setting are a few of the responsibilities of the ______.

prefrontal cortex

The ______ is/are the part of the brain thought to help age-related habituation.

prefrontal cortex

Javi plays with his teddy bear, saying "Time to get dressed and go outside" with no other people in the room. He is demonstrating ______.

private speech

A scientist who suggests that inner drives, memories, and unconscious conflicts are the keys to understanding human development is looking at development with ______.

psychoanalytic theory

Which refers to the ability to stop and control attention to a stimulus?

response inhibition

Researchers interested in understanding "date rape" would most likely focus on ______.

rohypnol alcohol coercive activity

Researchers focusing on academic motivation and achievement would be particularly interested in ______.

school transitions

Which refers to a description of what normally happens in any repeated situation?

script

In preschool, Mrs. Walker is having the children dictate a story of who they are, and what they like to do. They will then illustrate these sentences with pictures. These books will then be presented to their grandparents during the "goodies with grandparents" appreciation day. Mostly all the children express ideas like "I can run fast," "I have brown eyes," and "I have an orange cat." All of these statements illustrate their ______.

self-concept

Stage 2 of Kohlberg's preconventional moral reasoning argues that ______ is young children's motivator for moral behavior.

self-interest

The Adaptive Behavior Scale in the Bayley III would be demonstrated as ______.

self-soothing when frustrated

A disorder characterized by difficulty responding to and processing stimuli is ______.

sensory processing disorder

Spencer and Marisa are on their first date. Spencer is taking her to a friend's party. They begin drinking. Both of them have had a bit too much to drink. Spencer begins to force himself on Marisa. She keeps stopping him and saying no. Marisa begins to slip in and out of consciousness due to her last drink. When she regains consciousness, she realizes that her clothes are disheveled and not on right. Marisa most likely is a victim of ______.

sexual assault

Which theory believes that morality is taught through reinforcement and modeling?

social learning theory

Eight-month-old Zoe is crawling and beginning to pull up to a standing position. One day, she lets go of the chair to stand alone without any support. She falls down abruptly, landing on her bottom. As tears well up, she searches for her mother and looks up at her. Zoe's mother smiles, telling her that she is all right. Zoe has used ______ for how to respond in this situation.

social referencing

Which has helped close the gap between boys and girls in math?

socialization of females to math

The understanding that the world influences people's beliefs is ______.

societal perspective taking

A researcher looks at emotions, social abilities, self-understanding, and interpersonal relationships with people. Which is this researcher looking at?

socioemotional development

Fourteen-year-old Cameron is having a conversation with his mother. She is discussing the events of her day and asking about his. All of a sudden, Cameron gets upset, blurts out "Why are you grilling me?" and storms off. Cameron may be having trouble with ______.

socioemotional perception

A scientist who studies adaptability, attention span, and intensity of reaction is looking at which concept?

temperament

A researcher is studying children who are aware of their own and others' mental processes. She is studying ______.

theory of mind

A child with poor communication and emotional control is at risk for peer rejection.

true

A young child's brain is able to reorganize itself in response to injury due to plasticity.

true

An adolescent's view of warm, supportive parents with monitoring and limits is linked with psychological adjustment.

true

Child maltreatment encompasses several areas, such as physical and neglect.

true

Children in Piaget's stage of autonomous morality view morality more flexibly than his state of heteronomous morality.

true

In adolescents, difficulty with response inhibition peaks at the same time as sensitivity to rewards.

true

Propositional and statistical thought processes experience a gain after an adolescent completes a college course.

true

Recess benefits children's social skills.

true

Students with behavior and substance use problems have been deemed highly at risk for school dropout.

true

Suicide is one of the top three causes of death for adolescents.

true

The type of work and number of hours are factors that influence a positive or negative effect on adolescents.

true

A baby who weighs less than 3.5 pounds is referred to as ______.

very low birthweight

Mr. Howard is teaching his class to read. He often encourages his students to write while inventing spelling. He suggests that they write just as they speak. Mr. Howard is emphasizing a ______ approach.

whole-language