EDT exam 2
Models of child temperament: Kagan's Behavioral Inhibition Model: Early inhibition predicts later inhibition. Argued that behavioral withdrawal is linked to higher
amygdala activation
Clark & Watson's (1991) Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: High negative affect & high physiological hyperarousal = likely
anxiety
Some evidence that high negative affect is associated with ____________, and low positive affect is associated with ____________
anxiety, depression
Fear regulates level of
approach (high fear = low approach)
Positive emotionality can be divided into 2 types
approach-related positive emotionality (ex agency), and non-approach-related positive emotionality (ex affiliation)
Self-regulation: processes that regulate reactions. 2 tendencies: ____________ and the ability to control (3)
approach/withdraw, direct attention toward/away, thoughts, actions, and emotions
"Easy" infant characteristics (5)
approaching, positive mood, adaptable, low intensity, high regularity
Stages in the development of self: #4: self-assertion (14-20m)
assertion of desires. effortful control & self-regulation. Realizing that one's power is limited. Influenced by parenting
Effortful control in childhood: (4)
attentional focusing, inhibitory control, low-intensity pleasure, perceptual sensitivity
c. Implicit and Explicit Knowledge
automatic, like knowing how to ride a bike. Explicit knowledge: conscious knowledge that can be put into words
Temperament and coping in children of divorced parents (Lengua et al., 1999) High negative emotionality = more
avoidant coping
multifinality
beginning with the same temperament but developing different eventual temperaments
Shirley's 7 major temperament conclusions: Temperament differences are present at
birth
Conceptualization of PA and NA as separate dimensions: Low negative affect (2)
calm, relaxed
theory of mind =
child's understanding of mental states
Clark & Watson's (1991) Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Low positive affect & high negative affect & high physiological hyperarousal = likely
co-morbid anxiety and depression
How does temperament develop? Is temperament stable? Buss & Plomin = It develops through increasing
complexity
Webb: factor w = 3 traits
conscientiousness, deliberate consistency, and trustworthiness
Shirley's 7 major temperament conclusions: Temperament shows ______________ over time (stable)
consistency
What is the best theoretical application of temperament? Must be applicable to the general population.... (3)
cross-culturally relevant, replicable and generalizable
Rothbart & Derryberry's Infant Temperament Scales (orienting/ regulation): (4)
cuddliness, duration of orienting, low-intensity pleasure, soothability
Clark & Watson's (1991) Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Low positive affect & high negative affect = likely
depression
gene and environment interactions: serotonin transporter gene variation and attachment style result in
differential susceptibility
Reactivity = _____________________________________. Includes a reaction's latency, intensity, and recovery (how long it takes the person to go back to baseline)
dispositions toward emotional, motor, and orienting reactions
Conceptualization of PA and NA as separate dimensions: High negative affect (2)
distressed, fearful
Behavioral approach is associated with Better detection and monitoring of potential rewards. Involves __________ neurons and changes in ventral striatum activation
dopamine
Conceptualization of PA and NA as separate dimensions: Low positive affect (2)
drowsy, dull
Evocative Gene-Environment Correlations The environment that a child is in is not random. It's correlated with genetically-induced behavior. Kids have the ability to create their own weather: ______________ vs. ____________
easy temperament vs. difficult temperament
Models of child temperament: Thomas & Chess' model: temperament is style. 9 traits (rhythmicity, activity, adaptability, etc), 3 clusters
easy, difficult, & slow-to-warm-up
gene and environment interactions: DRD4 gene variation and parenting quality results in level of
effortful control
development of effortful control: caregivers regulate for the baby first, then 6-12 months emergence of executive control, then 7-9mo ability to detect errors, then toddler & preschool years;
effortful control increases greatly
The Buss & Plomin Approach: They emphasized that their 4 main traits ____________ are both genetic and temperament-driven. The genetic basis for impulsivity was found later
emotionality, activity, sociability, and impulsivity.
Conceptualization of PA and NA as separate dimensions: High positive affect (2)
enthusiastic, excited
Thomas & Chess believe that the construct of temperament prevents misunderstandings. Is temperament stable? Thomas & chess = yes, relatively, but depends on
environment
Shirley's 7 major temperament conclusions: Temperament can be resistant to _________________ influence
environmental
Coping and Culture: Asian children score higher in (3)
executive functioning, delay of gratification, and orienting
6. Measurement, Context, and Measurement Issues a. Rothbart & Bates ii. Naturalistic observations
expensive, low reliability, but high degrees of objectivity and ecological validity
Stages in the development of self: #1: state self
experiences of states (first months of life)
Models of child temperament: The emotion regulation model of Goldsmith and Campos: Temperament involves individual differences in experiencing and expressing emotion. Indexed by
expression of emotion (not cognition)
High approach is associated with high
externalizing
child's emotion understanding (including being able to accurately identify
facial expressions
4 types of vindician typology
melancholic, choleric (aggressive), sanguine (agreeable), phlegmatic (calm, slow to emotion)
Jung's work: developed ideas about extraversion/introversion, and linked temperament styles to
mental illness
BI has modest stability over 5-year period. Some BI children don't consistently show BI behavior (multifinality). Some children who show avoidant behavior don't have BI temperament (equifinality)
multifinality, equifinality
Coping and Culture: Child behavioral inhibition is associated with
negative maternal attitudes toward child in Canadian families, but maternal warmth toward child in Chinese families.
_____________ factors make twins less similar to one another
non-shared environmental factors (ex being in different classrooms)
Newer contributions of temperament research: not all traits are stable, self-regulation is very important, and there are large biological and environmental influences
not all traits are stable, self-regulation is very important, and there are large biological and environmental influences
in high-reactive infants: Greater connectivity between amygdala and frontal areas to angry vs neutral faces. Greater amygdala activation to ___________ faces
novel vs familiar faces
Shirley's 7 major temperament conclusions: Different individuals show similar
patterns of change in temperament
The definition and focus of Temperament is based on the core temperament traits that you're born with (predisposition). Role of environment is more important for
personality trait definitions
Major conclusions from Shirley and Gesell (3): Temperament traits are constitutionally based characteristics that provide the core of ______________ and influence directions for _________________. Some stability of temperament is expected across age, but developmental outcomes also depend upon ______________. Also, a given set of temperamental characteristics allows for multiple possible outcomes (equifinality vs. multifinality)
personality, development. the child's social experiences.
6. Measurement, Context, and Measurement Issues a. Rothbart & Bates iii. Questionnaires
possible caregiver bias, possible caregiver ignorance of problem, but extensive knowledge of the child in many contexts and occasions. efficient
at 6 years of age, kids understand "_________" to others, and at 7-8 years of age, they're aware of
presenting self. the person that others want them to be.
Is temperament stable? Goldsmith: Underlying temperament is stable, but
the expression of temperament may change.
Shyness and social observation are both significantly positively associated with the child having
theory of mind
From twin studies, we've learned that ______% of child temperament comes from genes
50-60%
d. Self-representation: cognitive model of the self. Reflects: (4)
- Child's goals and experiences - Views of the self among other people - Choices, desires, preferences - Is aided by the development of language
Fear develops around ____ months, then becomes stable.
6-10 months
high-reactive infants have a greater likelihood of behaviorally inhibited behavior at ___-___ yrs
1-2yrs of age
Around ___% of healthy middle-class european american infants born at term have a temperamental bias to react to unexpected/unfamiliar events with distress and motor activity. They have a greater likelihood of behaviorally inhibited behavior at 1-2 years of age as well.
15%
Heritability estimates for positive affect are ____-____%. Greater influence of shared environment on positive affect than on negative affect
40-50%
Genetic factors contribute to anger from childhood through adulthood. _____-_____% of variance in trait anger is heritable. Non-shared and shared environmental factors also contribute
40-70%
Positive emotionality is positively associated with __________. Strong approach may impair self-regulation development.
ADHD
activity is positively associated with (5)
ADHD - Aggression - Girls' learning problems - Substance use • Related to difficult temperament
Heymans and Wiersma, 3000 physicians rated family members on 3 dimensions
Activity (surgency), Emotivity (negative emotional reactivity), Primary-Secondary Function (self-regulation), and combinations
What are the 9 dimensions of temperament (temperament traits) according to Thomas and Chess (NYLS)?
Activity level, Rhythmicity, Approach vs. withdrawal, Adaptability, Threshold, Intensity, Mood, Distractibility, Attention span/persistence
8. Coping and Culture e. Coping (e.g., 4 categories of coping strategies and their links with temperament)
Avoidant: escape, denial • Distraction: think about something else • Support-seeking: social support to reduce negative emotions, solve problem • Active: problem-solving, positive reappraisal
Development of BI: Depends on culture.80% will not become fearless, sociable, uninhibited. - 20-30% will become
BI adolescents
High-reactive infants react to non-threatening but unexpected/ unfamiliar events with distress and motor activity. Being a high-reactive infant predicts
BI in toddlerhood/early childhood
Negative emotionality =
Behavioral inhibition (fearfulness, shyness) and irritability/anger
Mary Rothbart's definition of temperament ___________________________________. And our additions: individually different but personally stable reactions to stimuli
Biologically based individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation
Similarities of temperament and personality (2)
Both include emotional, motor, and attentional tendencies, and ability to regulate. Both show some consistency across situations and time periods
Stages in the development of self: self-assertion (14-20 months of age)
Child develops a concept of self & engages in self-assertive activity
Important contributions from Goldsmith: emphasis on
Emphasis on discrete emotions. Don't need temperament construct
Shirley's 7 major temperament conclusions: (3) interact in their influence on behavior
Environment, innate traits, and development
Important contributions from Buss & Plomin: (2) main influences on temperament
Genetic and environmental influences on temperament (ex new proof of heritability of impulsivity)
Coping and Culture: Links with temperament: Negative emotionality: (2)
Greater risk of adjustment problems in Western countries. Greater chance of survival in hardship
Models of child temperament: The criterial approach of Buss & Plomin: Five criteria for a temperament trait: needs to be
Heritable, Relatively stable during childhood, Retained into adulthood, Adaptive (promoting survival through adaptive functioning), and present in our phylogenetic relatives
Temperament and coping in children of divorced parents (Lengua et al., 1999): More active coping happens for kids who are
Highly surgent children and highly attentionally regulated
"Goodness of fit" = _____________________. Temperament and environment affect how well the child is able to function and grow in the environment. Trying to find a balance between well-matched environments and new/ challenging environments is important so that the child can develop adaptive coping skills
How well the child's traits match the environment that they're in
Stages in the development of self: hatching (4-5 months)
Infant brain development allows the infant to control attention "Hatching" process: breaking out of the caregiver-infant shell into the larger world
Stages in the development of self: reciprocal exchange, 3-4 months of age
Infant care activities (feeding, dressing, bathing) become reciprocally coordinated. Baby talk, upper-limit & lower-limit behavior, contagion of emotion expression
Stages in the development of self: Focalization: 9-15 months of age
Infant seeks proximity with parent Able to gain proximity by crawling, walking. Stranger fear may promote proximity-seeking. Parents might not like this stage: affects attachment theory
Stages in the development of self: initiative (5-9 months of age)
Infant tries to gain proximity and attention of caregiver. Tries to actively manipulate environment. Enhanced by motor development. Infant becomes more of a leader in parent-child interactions
Effortful Control Includes both Inhibitory control and Activation control. Involves coordinating action, detecting/correcting errors, and overcoming automatic responses
Inhibitory control and Activation control
High effortful control is associated with: High empathy, high guilt/shame, low aggression. - Less externalizing - (Somewhat) less internalizing - Better school adjustment and achievement
Less externalizing - (Somewhat) less internalizing - Better school adjustment and achievement
Important contributions from Rothbart: Structure of temperament is hierarchically organized into: (2). Major contributions = self regulation and neural
Major factors and subdimensions. Neural networks
Promoting effortful control: (8) Maternal sensitivity - Scaffolding - Mind-mindedness - Autonomy-support, Parental warmth, responsiveness, and discipline, and supportive teaching
Maternal sensitivity - Scaffolding - Mind-mindedness - Autonomy-support
Models of child temperament: The psychobiological approach of Rothbart: 3 broad dimensions:
Negative affect, Surgency (social orientation, motor activity, positive emotion), Effortful control
Official 3 Temperament Traits in Childhood (and 2 extras)
Negative emotionality, Positive emotionality, Effortful control, and activity level & agreeableness
Burt studied (2) while Eysenck & Gray studied
Neuroticism and emotional stability. Temperament links to physiology
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment: 4 major aspects
Orienting (mainly to visual stimuli), Irritability/tension/activity, Soothability, Susceptibility to distress
Differences of temperament and personality (2)
Personality includes attitudes, coping strategies, defense mechanisms, self-concept, and values Temperament is biologically based; personality is influenced by experience more than temperament is. Temperament influences the experiences that you seek out
Coping and Culture: Links with temperament: Shyness: (2)
Predicts internalizing problems in North America. Predicts less strongly in societies that deemphasize autonomy and assertiveness
For the empirical article we read (Buss, 2011), be able to summarize the most important findings of the article, explain what the findings tell us about temperament, and describe some implications of the findings for applied settings.
Risk for anxiety in fearful toddlers characterized by their regulation of withdrawal behavior. key hypothesis: being fearful in situations that are relatively low in threat is an early precursor to risk for anxiety development. Results showed that it is not how much fear is expressed but when and how the fear is expressed that is important for characterizing adaptive behavior
Behavioral inhibition is (3)
Shyness, timidity, avoidance in unfamiliar contexts
Important contributions from Thomas & Chess: (3) temperament types, _____ and ______
Temperament types (easy, difficult, slow to warm), Goodness of fit, and Application of temperament concepts (interventions)
surgency/ approach depends on dopamine and two areas of the brain:
VTA and NA
Stages in the development of self: #2: Agentic self(4-8m)
Viewing self as having influence on events & situations (4-8 months)
Activity has two components:
Vigor and Tempo
6. Measurement, Context, and Measurement Issues i. Observational procedures Buss (2011). R-squared is ___________. beta is the probability of type II error.
a statistical measure of how close the data are to the fitted regression line
Executive attention is associated with (3)
a variation in the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene, a variation in the monoamine oxidase (MAOA) gene, and serotonin
10. Developmental Terminology: Mediators
account for the relation between the predictor and the criterion.
What are the dimensions of temperament (temperament traits) according to Rothbart & Derryberry? levels of:
activity level, approach, high-intensity pleasure, impulsivity, perceptual sensitivity, lack of shyness, smiling/laughter, vocal reactivity, discomfort, distress to limitations, anger/frustration, fear, falling reactivity/rate of recovery, sadness, attentional focusing, cuddliness, duration of orienting, inhibitory control, low-intensity pleasure, perceptual sensitivity, soothability
Greater frontal left-hemisphere EEG activation: greater positive (2)
affect and approach
10. Developmental Terminology: Moderators
affects direction and strength of relation between the variables
6. Measurement, Context, and Measurement Issues a. Rothbart & Bates i. Observational procedures. Lab Temperament Assessment Battery (lab-TAB). 20 standardized episodes used to elicit (5)
frustration/anger, fear, interest, pleasure, or activity level. episodes last about a minute, for 6-18 month-olds. face expressions and vocalizations are coded
Shirley's 7 major temperament conclusions: patterns of temperament exist within the family (suggests
genetic component)
If monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic twins regardless of environment, that suggests that __________ is most important
genetic factors
From infancy to childhood, negative emotionality splits into fear vs. anger. Fear develops around 6-10 months, then becomes stable. Fear regulates level of approach (fear linked with low approach). Anger is stable, and linked with ______________
high approach
4 types of reactivity levels:
high positive affect, low positive, high negative, low negative
The Buss & Plomin Approach: They quantified activity by the rate and amount of speech and movement. Categorized by (2)
how intense the movement is and how often
in high-reactive infants, inherited neurochemistry and neuroanatomy result in
hyperexcitable amygdala
affiliation depends on oxytocin and opiate projections from the amygdala and the cingulate cortex to the
hypothalamus
"Slow-to-warm-up" infant characteristics (3)
initially withdrawing, low in reaction intensity, & eventually becoming adaptable
The Buss & Plomin Approach: Sociability is measured by how often kids try to __________________, how many connections they have, how they function by themselves, etc
initiate interactions with others
From infancy to childhood, surgency is stable (low in infancy -> low in childhood). High surgency predicts
less inhibitory control
Activity level is significantly negatively correlated to theory of mind (higher emotion understanding and emotion regulation =
lower activity level ex Rosie)
Rothbart believes that the construct of temperament prevents misunderstandings. Allows us to examine relevant neurophysiology and to examine associations with social functioning. Is temperament stable? Rothbart: yes, but influenced by
maturation
equifinality
reaching the same eventual temperament from different initial states
______________ level and high/low self-regulation level both contribute to behavior
reactivity
Stages in the development of self: #3: body/object self (15-24m)
recognize self, mirror test (15-24 months)
Greater cortical thickness in an area in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex of the right prefrontal cortex that projects to the amygdala = linked to processing emotional significant stimuli. Contributes to excessive (2)
rumination and brooding
Shirley's 7 major temperament conclusions: Temperament shows consistency across
situations
Effortful control is positively linked with (3)
size of dACC, left orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus
Kagan's measurements: coding motor activity and vocalizations
speaker playing voices, mobiles, cotton swabs with smells, balloon popped behind infant's head
6. Measurement, Context, and Measurement Issues a. Rothbart & Bates ii. Lab observations
specific data acquired, multiple response modalities, and can address both target and secondary behaviors within the same episode
Trait fear develops between 6-10 months of age, then
stabilizes
trait anger is ___________ from birth
stable
Emotionality is roughly equivalent to stress: reactions and HPA reactions. By the end of the second year of life, emotionality divides into (3)
stress, fear, and anger
Shyness is negatively related to
surgency
How did Rothbart's approach to studying and measuring temperament differ from Thomas and Chess' approach? They wanted good measures of Thomas & Chess' dimensions, and measures of fear and frustration. Thomas & Chess' style dimensions (4) were unreliable
threshold, rhythmicity, intensity, adaptability
kindness brain regions: Ventral striatum activation when you see signs of prosocial behavior in others (ex seeing money being donated to a local charity). Some brain regions such as this are used for more than just kindness
ventral striatum
Stages in the development of self: #5: Narrative Self (late preschool through adolescence). Can distinguish between inner & outer selves at preschool
view of self in relation to others and the world (late preschool through adolescence)
Social preference temperament dimensions (ex
watching other children play vs. joining)
b. Upper- and lower-limit control (homeostatic model of mutual regulation)
when one person's behavior reaches the upper limit that another person can tolerate, they'll try to reduce the person's behavior; when the person's behavior reaches the lower limit, the other person will try to increase behavior
Difficult infant characteristics (5)
withdrawal, negative mood, unadaptability, intensity, irregularity