Edu exam 1

What does Rury mean by the "grammar of schooling?"

"Grammar of schooling": rules and expectations, how school is run

How did American social values affect education in the colonies?

*Still only white males who were able to attend school after elementary. Pre resolution (social capital) Puritans A moral life Agricultural society Social values of having the knowledge and skills to function in agricultural society. Patriarchal society (women's role) Formal education was not really important (learning took place at home).

What was the socialist cooperative, New Harmony, founded by Robert Owen? What was its mission and values? What do you think that it ultimately had little influence on the process of social change or the educational system?

-Short-lived community founded on the principles of shared work and property -Mission was to combat the effects of the industrial world (see question 25) Schools taught practical skills rather than discipline -Little influence on social change and education because socialism was not accepted in America and the cooperative did not fit the path that America was on at the time (industrialized).

Present the main points of each of Jefferson's levels of schooling: Elementary School Districts, Grammar Schools and University education. (who was educated, not educated, types of studies, purpose).

- Elementary School Foundation of entire education structure Decentralized districts 3 years of free education for both girls and boys It was a way for teachers to screen for future leaders It prepared students for effective functioning after schooling was done -Grammar School Boarding schools Boys only Students/families had to pay for tuition, room & board, and other common necessities 1 scholarship was given to a boy from the elementary school This type of schooling was for the wealthy and 1 student who showed promise in their future after schooling was done Languages and advanced curriculum was studied This school developed local leadership Went to grammar school in order to be prepared for university -University Common education from grammar schools allowed for advanced instruction Specialized education in the sciences Was a preparation for leadership, law and government professions Held a concept known as education for meritocracy which was a social system in which positions of greater influence and prestige are filled by those who "merit" them demonstrated by their talent and education learned throughout their schooling

After reading and analyzing Rush's thoughts upon female education, what would you say are Rush's central beliefs about the education for women in American life?

-A woman's most important duty is to educate her children -Strong women at home will inspire their husbands to greater things and raise their children to that same Subjects women should be proficient in:English language (reading, speaking, grammar, etc.), Handwriting, Literature (not novels, though), Accounting (manage husband's property), Singing (healthy, relieves stress in the home), Christian religion Subjects women don't need to know (waste of time): Instrumental, music, French, Drawing, Fashion (distracts women from being educated)

What were the reasons that high schools were seen as controversial?

-Because only affluent white people who could afford the school cost and their children not to work could send their kids to highschool - it was not a fair and equal system, especially for women and poor people -If you were not the smartest or the richest you could not attend

In what ways did religion have an effect on colonial education?

-Came to us for religious freedom -Want people to be literate in order to read the Bible -Colonial education teaches religious principles to next generation

What was the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG)? What was its purpose and mission? (However ineffective the SPG may have been in education, it did represent a model of a different kind of institution that would become more prevalent: urban charity schools like the African Free School)

-Concerned about the colonial population in the latter 1600s, a group of influential Anglicans started the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG)—the most important British missionary campaign -The founders of the SPG worried that God-fearing Englishmen would drift away from the church in the colonial wilderness, or that they would be influenced by dissenting groups such as the Puritans, Pilgrims, and Quakers -Over the next 8 decades, the SPG dispatched hundreds of ministers and teachers to the New World, with the aim of 'saving' the English population and converting the non-English to the glories of Anglican faith -Encountered a great deal of resistance to its plan and in the end made relatively few conversion

Define and explain the following terms from the Rury introduction: cultural capital, social capital, human capital.

-Cultural capital: value & attributes that are more rewarded and admired than others in society (inequality) -Social Status: a person's standing or importance in relation to other people within a society; Comes with cultural capital.. Form of wealth ex) higher level of education, make more money, raises social status -Human Capital: differences in skills and knowledge that can be of value as viewed by society ex) lawyer, doctor

Types of Knowledge

-Explicit or declarative (factual information) the date, how many innings in baseball -Implicit or procedural: Procedures to perform skills, how to...

Opportunities of the common school movement

-Increase the intellect of the future generation -Social mobility -Solve social problems resulting from industrialization -Prepare students to enter the workforce -Job opportunities for women (teachers) -Educated voters -Create national identity -Increase nation's economic power

How was industrialization, perhaps the most influential example or metaphor for education?

-It provided discipline and deference for authority that would create autonomous, problem-solving productive citizens in society. -Schools are factories that mass produce educated citizens

Can it be said that high school attendance was truly meritocratic?

-No, because since they were not free, only families that could afford to pay could send their kids. -And only the top 3 were sent for free, thus if a poor child was number four he would not get to go, but the rich kid at number 10 could attend

Threats of the common school movement

-Religious organizations -Widespread poverty forces many children to work instead of attending school -Private schools -People opposed to the property tax -Lack of transportation

How would you describe the major features of the educational experiences for the three regions of the American colonies (Southern, Middle and North)?

-Southern - Liked their little schools to themselves. -Northern - Common school was very common and highly appreciated. -Middle? (PA, NY, NJ, DE) believed that school was important but were not concerned with providing it.

Strengths of the Common school movement

-Teach problem-solving and communication skills -Unifying experience for all students (cultures, social classes, curriculum) -Equal opportunity among social classes -Free education -Greater access to education -More educated teachers -Promote a better democracy -Taught skills more relevant to the workforce

How did colleges evolve in the mid and late 19th century?

-The addition of women in higher education -The creation of high school made a link between colleges and primary school attendance in colleges significantly increased -Educated workers and women were better citizens therefore college created better citizens

Provide some reasons as to why the study of history is helpful in understanding the evolution of education in the United States. (Rury Introduction)

-The structure of the school was changed through time changed. -We embrace the idea of progress, we may have a tendency to believe that today is somehow different- even better-than the past. - an intricate process of human growth and development - social and institutional activity of transmitting knowledge and values from one generation to the next. And education is linked to power and social status. People should understand education in many dimensions. -education has been closely connected to the historical processes of social development. Education also has been influenced by changes in the economy and the political system, social structure. -education itself can be defined broadly as the process of cultural transmission.

What are the main points for Rury providing the Cotton Mathers focal point in chapter 1?

-To explain what the new world was like post revolutionary war with a controversial figure head -He explained and encouraged that education was to prepare the next generation for the challenges of the future, while trying to protect them from the dangers -Education is a part of growing up

falshbulb memory

-Vivid recollections of an emotional event -Event is traumatic, surprising or highly meaningful to the person -More lasting than other memories, more durable but only remember central parts. Make error with details after a while ex. graduation, 9/11, car accident

Weakness of the common school movement

-Whites only -Property tax -"Universal" despite different religions, cultures, etc. -Did not appeal to southern states -Often boring and repetitive -Low supply of qualified teachers (crowded classrooms) -Only covered education through middle school

What effect did the Revolutionary War have on women's educational opportunities?

-With the becoming of the enlightenment age, we can start seeing the puritan influence to start upholding religious values and turns to more democracy style. -The ideals of Revolution, informed by enlightenment notions of equality and democratic governance, suggested a political system of popular rule through periodic elections. -One act of revolution was "female Academy" in philly (by Benjamin Rush) - this was for coeducational purposes. -Another reason for women's education was because they took over the men's roles while at war. -Women were then forced to work in fields where manual labor was required rather than just staying home.

What is the importance of a social foundations course in a teacher education program such as the one here at Villanova?

-understand schools are embedded within historical, social, and political contexts. Teachers need to acquire historical perspective, philosophical insight, and sociological knowledge - to grow in understanding the qualities one needs to cultivate to become an effective teacher -to advance the intellectual and moral mission of Villanova by promoting legacy of education through class work

What were the benefits and losses in this age of Industrialization?

Benefits: Women get a chance to work, People live more comfortable, affluent lives (in general) Losses: Loss of autonomy and independence for workers, Human jobs replaced with machines, Proficiency (knowing how to do multiple jobs) is no longer important, Disappearance of apprenticeships - less experience and development, Poor living conditions - families crowded into industrial towns, New class of poor, unskilled (immigrant) workers

What were "Charity schools?" How were they supported?

Charity schools were schools directed by churches or town councils as a way of preserving the English language and making newcomers from different cultures more "Anglican." Charity schools were the first attempt in the US to socialize children in an emerging industrial society.

What were Horace Mann's views about the following topics: child's curiosity, school architecture, ventilation, uniformity in books, libraries, discipline and corporal punishment? (See essay on Means and Objects of Common School Education).

Child's curiosity- children have a natural desire to learn School architecture- school houses are old, filled with uncomfortable seats if any, and too much exposure to the elements Ventilation- children should not be deprived of air and school houses should have good ventilation for how many children are packed in single rooms Uniformity in books- books are cheaper to buy in bulk and uniformity would create some kind of standard in learning. Different books have different information so sometimes children learn math 3 different ways which takes much longer. Libraries- idea of district school libraries so that all children free have access to books Discipline and corporal punishment- corporal punishment is a necessary evil to keeping order in the classroom, should only be used when extremely necessary

According to Rury Chapter 1, if so few children attended school, how was culture transmitted from one generation to the next? How were skills developed and information imparted about the facts of life in the New World?

Culture was transmitted from one generation to the next through agents of social change like families. Skills were developed and information was imparted about facts of life in the New World by parents.

How was Industrialization a driving force in transforming education in the areas of organization, curricula, and opportunities for youth in the social order?

Curricula: Education curriculum was focused more on useful/relevant tasks Organization: Students were organized in rows and submitted to teacher authority Opportunities: Disappearance of apprenticeships→ need to be educated formally

Repression

Defense mechanism: forget because motivated to forget -Something painful we don't want to deal with

How did the Industrial Revolution impact the country in the 19th century- economically, socially, educationally, philosophically?

Economically: A lot of people need their kids to work and not to go to school, We see economic and social changes because of growth and urbanization. More factories: Need for more workers, housing, (many social problems), Nation as a whole grows wealthier but many workers become poorer Socially:Development of a national character (what does it mean to be American?), Families crowded into industrial towns, New class of poor, unskilled (immigrant) workers, Issue of cultural diversity vs. cultural assimilation Educationally: Kids are at work helping their parents earn money rather than go to school (if their parents are not economically stable), School's need to help students to train students to take jobs over for the economy. Maybe the only people who went to school were upper/middle class. Preparation in life and for work force. Focus is to cultivate habits of responsibility and industrialization. Along with literacy and numbers. Philosophically: What does it mean to be an American?, Loss of autonomy for workers, Lose sense of the big picture (workers only do small jobs, rather than making an entire product)

What did school reforms see as appealing values to the goals of the manufacturing world that could be brought into the schools?

Efficiency, self-discipline, promptness, attentiveness, follow orders, deference for authority

Source Amnesia

Forget source of information (I forget who told me...)

What did Horace Mann believe that Intellectual and Political Education could do for young people? (see Report No. 12)

He states that a republic is complicated and requires educated voters to elect educated officials. Political education of the government and the constitution gives citizens a greater understanding of the republic so that they can maintain its longevity.

What subject areas make up the field of study of social foundations of education and how does each of them contribute to understanding of the social foundations of education?

Highly Qualified Teachers: Social foundations courses encourage educators to contemplate their role as transformative intellectuals in the eradication of injustice and advancement of democratic ideals. Usually divided into 2 areas: Courses dealing with philosophy, history of edu (social studies) Sociopolitical aspects of schooling courses concerned with multiculturalism. Social Justice "involves exploring the social construction of unequal hierarchies, which result in a social group's differential access to power and privilege" (189 - Reading for Class 3) Removes barriers to equal treatment of students, citizens and social groups. To some it is a human right. All leaders focus on human rights of students and families. This is achieved by the spirit of caring invades school practices. Liberal Arts: teaching is a complex practice, part science and part art, that requires critical thinking, astute judgments and deep caring. Fostering productive habits of mind, rigorous attention to detail, critical questioning of assumptions, respect of good data, and logical arguments.

Explain the concept of "Republican Motherhood?" Why is it said to have been linked more to nation building than to women's liberation?

Horace Mann - The most famous advocate for common schools and republican motherhood. Repubican Motherhood - the idea that uses women for teachers, In order to teach how to run the house, and prepare children for home living, Boys get taught more stuff than girls. A woman's most important duty was to raise and educate the next generation of leaders

Encoding Failure

Information does not get into memory

Who were seen to be resisters to the common school movement? Why? How did some of these resistors handle their issues with the common school?

People without children in school: Don't want to pay for something they (or their children) don't benefit from Religious organizations (especially Catholics):Common school de-emphasizes importance of religion For Catholics, a general Christian education is essentially Protestant Petition for public funds for their own schools, eventually form own private school system

What was a Lancastrian education? How did they work?

Lancastrian system = a style of education where there was one instructor for many students of all ages, in one room, at the same time, with strict discipline Teachers recite out of textbooks, students memorize, student assistants maintain order Industrial - order, efficiency, discipline Teacher is industrial manager, students are the product

What were the "other means of education" for colonial children apart from attending a formal school? (Rury Chapter 1).

Learning at home —> families reflected the premium attached to labor People had large families because children became potential helping hands Relevant skills and bodies of knowledge—farming, carpentry, husbandry, hunting, food preparation, soap making, cooking, sewing—had to be imparted so children could perform these tasks and eventually maintain their own households Apprenticeship in the form of sending older children away to board with other families, for young men interested in learning trade Learning at church—conduct codes and ethical values Even if relatively few of North America's European settlers attended school, all of them received an education. They learned from their parents and from the churches they attended, along with the apprentice and "boarding out" arrangements that were so commonplace at the time. Education was largely an informal affair, embedded in a host of other social relationships and guided by the necessities of life and work in a New World.

Define the concept of "the feminization of teaching?" Why did Horace Mann see women as naturally suited to teaching and valuable to the common school reforms?

Mann believed children respond better to love & care ("mothering") than discipline, and women are naturally suited to fulfill this role.

How did Horace Mann try to convince the wealthy and those without children that common schools were worthwhile? What reasons did he give?

Mann said to the wealthy that they would like for their children to have a quality education. If they were willing to give their own children a good education, they should be able to see that every child deserves a quality education. Also, attending school and having a better education reduces lawlessness.

Encoding Specificity

Memory is best in the place where the memory was encoded -go back to childhood home

normative isomorphism

Normative isomorphism is in contrast to mimetic isomorphism, where uncertainty encourages imitation, and similar to coercive isomorphism, where organizations are forced to change by external forces. Change that is driven by professionalism and the emergence of 'legitimate professional practices' that result in pressure for institutions to conform because their staff are able to draw on organized professional networks and professional standards that guide their activities

Define the terms political economy and ideology and their importance in the discussion about the education of students.

Political economy is the study of production and trade and their relations with law, custom and government; and with the distribution of national income and wealth. How a society is organized in order to function Ideology is a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy. Society's justification for its political, social, and economic arrangements Reflects beliefs, values, etc. of (dominant) social groups Both of these terms try to explain how a society is set up and how it functions. These functions are the highest priorities for citizens, and will be incorporated when an educational system is being set up because a civilization wants to teach its children the norms of its society so they can grow up into model citizens.

Discuss the Scholar-Practitioner as a philosophy for teacher leadership. Name and explain the core values of this philosophy?

Theory informs practice. Practice informs theory. CDESC Community = group of people with shared goals and values, Schools are communities of learning. Democracy = all members on equal terms participate in a community, Flexibility to make changes to best serve community Equity = (not equality) fairness bc not everyone starts from the same place// gives people what they need. Ex: early education "Fairness" not "same-ness" Social Justice = removing barriers to equal treatment of students, citizens, and social groups, Human rights (political, $, social) Caring = desire to take responsibility for the good of others

How did the New England colonies see their coming to the New World as a "Manifest Destiny?"

They believed that it was their God given right and therefore they could take over/control the land

Describe Horace Mann's idea of discipline and pedagogy of love.

The pedagogy of love took a nurturant approach to pupils, justified by the belief that human nature, being instinct with good, required primarily a sympathetic atmosphere in which it might grow according to natural law. Because women were seen as maternal, they were thought to be qualified in providing this nurturing atmosphere.

institutional isomorphism

different organizations shared the same place practice in school(east/west) used similar way to doing things. In sociology , an isomorphism is a similarity of the processes or structure of one organization to those of another, be it the result of imitation or independent development under similar constraints.

What is "vocationalism?"

linking schools with real world work, school for a specific occupation

Retroactive Inhibition

new learning interferes with old learning

Proactive Inhibition

old learning interferes with new learning

coercive isomorphism

professional standards or networks influence change. ex: encourage more expensive schooling, increasing in power. Coercive isomorphism is in contrast to mimetic isomorphism, where uncertainty encourages imitation

What does it mean to say that school was a preparation for "Industrial Life?"

proper habits of industriousness and responsibility along with basic literacy, numbers and other traditional subjects

Define the meaning of service learning? What makes service learning different from volunteerism? How can service learning contribute to teacher preparation?

service learning: an educational approach that combines learning objectives with community service, progressive learning experience while meeting societal needs service learning has the aspect of reflection that volunteerism does not Service learning can contribute to teacher preparation by incorporating theory into practice. Reflect on what works and what doesn't, and what making learning stick with the students.

mimetic isomorphism

taking idea of doing things reformed by another organization professional standards, teachers' norms. Mimetic isomorphism in organization theory refers to the tendency of an organization to imitate another organization's structure because of the belief that the structure of the latter organization is beneficial. This behavior happens primarily when an organization's goals or means of achieving these goals is unclear.

Discuss the terms training, schooling and education.

training: particular skills, specific (language, sports) schooling: structure order to function, everything done in a schooldays, process of being taught (curriculum, hidden curriculum, extracurriculars) education: knowledge and development, continuous, education and learning never stop