Education 120

What is taxonomic assumption?

words can be generalized to similar things (e.g-

What are the three components of executive function?

working memory inhibitory control cognitive flexibility *all these are higher cognitive skills

What is divided attention?

ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time concentrate on one more thing at a time

English Speech Sound Development

"p" "m" "h" "n" "w" most children can say these by 3 years old "t" 2-6 year range "s" 3-8 "th" & "zh" (more difficult)

Diversity of Speech Sounds

(e.g - /ñ/ not in English, and /zh/ not in Spanish)

Examples of Inhibitory control

(e.g- raise hand, waiting to be called on) (e.g- sharing food, taking turn)

Examples of working memory

(e.g- taking notes in class by hand: you have to listen to what they say, and then write down what you heard) (e.g- playing a game, you need to take track of the moves you are taking; directions without going back to them --> retain some instruction to be able to do whatever u are going to do) (e.g- checking your grocery list, and then reflecting where you will go next, to carry out some task)

Study: Baby Sign

(perhaps this will help babies speak earlier) Longitudinal RCT(randomized control trial) of its effects: - infants used gestures to communicate about target concepts long before saying the corresponding words -no significant influence on language development(so didn't mean you learned language earlier ) -BUT caregivers were more attuned to children's nonverbal behaviors (more aware of their needs) *earlier children could communicate concepts even before saying that word

What are executive function important for education?

*children who enter prek with higher EF skills have greater gains in math and literacy skills over the prek year (reason: being able to focus and carry out tasks to do = more involved in the classroom, learning environment (more opportunities to learn math and reading, compared to children with low EF) - K teachers rate self-control and sustained attention as more critical for school readiness than content knowledge

What are under extensions?

- (e.g boots to refer to only their own rainboots) *related to schemas (Piaget--> assimilation & accommodation)

What are the different stages of reading development?

- Emergent - Beginning -Instructional

What are some characteristics of sound scientific theories?

- Parsimonious: effective and efficient, do not have unnecessary information -falsifiable: are able to prove them wrong (essential to all) -has heuristic value: have practical use to further our understanding such as problem-solving

What are the 5 components of language development?

- Phonology -morphology -syntax -semantics -pragmatics

What is instructional reading development?

- able to read independently and silently - can read for the purpose of learning new information and new vocabulary - focus of instruction shifts from reading to learn to reading to comprehension - able to decode fluently

Study: How the environment facilitates/ constraints development?

- argue that the built environment (neighborhood, home, access to green space, outside or inside space) can either facilitate or constraint passive or active play - if children have access to a lot of outdoor and indoor and green space than that will give them more opportunities to engage in active play, have a lot of physical activity which will then positively affect health and well being -not having space, less yard means less physical activity which will constraint their motor development more access to parks and recreation = increases physical activity = motor development

What is the influence of experience?

- at birth, only the areas of brain necessary for survival are fully functional (e.g-brain stem to breath, regulate temperature) -the rest of the brain changes due to development (experience-expectant ) --> expectable environment for optimal brain development - experiences wire the circuits in the rest of the brain for example sensitive periods (time when the brain is particularly responsive to certain experiences (e.g-language)

What is plasticity?

- brain's ability to change in response to experiences (first few years of life much more likely to change) but decreases as we get older) so as older you lose flexibility (why the amount of effort such change requires increases) (e.g- why learning a second language gets harder as you get older)

Structure of the young bilingual brain

- brains of 11 month bilingual infants respond to speech sounds using regions involved in executive function when you show them sounds from their native language and other language ( basically they can recognize the different sounds) these areas are usually NOT involve in language (prefrontal cortex) yet in these bilingual children we see more activation in that decision making which suggests that bilingual children process language in some different way that relates to processing language

Brain Development in Early Childhood Video

- by 8 weeks the basic Brian structures are already in place (nerve signals traveling) - at birth 1 hundred billion neurons in place but only ways at 25% of developed brain -by age6 , 90% of adult Brian - 2 mon: smile -age 3: change ourselves -less neurons used+ pruning

What is cognitive flexibility ?

- capacity to switch gears and adjust to changed desmans, priorities, or perspectives - let's us revise and adapt to unfamiliar and unexpected situations - thinking outside the box to try new strategies -applying different rules to different strategies -helps children catch mistakes and flexibility to fix them

Example: Perception (cat study)

- cat who had two eyes, one patched eye for 6 months had better visual in uncovered eye)

Study (Peterson): trying to understand where infant amnesia starts

- children ages 4 to 14 were asked about their earliest memories, and then asked same question 2 yrs later - older children were more likely to recall the same memories -young children gave completely different answers (when prompted th memories they recounted at the earlier interview, many could not recall them at all) - the ago of earliest memory seems to be a "moving target"

What are the advantages of conducting an experiment in a laboratory?

- controlled setting, to be able to tune out other variables -access to sophisticated equipment -organized to search for their specific question

How can teachers scaffold in the classroom?

- different levels of needs - hints: little more info (e.g- questions) -range of answers -additional resources (e.g-books, visual reminders)

What are the stages of emergent writing 1?

- drawing - scribbling (intends to be writing) -mock handwriting -letter like forms - letter strings

Skill Development in the brain (sensitive period graph)

- early brain development simpler circuits form first (sensory-vision and hearing) then your language then higher cognitive functions BUT we know experiences will dictate how strong these are

Providence Talks Intervention

- focused on monolingual and bilingual children

Hypothetical Graph of Intelligence (IQ)and Quality of Environment for Genotype

- for example, there are three genotypes for intelligence but under different quality environments (deprived, average, enriched) can affect the expression of the genotype ^^^ having genotype A (lowest IQ based on predisposition) in an enriched environment can still a little bit better than a person who inherently has a predisposition for a higher IQ if that person from genotype B is in a. deprived setting

What is the beginning of reading?

- have a solid knowledge of the alphabet and are learning t decode or sound out words - still need a lot of support when they are reading (e.g- seeing familiar words)

How can we help memories stick?

- if child mentions emotion when describing a memory - if the memory is described coherently(e.g- timeline, autobiographical), with sequence and cause understood, who and what -parents and caregivers can discuss memories and ask who-what-when questions (helps children understand how memories work): a) good memories are structured b) have a context c) have a chronological structure d)important emotional points

What is the working memory capacity?

- increases during childhood (2 digists- 2 yers; 5 digits in 7 yr old, 6-7 digits in 12 year olds) - this increases processing -during the time, they experience increased processing speed -also during middle childhood, children learn strategies to help them remember (e.g- rehearsal, chunking)

How can families support children's motor development when children are home from child care/school? (examples)

- indoor house activities (board games, fort building) -low-cost: coloring activities - exercise videos (family yoga, dancing, YouTube= free) - preschool yoga -

What is emergent reading?

- just beginning to explore world of print - pretend to read books as turn pages, but they are not yet able to match speech to print -writing represents stuff but not sounds to letters and to words etc happens towards end (4 yrs)

What is executive function?

- management of the brain -help individuals execute tasks: set goals, plan, and get things done (e.g- complex instructions, self-regulation)

Class Discussion on Head, Toes, Knees, Shoulders and skills : What skills

- relates to children being able to follow and remember directions in the classroom (similarly to the game) (WM - manipulation) - self-regulating of emotions so inhibiting those emotions to be able to focus on the next activity (inhibit impulse ) - detecting errors, inhibiting reactions - ability to inhibit motor responses

Head, Toes, Knees and School Task

- researchers use to measure executive function *consistently predicts growth in mathematics an literacy during preschool an dkindergarten

Summary: Morphology

- rules govern the structure words in each lang - early childhood, children learn to apply rules systematically -sometimes make errors, especially with irregular forms

Hart & Risley's Research: The Talking Cure

- showed that SES has an effect on how many words a child hears from parents--> (wealthier parents talk more than parents who are living in poverty)-->a 30 million word gap with wealthier kids having heard the latter by 3 years old * learned that the more parents talk to children, the faster children's vocabularies grow

What are some of the limitations of Hart & Risley's research?

- small sample - can't generalize, not all families from low SES groups have low language (there is a lot of variability within groups) - not everyone fits these patterns (reason: small sample)

Effect of Hart & Risley's Research

- there is a widening gap between the word a child knows --> can contribute to language, achievement, and opportunities gaps in SES --> may be why we see higher achievement in wealthier kids than kids living in poverty = which is why we have seen lots of intervention

What are stages of emergent writing 2?

- transnational writing (spaces in between to resemble words) - invented phonemic spelling (different ways to represent the sounds in words) - beginning word and phrase writing: short phrases -conventional spelling

Examples of Serve and Return

- turn taking (baby learns that he/she is waiting for the parent to reply so that he/she can then reply) - "Yes And..." that encourages conversation to keep going - even though a child is preverbal, parents can use gestures to encourage to keep talking

Study: Relation Between Onset of of Walking and Language Development

- walking infants have greater vocabularies than same-aged crawling infants *not a coincidence that children walk at around 1 year old also have lang dev American and Chinese Sample: -American sample has 1.45 exposure to other language -infants in both samples had greater receptive and productive vocabulary (than kids who had same age who only could crawl) -relation between motor and lang dev may DIMINISH over time so no evidence that children who walk sooner will have larger vocabulary when older *motor development affects other aspects of your life

How do metacognition and mindsets relate to Vygot's ZPD?

- when a child has a growth mindset, may be doing something independently then need help and ask for help, this where another teacher will come and enter the ZPD and help - metacognition (thinking about one's thinking) is similar to caregiver teaching the child the steps which forces the child to thinking about one's thinking

Motor Development and Other Domains

-3 to 5 month old infants with faster rates of learning to sit independently show larger receptive vocals at both 10 and 14 mo (bc sitting allows you to see more objects and making eye contact with caregivers --> increase in lang and social dev) -there is an increase in infants' joint engagement with increasing walking experiences - infants with more locomotor experiences (moving around) are more likely to use social info to guide their actions than novice walkers (use social cues)

Bronfenbrenner's BIoecological Model

-Center: Developing Child: age, sex, health, abilities, temperament -Microsystem(settings they experience directly day to day): home, school, neighborhood, local community, peer group -Mesosytem (interaction between two Microsystems): home-school (how much do schools engage in home), school-community, peer-school -Exosystem (any setting that does not directly involve child but influences setting a child is in): parental work place can affect child's experience such as economic resources and interaction with parental stress OR freeway built near home so now that pollution is indirectly affecting their learning -Macrosystem: (economic and political system, dominant beliefs and ideologies): democracy -chronosystem(time, changing personal and societal conditions over life course): child's parents divorce (pre,during, post divorce), economic changes (pre-covid, during covid, post)

Study: How does walking enable social interaction?

-Crawlers: 13 mo old crawling and walking children and how they get attention from parent a) crawlers would get attention mostly stationery (so would wait for caregiver to get to them) b) walkers have the same amount of bids but were capable of taking that object to their caregiver and thus simultaneously increasing interactions + cog + lang development -Transitions from passive to active observers as crawlers then walkers: a) crawlers had many more examples of being passive (watching others) and gaze aversions (looking away) b) 14 mo old walkers engaged in more bids, less watching, less gaze aversions , beginning communication on their own (active participants , more social bids) * motor development has impact on how infants are able to socialize which also enforces other dev like cog

Goldstein (2020) Activity Examples

-Developing Child: -Microsystem:resources at home, -Mesosytem: family involvement in schoolwork, loss of peer interaction at school -Exosystem: internet resources (e.g-rural vs urban affects speed; parental experience with technology , state and federal health guidelines - macrosystem: systematic differences in educational funding based on economic and racial inequality -chronosystem: COVID

Video Perception

-Illusions: how you see these illusions depends on where you live (e.g- how we perceive them) -visual cortex has feature detectors that depend horizontal or vertical lines

What is sequential bilingualism?

-Learn two first languages in succession, usually within the first three years of life before developing proficiency in one language get support for both native and school language and in ideal setting become balanced bilingual speakers

Gross Motor Skills Typically Learned between 3-7 yrs old

-Locomotor skills (one location to another): running, skipping, galloping, walking -Manipulative Skills (projecting and receiving objects): dribbling, kicking, bouncing -Nonlocomotor skills (involves muscles but in stationary): spinning, twisting, stretching, lifting

What is an example of coincidental correlation?

-Nicholas cage appeared in movies is related to number of people who fall in pools and drown this is correlational but not causal so Nicholas cage appearing in movies is not the cause for people drowning in pools

What are the different types of grasping?

-Palmer Grasp: (4-6 mo) involves using the whole hand (e.g baby holding spoon when learning to eat) -Pincer grasp (1 year): involves using the index finger and thumb (e.g-learning to play an instrument) ^ pincer grasp fully developed until pre-adolescence (but this skill worked non throughout schooling)

How is metacognition related to executive function?

-Planning (e.g-deciding how much time to spend on a task) -Self-regulation and cognitive flexibility (e.g- understand that modifying strategies as challenges arise--> mind is flexible) *EF and metacognition are related ni early elementary school -early EF predicts later metacognition -metacognition, is related to literacy outcomes

How do children develop understanding of the world? (Piaget) ?

-construction of schemas (actions or mental representations that organize knowledge -adaptation of these schemas

What is attention?

-ability to focus your mental resources - see big advances in attention starting in infancy and continuing through childhood

What are some examples of naturally occurring groups that we can compare (correlational studies)?

-ages (change over time) -ethnicity (demographics) -sibling order - SES -first generation (e.g- mother-child interactions, living with parent (e.g- biological 2 parent household, single parent, divorced etc)

Motor Development Examples

-around age 2 still run in a certain choppy way - 3 years old can run in a more coordinated movement - at around age 5 may be able to skip and hop *these milestones are so parents know that children should be able to that movement by that age, if not should seek some help

What is the metacognition cycle?

-assess the task: what are the goals -evaluate strengths and weaknesses: has to do with ease of learning -plan the approach: laying out steps, lots of self-regulatory skills, managing time and prioritizing things that are more difficult etc -apply strategies: implement and monitor progress reflect: on learning and figure out if need to do something else (eg. - first might assess what it takes to do that one math problem, by reflecting they will assess whether they should adjust their strategies or take it slower etc)

What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?

-assimilation: incorporating new information into existing schemas to interpret the world -accommodation: adjusting existing schemas to fit new information and experiences (requires noticing that current. thinking does not capture the environment completely or accurately)

What are the advantages of naturalistic experiments?

-authentic behavior in natural environment (e.g- in hospital, in classroom )

What are the disadvantages of a naturalistic observations/experiment?

-can be disruptive of normal behavior (e.g- taking notes) -confounding variables that limit interpretations of findings (e.g- cannot study specific curriculum to student learning since there are other variables)

What is the sensory motor stage?

-characterized by the development of knowledge through senses and motor movements (reflexes: to suck, to eat, breathe etc) -during this time children: a)repeat pleasurable actions b) engage non trial and error experimentation c)begin to understand cause and effect (e.g- if I open this door it makes a sound and I open it it makes another. noise) d)learn object permanence and other basic concepts e) begin to use symbols (e.g- draw, language for communicate ) sensory+motor

What are some policy implications for epigenetic ?

-child welfare -mandated maternal employment and public assistance -high quality early care and education programs -prenatal and newborn health care (e.g- most gains overtime if we invest in children earlier than later) -support for new parents (e.g- possible extension for paid paternal leave)

Summary: Syntax

-children progress from using 1 word utterances to 2 , then to full sentences -convey many relations and meanings with few words, often relying on context and gesture -telegraphic speech involves fewer grammatical markers -wh questions are one of the last forms to emerge

Common Myths

-combined vocabulary between native language and second language = larger vocabulary than a monolingual's vocabulary - being in English only classrooms can cause heritage speakers to not learn academic language development - Myth: learning another language can hinder/delay English acquisition (blaming home & sometimes families will not expose children to their native language ) BUT realistically skills in native language can reinforce skills in learning new language like English - Myth: not enough to support different bilingualism --> but not an excuse because CA is a growing diversly and QUICKLY

What is the difference between a critical period vs a sensitive period ?

-critical period- if time passes, you won't be able to learn it; no longer be able to (e.g-typical language ) -sensitive period- if time passes will still be able to learn it; more difficult to do but still capable (e.g- can still learn a second language learning) (e.g-Genie case)

What is Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

-culture guides and provides context for development -learning occurs through social interaction with a more knowledgeable other (MKO) a) knowledge is co-constructed between MKO and child b) children play an active role as they participate in cultural activities and practices and learn to use cultural tools and symbol systems

What is cognitive development?

-development of thinking (changes in how children think about the world) -includes higher mental processes (e.g- problem solving, reasoning, creating, conceptualizing, categorizing, remembering, planning, paying attention -also includes a basic understanding of the world--> perceiving objects and events in the environment, actin skillfully on objects to obtain goals (e.g- language within cognition )

Effect of Neglect on Brain (Romanian orphanages)

-during this period children were not being adopted, stayed in orphanages so were not receiving the care and sensitivity they need for development found: -longer these children stayed in orphanages the larger amygdala (stress and anxiety response, poor emotion regulation) abusive=neglect (no hugs or attending to cries) -temporal lobe: involved in emotion regulation (more activity in healthy brain --> so these children have expectant experiences to receive hugs and attention when crying but when don't receive that, brain suffers)

What is the mobile study?

-first take a baseline of how many kicks babies naturally kick -learning phase:when kicked, the mobile would move (e.g- wold vigorously kick the mobile --> cause and effect) *brought them back a week and the babies started to kick the mobile again because they remembered that if they kicked it would move --> BUT if brought back 2 weeks after, they would kick at baseline *they're able to create memories BUT don't know how long they last, also very context dependent so they can remember

What are fixed and growth mindsets?

-fixed mindset: off of someone's own perception of their inherent ability, won't get better , natural intelligent , stable skill -growth mindset: believe can get better at an ability, can change, percevier and resilience *you can have both mindsets for different skills

What is one experimental wy to measure working memory?

-forward span: digits - reverse span ( more WM because need slip number)

What is basic research?

-generating and testing theory (e.g-psychology) -looking at normative developmental processes: a) universal principles of development that are thought to be normative for everybody b) goal is to study stability and change (plasticity) over time BUT lacks context

What are the benefits of exercise in children?

-improves cardiorespiratory fitness and health (lung & heart) -build strong bones and muscles (e.g.-flexible foot plantar in infants) -reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression -related to better grades, higher school attendance, cognitive performance (e.g- concentration, memory), and classroom behavior (e.g- task behavior)

Why are adult-child interactions important?

-in early childhood they promote oral language development (spoken) -helpful: extended back-and forth conservations on a topic such as SERVE (initiates topic--or says something, emotional expression from child) and RETURN(from the parent) ** more useful when the child initiates the topic *helps them learn discourse patterns and vocabulary (back and fourth helps them : -->> wait time, taking turns, processing time) *parents should be contingent to what the child is saying

Development of memory

-infants don't develop explicit memory until around 1/5-2 yrs old -memory improves as the hippocampus ad cerebral cortex grow -2 yrs: first signs of episodic memory (e.g- can answer direct questions about recent events) -7-8 yrs : well developed episodic memory (e.g-rates of forgetting similar to adults)

What are the sequences for syntax? (1 word utterances)

-labeling objects/actions -requests: (e.g- move, up) -performatives: (e.g- hi, bye, no) - froze phrases (e.g- all gone, lemme see!) ^ neither word has appeared individually

Why do you think this bilingual advantage exists? Why might learning two languages help develop a child's cognitive flexibility ?

-more practice & exercise (code-switching) -bilingual children paying more attention so engaging on that shifts brain wiring since you need to make judgements all the time

Why is early childhood so important for brain development ?

-neurons are connected via synapses to form circuits that are reinforced by continued use (strong foundations) - early connections provide foundation for later ones

What are the disadvantages to laboratory experiments?

-observed behavior may not be natural; inauthentic setting=inauthentic behavior -less representative participant school (e.g- upper and middle white European class, historically ignoring low SES children) - impossible to study certain contexts (e.g- education since it happens in the classroom )

How do peers help with social learning?

-often adults are more effective MKOs -but for some aspects of social and moral learning, peers can provide more effective support a) in part because peer interaction with adults -example: how to distribute money earned by a group--> engaged expressing their points of view

Why is there a science-education gap?

-policy makers not caring so much about it - policy makers want to see benefits ASAP but early childcare will show results later on (invest money and don't see reaping effects right away) - women more position in power so now see more education topics

What evidence do you see in the video that these children are in the pre-operational stage?

-pretend to play cashier and register -pretend to kiss each other -girl was drawing (using symbols) -role playing - air hugs

How can caregivers support healthy brain development?

-provide stable, responsive and nurturing environment a) relationships w/sensitive & responsible caregivers b) servo and return interactions (reliable and contingent responsenses from caregivers--> such that child gets response when they communicate such as pointing or babbling or making facial expressions) c) consistency, regularity, routine, and predictability (so can predict when behave a certain way) - healthy behaviors a)sleep b) nutrition c) physical activity -active, engaged, meaningful, and socially interactive play (ACTIVE) *under and over stimulation is bad *interventions like ECE take advantage of early plasticity and depend on responsive caregivers

Summary: Phonology

-receptive> expressive skills - processing speech sounds before birth -around 8 mo become lang-specific listeners -first few years of life, practice and refine production of speech sound sin their lang

What are some examples of common phonological "errors"?

-reduction -reduction with reduplication -substitution -assimilation -coalescence

Study: Memory in Infancy (Klass,2012)

-semantic memory is strong in the early years of life, when babies are face with learning so many facts about the world (facts) often we cannot remember episodic memories = Infantile amnesia: - memories from early childhood often cannot be retrieved - we used to think infants couldn't remember much, but new methodologies have proven this is not true a) the neural structures creating those representations in infancy are qualitatively the same as in older children and adults - memories can be formed (e.g. mobile study)

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

-sensory: birth -2 yrs - preoperational : 2-7 yrs -concrete operational stage: 7 to 11 yrs -formal operational stage: 12 - up

What is inhibitory control?

-skills used to master and filter thoughts and impulses (related to EF attention) -resist temptations, distractions, and habits (pause and think before you act) -allows us to stay focused, sustain attention, prioritize tasks and actions

Graph: Age at Walking Variability (distribution)

-steep incline at around 1 year old because most children will learn to walk around 11-14 months ; if not walking by 18 months will be followed closely by pediatrician - if can't walk by 20 months then will have to seek some help such as physical therapy or extra assistance because there may be some development delay (may be a muscular issue)

What is the Tools of the Mind?

-teacher professional development that helps children to develop cognitive, social-emotional, and self-regulatory skills to get ready for school One system: Play Planning (children make plans to describe what game they will play: make intentional plan and role etc) (e.g- I will play in the block area, I will pretend to be the mom, my friend will pretend to be the baby --> detailed plans that help them think of purposes and self-regulatory )

What are conservation task?

-the ability of children to know that a certain quantity will remain the same even when changed into another object etc usually happens in concrete operational stage- (e.g- Mexican children in pottery do not think there is more clay by changing shape of the clay) (e.g-water task, coin task)

What is working memory?

-type of short memory that can store and manipulate-information to carry-out complex cognitive tasks -limited capacity of (6-9 elements at a time) -constantly being updated

Why can't we study epigenetic factors( conditioning fear)?

-unethical -humans are complex = confounding variables -time, humans have longer lifespans -BUT there have been attempts by studying retroactive studies in intergenerational trauma (e.g- mother who survived the Holocaust more likely to have a child with possible higher risk for PTSD)

Milestone Chart-Posture and Gross Motor Development

-walks alone: ranges from 10-16 months but average is 1 year old * not all infants follow this chronological order, some may never do typical hands and knees crawling--> lots of variability, some may go back (normative charts are based on samples that may not be generalizable but for the most yes)

What is neural synchrony?

-when communicating with each other (adult and infant), form a feedback loop -their brain activity is synchronized - brain's activity of parent can anticipate when baby would smile (anticipate each other's actions -direct interaction helps infants decode meaning in the world)

Self-Regulation

Bottomup: automatic emotional response (reactive to a stimulus that can be upsetting) Topdown: executive function(used to respond and think about stimuli before reacting) (proactive)\ *ypung kids need a lot of help with self-regulation

What is ease of learning ?

How easy will this be for me to learn? -before doing a task (pre-k children overestimate their abilities for example, I want you to. remember these 20 words to a kinder child but in reality -accuracy of predictions increases throughout elem. school

Critisicms of Hart & Risley's Research

Methodological: - only based on 42 families (specially with 6 in lowest SES category) --> more recent research shows there is WIDE variability within groups - extrapolated data from late afternoon/evening (even though this is where most parents talk to their kids when in reality it can happen all during the day) --> also it ignores influence of outside interactions who aren't parents Cultural Issues: - imposes MS cultural and linguistic values on parents who m ay have their own valid approaches to raising children -risk faulting parents for children's academic shortcomings while letting schools off the hook (maybe teachers are higher quality at high SES schools) - confounding variables (circumstances, for example stress in low SES ) - other problem: probably not looking at their home language (e.g- Spanish)

What is nature vs. nurture?

Nature: genes/biology, pre-wiring, heritability of traits Nurture: environment, external exposure, experience

Science Behind Epigenetics

Nearly every cell in the body (e.g- muscle cell, neuron, skin cel) has a full set of DNA have epigenetic marks that determine how cells function by telling them which genes to switch "on" and "off" --> change how genes are expressed without altering the underlying DNA sequence --> experiences can rearrange these marks (positive or negative experiences leave a unique epigenetic "signature" on genes) += schooling, food -=toxic stress

Language Propositions History

Proposition 227: prohibited all CA English learners be taught in only English classes no bilingual classes (English instruction only) ^ stigma associated with being bilingual prop 58- repeal restrictions on prop 227 ( see growth in bilingual courses ) ^ supportive for this growing population

Screen use and language

Quantity: - more hours of screen use was associated with lower language skills quality: -higher quality screen use was associated with stronger child language skills (educational programs) (active co-viewing = beneficial) *later age at screen use onset was also associated with stronger child language skills *advice: some developmentally advanced enough that can engage and ask questions should view programs with them OR watch educational programs with them - some suggest that under age of 2 should not watch any tv; or.1 hr a day

What are the language domains?

Receptive (comprehension/perception/receiving): -listening -reading Expressive(production): -speaking -writing *receptive develop before expressive (in educ emphasis moron writing (more so for monolingual) and more focus on receptive when have bilinguals *separate trajectories

What is the difference between receptive and productive vocabulary?

Receptive: involves words they understand (e.g- early on have much higher on this) Productive: how many words they can speak

What is alliteration?

Repetition of initial consonant sounds (e.g- silly, snakes)

Education Scenario: Confounding variable

Scenario: researchers want to understand how student engagement in an online class is related to their learning. Do students learn more when they are engaged? What factors might affect both student engagement AND student learning? A: access to healthcare (e.g- if can't get glasses, won't be able to be engaged (see) so won't be able to learn); food insecurity and house insecurity ; internet access ; socioeconomic status; parent working status; environment; individual differences in motivation; time zone

Head, Shoulders, Knees, Toes Task

Similar to Simon says, the leader tells students to either touch head, toes eye--? testing -inhibory and regularities (e.g-students have to pay attention to the directions and do the following, has to do with keeping up)

What is joint attention?

Simultaneous engagement of two or more individuals in mental focus on a single external object of focus *increases language (more vocabulary, name object, describe it etc) *as children are able o develop more motor skills, more likely to have more social interactions

What is joint attention?

Simultaneous engagement of two or more individuals in mental focus on a single external object of focus begins around 7-8 months,, more robust at 1 yr old includes gaze following and Ponting (e.-g triangle between two people at one focal point and both know they are attending to the same thing) *really important for vocabulary development (because will learn the name of an object and then associate name and object)

What is syntax?

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language rules for combining words words in English converts meaning information (e.g- the cat bit the dog) (who does what)

What are confounding variables?

The extraneous variables that are not recognized until a study is in progress, or are recognized before a study is initiated but cannot be controlled influences both the IV and DV --> but as long as you control for confounding variable then can make more causal statements (e.g- correlation between amount of ice cream people eat and people with sunburns BUT they do not cause each other, but realistically there is a third variable, in this case a dry hot and sunny weather is what causes people to eat more ice cream and get sunburns so causation comes from third variable )

What is the wug test?

The usage of made up words to test a child's ability to discover the underlying rules of language ( test morphological development) (e.g- if they know how to use plurals will be able to make new words) (e.g: "this is a wug" --> now there are "two___ "wugs"')

What is telegraphic speech?

a child's first word combinations, which omit unnecessary words use of short and precise words without grammatical markers (e.g: mommy give ice cream )

What is continuous development?

a process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with *developmental continuity (e.g- a starfish)

What is the Hawthorne effect?

a study's results are affected by participant's knowledge that they are taking part in an experience or being treated differently than usual students may alter behavior because they know they are being observed (e.g- will work harder because know they are being observed)

What is phonological awareness?

ability to detect or manipulate the sounds in words important precursor to reading - begins in preschool years basic elements: -phonemic awareness -onset sounds (e.g- /sl/ in sleep -rime (e.g- /eep/ in sleep) -syllables * connection from sounds to words etc

What is inhibitory control?

allows individual to resist impulses and ignore distractions

What is code switching?

alternating between two languages ( or more)

Why is expressive language so difficult?

articulation is difficult (physical built of throat and mouth, teeth, tongue, coordination etc) *which is why kids learn to understand before they can speak

What is judgements of learning?

asked shortly after a learning/memorization activity (after the fact--> what was hard for you etc) - under right circumstances (scaffolding) children can reflect on the success of their learning

What is pre-object permanence?

babies under 9 months do not understand that objects not in view still exist

How is executive function similar to air traffic control?

because bran manages many things it needs to: -focus -filte distractions -hold and work with various info simultaneously -switch gears -consciously control thoughts to achieve goals and plan ahead

What is subtractive bilingualism/language loss?

being as sequential language learners but then lose native language skills because get more outside support in that language than for that native language (e.g- language loss: starts out as sequential bilingualism (native learner) but then learn English and become better English learners so lose native language and English supported at school so experience language loss in home language)

What is babbling ?

beyond cooing, next is babbling speech-like sounds: -initially includes variety of lang sounds,but eventually becomes limited to native language sounds around 6 months , infants start to use consonants--> canonical syllables

What are some gender differences in school?

boys perceived to be more aggressive, and girls are more well behaved--> yet studies show there is not many differences in regards to EF skills - WM= boys and girls equivalent -attention= equialent -impulsive actions and decision making there is a weak relationship with gender - but within sex variability (e.g- one boy vs another) there is a small difference * what we do see is a gender difference in teacher's evaluation of students (will rate boys more not able to regulate, yet with unbiased observers, there is no difference

What skill is lacking in children with autism

cannot engage in joint attention properly which is why we also see a delay in language development

Who is Genie ?

case of extreme abuse/neglect --> isolated for 13 years - stunted growth -trouble walking -no language experimented: -physical, cognitive, language , and social development (having no interactions = no speech --> even with intense training and therapy = never mastered grammar/syntax) ; could communicate in some ways but never could produce more than that

What is the preoperational stage?

characterized by the development of menta representations and symbolic thinking (2-7yrs ) during this time, children: -engage in symbolic play -learn to manipulate symbols -are fairly egocentric

What is the Heredity-Environment Correlation (Active)?

child seeks out niches that reflect their genetic predispositions (interests and talents) (e.g - child is interested a sport they are genetically inclined to a certain sport so will look for an environment where they can use that ability like signing up for a sport) (e.g- kid that likes to read will more likely select a library or environment where this skill will be encouraged)

What is the Heredity-Environment Correlation (Evocative)?

child's genetic tendencies elicit caregiving behaviors/ environment (e.g- child has a temperamental like being shy influences how they act or behave ) (e.g- happy smily baby is more likely to elicit parental smiles ) (e.g- cooperative child may evoke cooperative teacher and parent )

What are sensitive periods?

children are better at learning certain aspects of language at diff times -phonology: 0-12 months -syntactic: 18-36 mo -vocabulary: language explosion 18+ months (word spurt) * a lot of babies say their first words at 1 year

What is reduction?

children cut off part of word (e.g- ba for bottle)

How do children understand word meaning?

children don't always assign them same word to the meaning

What are word learning constraints?

children figure out word meanings based on assumptions and limitations on what is possible: - whole-object assumption -taxonomic assumption -mutual exclusivity assumption

What are morphological "errors"?(overregularization)

children sometimes apply rules inappropriately to irregular words (over regularization) (e.g- mommy goes to the store, your foots are big, want some mores) * sign they are are developing and understanding of the rule system ) *related to schema (accommodating what plurals are etc)

What are the negative effects of screen time (brain)?

children with more screen time = bd for vocabulary and language processing

what is chunking in memory?

clustering individual elements into groups to help remember

What is gross motor development?

crawling, standing, walking using bigger muscles

Why I joint attention important?

critical in first phase of semantic development * associated with language delay in children with autism

What is referential word learning?

cues: visual, pointing, joint attention --> learn new words

What are developmental cascades?

cumulative consequences of experiences in one domain on behaviors or abilities emerging either later in development , in other domains or both new motor abilities may alter the learning opportunities a child encounters or perceives (e.g- shift in way child acts with something can change how they interact with microsystem): a) reaching/grasping lets child examine objects more closely and interact with in novel ways (advances cognitive development)* b) a grasped object can be shared with them in novel ways( increases social interaction + development and joint attention) *

What is reduction with reduplication?

cut off part of word but repeat it (e.g- ba for bottle but will say instead "baba" for bottle)

What is coalescence?

cutting word to make another word (e.g paf for pacifier)

Graph: Development of Executive Function skills

develop shortly after birth, but see dramatic growth between ages 3-5 (prek) (e.g- by age 3 an follow simple rules, but not good at planning ahead, so WM not as strong) *rapid growth because rapid brain growth like prefrontal growth (where EF located)

Phonological skills in ASL

deaf or hard of hearing still go through phonological development -repeating a sign over and over again

What is Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

development is constructed by culture , learning occurs through social interaction with a more knowledgeable other (MKO) (co-constructed between MKO and child--> parent, child, peers, teacher) *children play an active role as they participate in cultural actives and practices and learn to use cultural tools and symbol systems (e.g- numeracy, maps, recipes, language)

Later development of phonological development?

development of adult speech sounds can happen increasingly from 18 months to mid elementary school years

What are some strategies for learning new words?

developmentally appropriate: -younger child, more concrete the words (easier to learn visual object words) referential: -visual cues -pointing -gesturing -joint attention/gaze repetitive: -different contexts

English- Spanish Biliteracy

difference between Spanish and English reading development because of orthographies (spelling systems) English has an opaque orthography - English sound-symbol correspondences are not predictable - children spend 3-4 years learning to decode fluently Spanish has a very predictable transparent orthography - once children learn the basic sound-symbol correspondences, they can easily decode most Spanish words (e.g--> GHOTI fish since /gh/ can sound like /f/ like the word rough, and /o/ can sound like /I/ like in woman, and /ti/ like lotion) ^ (English is complicated like /ough/--> tough, thought, plough etc)

What is mutual exclusivity assumption?

different words refer to different things (what about for bilingual children? -> can be confusing so can cause children to learn it much more slower but will learn context clues)

What are cohort effects?

due to a persons birth, era, or generation (born ata certain point in time) (e.g- millennials/Gen Z in U.S are more ethnically and culturally diverse so are more tolerant and open-minded than previous generations) ^^^ see it in value beliefs (e.g- percentage of favoring same sex marriage--> over time we see increased favoring same-sex marriage and we see these generational gaps) (e.g- germaphobes during covid vs previous generations or future generations) (e.g- 9/11) (e.g- standardized tests--> macadamization in preschools vs focusing on play) (e.g- access to guns --> hiring police in schools and medal detectors )

What are the stages of writing development?

emergent: -writing is first made up of scribbles and later includes some symbols and even letters beginning: -spelling is often incomplete (based off sounds they hear) instructional: - no longer spell words tased on sound alone -begin to learn about spelling patterns in which multiple letters combine to form one sound

What is Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model human development?

emphasizes relationship between developing child and their context as well as relationship between different contexts

What I working memory?

enables individual store and manipulate temporary information and carry-out complex cognitive tasks

Heckman Study: Economic Advantage

every dollar spent on high-quality, birth to five programs for disadvantaged children delivers a 13% per annum return on investment so investing in early child care/education is has a higher return than programs later in life because children have higher plasticity which results in better health, high school graduation rates (in girls), lower drug use (men) ^ all these affect society (e.g- how much strain will they be on our system)

What is declarative memory ?

explicit memory

What is synaptogenesis?

first 2 years of life new synapses (connections between neurons) occur, based experiences about a million neural connections per second neurons that fire together wire together

Generational Inheritance (mice study)

first generation: condition mouse to fear smell of cherry blossom and expose mouse to smell and then shock them, after time feared smell because think would get shocked even though wouldn't--> they were then bred with females (artificial insemination) 2nd. generation: ^born from above was born fearing cherry blossom even thought female never interacted with male, and never met offspring so genetically passed that fear AND it continued into 3rd generation *happened because of epigenetic changes to sperm and receptors in nose

What are the sequences for syntax? (full sentences)

full adult like sentences emerge 2-4 yrs wh-questions (fully developed by 5 yrs) : -first they use incorrect word order (e.g- where I should put it?) - then they are able to ask affirmative questions: (e.g- where should I put it?) - finally, negative questions: (E.g- why cant you sit down?) * passive sentences are difficult (bc cant rely on same object subject phrase)

What is cognitive flexibility?

idea that we can shift our thinking from one idea to another

What is procedural memory?

implicit memory (e.g- riding a bike, a recipe you don't need to think about, walking, chewing, tie your shoe) ** a lot of these daily activities, people with advanced Alzheimer don't remember how to eat, etc

What is egocentrism?

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view(perspective) (e.g-mountain task)

Piaget believed

in discontinuous development

Development of writing

increases throughout elem. school as children learn to organize their thoughts, engage in more logical reading, and improve their metacognitive skills require instruction -children need to be taught examples of effective writing -spelling opportunities for practice

What is cross-sectional studies?

individuals of ages are compared at ONE point in time (5th grades vs 12th grades) -faster (and cheaper) but you don't really get any information about how individuals change and no information about stability/instability of characteristics (e.g- is level of engagement same at 6 and 12 years old)

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced (e.g- autobiographical, linked to a certain event )

What is executive attention?

inhibits automatic responses develops later in really childhood and throughout schooling develops later in early childhood like 5 yrs old (e.g- usual routine on autopilot, but you need to run an errand your executive attention makes you inhibit automatic behavior so you can do that other task)

What are the sequences for syntax? (2 word utterances)

often appear around 18-24 mo -children rely on context, tone, gesture to convey meaning -includes basic questions (what's that, where go?) - telegraphic speech Ex: action and object: throw ball

What are scientific theories?

interrelated, coherent set of ideas that help explain and unify knowledge about observed phenomena

What are fine motor skills?

involve finely tuned movements and finger dexterity (e.g- grasping toy, using spoon, buttoning shirt, using crayon) enables children to interact with their environment (hold and grasp objects)

How is language development connected to motor development?

know: around 10 months, infants communicate by pointing and reaching towards objects (also helps with social dev) (e.g- by pointing child is communicating needs and caregiver is attending to those needs by giving them those vocabulary) - 3-5 months old infants who master sitting independently earlier show larger receptive vocabularies at 10-14 months (because if are able to sit earlier can see more objects) - first steps and first words often happen around same time (walk can carry objects to others which will interact = communicate) *relation between motor and language dev diminishes over time

What is meta memory?

knowledge about one's memory (e.g- by 5 or 6 yrs, children know that short lists are easier to remember -> recognize that hints can be helpful)

What is the word spurt?

massive vocabulary development doesn't always happen around the same time (lots of individual pattern)

What are semantics?

meaning of language vocabulary development: -1st words around 1 year old -slowly acquire approx. 50 word over next few months (early words are often concrete aspects of child's environment (familiar people, toys etc) plus social interaction (e.g- bye) -word spurt (18-24 mo) : period of rapid learning - adult English vocabulary= 40,000 + words

Dimensional change card slot (DCCS Task)

measures EF - focuses on Cognitive in a different flexibility - Children told to sort cards by color until they build up a habit; the rules change and told to sort in different attribute like shape - idea of something NEW * a 3/4 yr old will sort in same way as first time for many times because hard for them to switch gears

what is semantic memory?

memory for knowledge about the world/facts (e.g- you know the name of an object, who the governor is)

What is infant directed speech (IDS)?

modifications adults make to talk to baby: -fewer words per utterance -simplified words more repetitions -decreased structural complexity modification to prosody: -varied and exaggerated intonation -higher pitch -slower templo -longer pauses

What is whole object assumption?

new word applies to entire object, not justa part (e.g- see a rabbit, assume you mean all of it not just one part of it like fur)

What is correlational research?

occur between natural occurring groups, looking for the strength of a relationship between two of more events/characteristics (e.g- boys vs girls and their aggressive behavior --> not describing direction of relationship, just the strength) *thus we cannot make causal statements

Why is babbling important?

often involves turn0taking -heightened state of arousal which allows for a social feedback loop (neural synchrony ) adults simplify their speech in response to babbling, but not when they are simply speaking to a baby - unconsciously include fewer unique words, sorter sentences, and more one-word replies -these modification have an effect on (9-10 month old) children's learning of speech sound s( as they express their own expressive language)

What is the epigenetic framework ?

ongoing bidirectional interchange between genes and the environment (e.g- environment , behavior, neural activity, genetic activity) ^^These all affect each other

What are affordances?

options that a given situation or stimulus provides -motor skill development is associated with access to stimulating play materials and a supportive home environment (e.g-interacting with people, toys, supportive school is important for motor development) ^ these examples matter more for motor development then SES of child

Errors in word learning

over extensions underestensions

What is experimental research?

participants are randomly assigned in groups so can make cause and effect statements IV--> DV

Changes in Influence Over time Graph (passive vs active vs evocative )

passive: as younger more influenced by parents so dependent on them active: during puberty we see forming of identity and autonomy so get to choose more like to do so les influenced by parents evocative: stable because students will most likely act a certain way across time

What is selective attention?

pay attention to this, ignore that

What are the benefits of Infant directed speech?

promotes young infants' (0-4 months) attention to language : preference for IDS fosters social interacting with caregivers -infants demonstrate positive effect can comfort and soot infants -birds and non human mammals do this (emerged as biological way to comfort from a distance?) provides acoustic cues that help infants detect grammatical and phonological patterns and contrasts (especially vowel sounds)

What is discontinuous development?

rapid abrupt discontinuous development, separated by longer slower development and then fast (e.g- from larva--> pupa-->adult)

Is object permanence all or nothing? (video)

recent research that suggests babies younger than 9 months may have object permanence early on; so they are capable of understanding that objects still exist even when not in view NO, not just how Piaget thought, a 2 month can recognize that a certain object should be in a certain trajectory *MORE EVIDENCE for a continuous development

What are reading skills (to learn to read)?

recognizing phonemes: phonological awareness converting printed words into sounds: -decoding -print awareness (English: left to right reading) accessing word meaning: vocabulary knowledge e(children with a larger vocabulary have stronger reading comprehension) understanding syntactic.grammatical rules fluency reading comprehension

What are canonical syllables?

repeated consonant vowel syllables (e.g-bababa)

What is substitution?

replace one sound with a different sound (e.g- Tandy for candy)

Study: How did researchers find these age differences?

researchers looked at differences between infants of very similar ages 3 months: can expect to see an object passing by, understand physical trajectories and movement

How can researchers prevent the Hawthorne effect in classroom-based research?

researchers may go to the classroom a couple times before conducting the actual research so children familiarize with researcher

What are longitudinal studies?

same individuals followed over time (e.g- 15 years and see what changes) -information about stability and change -but can be time-consuming (and expensive--> staff for periodic assessments) -attrition (people drop out of study, lose track)

What can teachers and caregivers do to support preschool and children's metacognitive skills?

scaffolding -providing hints -providing range of options -additional resources ^ related to have a growth mindset is additional resources (e.g- I need help with reading I can go to library shelf and help myself--> I can use these tools to better hep myself and get less frustrated which relates to metacognition) -asking questions & self-reflection

What is applied research?

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems pays attention to the connection between research, policy, and practice move beyond science for just knowledge, application

What are the additional advantages of bilingualism ?

see it into adulthood PLUS bilingualism can delay the age of dementia onset by up to 5 years (since you have a more robust Brian architecture so can be protective from the symptom of Alzheimer's disease) --> more blood flow and neuron activation

What are the two types of declarative memories?

semantic and episodic

How are genes influenced by environment (example)?

single gene mutation enable some people to digest lactose after childhood (e.g-primary people of European descent, because they have historically had more access to dairy animals---> before that babies only had the ability to digest lactose during nursing)

What are morphemes?

smallest unit of meaning grammatical units (e.g- affixes, suffixes, root words) that are the smallest unit of meaning (e.g- cat & s , un + happi +ly = un happy ly )

How do some cultures support early walking?

some cultures (e.g- India) may massage baby's bodies so it can stimulate muscular growth and development some research does show that some children from diff culture will walk faster than others cultural variability for when children walk

Should the media be part of a child's microsystem?

some people argue that it should be because children have access to the media at a very early age (access to iPad, tablets, internet etc)

What I baby sign?(early way of communicating)

some way infants are being taught to communicate with rudimentary sign language (before words) (e.g- milk, all done)

What is phonology?

sound system of a language made of phonemes (e.g- /k/ in "cat") -basic unit of sounds (these phonemes are combined based on rules ) -includes receptive and expressive skills

Epigenetic (Biology DNA )

spools of DNA in histones (epigenetic marks either tell DNA to to wrap or unwrap) epigenetic factors= methyl group

How are Ef skills related to prek expulsions?

studies have found that EF are linked to higher expulsion rates in prek and child care settings *expulsions happen because of c"challenging behavior" but these are not problematic, they are developmentally appropriate because some children may not necessarily have these self-regulatory skills) *disprop affects Black boys (implicit bias)

What are the negative effects of screen time?

studies show that children who have more screen time have lower expressive vocabulary (less words to express) and slower phonological processing

What is the main focus of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?

studies that focus on the relationship between age an another variable (development/change)

Example of cultural tools study

study: had parents. and children read a book called ZOOM that had spatial representations such as further, closer and increase in children's other spatial relationships some parents described things differently (e.g- if you zoom in with your eyes you can see this part is the same as this) and parents who did this more of tis spatial information performed these children scored higher in spatial exams (how Diff things are represented)

What is assimilation?

take a sound from within the word and put it in another place (e.g nance for dance)

What is home language classroom print?

teaches children that their language is valued (e.g- teachers will write down exactly verbatim instead of just translating)

Ambiguity in language

words and sentences can have more than one meaning (e.g- the fish is ready to eat--> you are ready to eat fish or the fish is hungry) challenging for some children with ASD and speech language impairment

What is sustained attention?

the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time infants can engage for 5-10 seconds, with length improving over childhood novelty is important for sustaining attention helps them learn and remember (e.g- if long attention span then can sustain attention for longer)

What are pragmatics?

the appropriate use of language in different contexts communicating effectively to achieve goals (request, affecting) requires knowledge of: - how much info to provide and of what sort (e.g- around 4 yrs become more sensitive to listener's needs ) - turn taking (extended discourse on one topic -societal/cultural normas and expectations (politeness, rules for different settings (e.g- school)

What is object permanence?

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived(not visible)

What is the zone of proximal development?

the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help skills that one kid already has and in the middle is toward more knowledgeable other helps them learn what is the ZPD and what goes beyond is even past their ZPD

What is phonology ?

the sound system of a language also connected to physical development of mouth and throat

What is morphology?

the study of word structure morphemes *children learn word-formation rules for attaching bound morphemes

What is metacognition?

thinking about one's thinking (e.g- thinking about and knowing when to use particular strategies for learning and problem solving--> self regulation and behavior) -start around 3 -4 yrs old and continue throughout schooling --> adult -helps reduce frustration as children work through difficult problems (e.g- 6 yrs old can tell whether. problem will be difficult or easy to them but still may n to be able to allocate the amount of time on it)

What is a genotype?

total composite of hereditary instructions coded in the genes at the moment of conception BUT not all organisms with the same genotype look or act the same way (e.g- twins )

Study: What are the advantages of walking (vs. crawling)?

transition from highly skilled crawlers to low skilled walkers (average toddler learning to walks falls on av 15x/hr) -speed: a) longitudinal study shows changes in speed (e.g- getting faster and faster when learn to walk, see a big leap and this is advantageous when learning more about the environment) -carry objects more easily a) 13 month old crawlers averaged 6 bouts of carrying per hour compared to 13 month old walkers who averaged 43 bouts b) children who have started walking are at an advantage (can take an object across distances and interact with an adult =social interaction + joint attention)

What is synaptic pruning?

unused pathways are eliminated during early childhood; frequently used pathways are kept use it or lose it

Why do researchers care about theory?

use these tools to organize and ntigrate existing knowledge so they can predict developmental processes and generate testable hypotheses , plus create tests and conduct studies that can research that question/hypothesis

What are examples of expressive phonology?

vocalizations: infants vocalize to practice making sounds, communicate with caregivers, and attract attention (need something) common: -crying - cooing (curling, resembles vowel sounds, usually occurs in social interaction)

Why language loss?

want to fit in English main language at school native language negative stigma

What is the Heredity-Environment Correlation (Passive)?

when a child's environment is influenced because of the genes they share with their parents(parent provides a context for that development (e.g- parent who has musical ability gene, so pass on musical gene to child, but parent also provides a rich musical context so child is receiving both the gene for musical ability along with a environment rich in musical opportunity) (e.g- skillful reader parent will provide a reading environment for child)

What is simultaneous bilingual language development?

when child learns both languages before the age of 4 ; language develops on independent courses (e.g- two languages: Korean and German: Korean learners learn verbs at higher rates than children learning German--> same for nouns Germans learn nouns at higher rates than children learning Korean --> has to do with language not with speaker ) * important to asses them in both languages to get a hint of overall development

How can teachers support multilingual children's development?

when possible, teachers can match children's language use to support them lang learning -use home lang in response to children's home lang utterances, and use English in response to their English -helps vocabulary and pragmatic./discourse development use clear referents (e.g- gestures, visual cues) to help with vocabulary learning assess in both languages ( bc might underestimate vocabulary)

What are overextensions?

words can be generalized to mean more things (e.g- cow to refer to four-legged animals)

Which game are bilinguals better at?

young bilingual children perform better on dimensional card sort task than monolinguals

What is the bilingual advantage?

young bilingual children show greater cognitive flexibility (switch gears) than monolinguals don't need to be simultaneous learners BUT it is stronger for children who have more balanced skills in each (proficient )

What is fast mapping?

young children are naturally skilled at learning new words can learn new words after minimal exposure (as long as context is informative)--> children with large vocabularies can acquire new words easily (cause know more words surrounding focal word) (e.g- child shown 4 objects, already knows dog, car, apple and someone sys bring me the dacks---> even though new heard of lack swill use the informative information and will assume unknown word is the dacks)

What are dual language learners (DLLS)?

young children are still learning home language so they are developing proficiency in two languages (e.g- English and a home language ) ; learning them together since there is so much development still going on in your native lang *6- % of children under age of 6 are from home sin which languages other than English are spoken